Inter-Office Memorandum
    To          Cedar Interest        Date    October 11, 1982
    From    Bill Paxton        Location    Palo Alto
    Subject    The Tioga Editor    Organization    PARC/ISL
    XEROX
    Filed on:    [Indigo]<Tioga>Documentation>TiogaDoc.Tioga and TiogaDoc.Press
    Uses:    [Indigo]<Tioga>Styles>TiogaDoc.Style and Cedar.Style
    The Tioga Editor
    Introduction
        This is an overview of Tioga as available for Cedar 3.4 in October, 1982.  Tioga is a system to help you prepare documents.  Its 
        two main components are an editor and a typesetter.  The editor lets you create the text of a document.  The typesetter 
        composes the text into pages for printing.  Tioga is already capable of dealing with simple technical papers and is also 
        well suited to more mundane tasks such as writing programs and memos.  In future versions, it will be suitable for complex 
        technical documents and books and will support tables, math formulas, and figures containing synthetic graphics or scanned 
        images.
        If you are looking at this document on-line, you might want to use the level-clipping function to see the overall structure rather 
        than simply plowing straight through.  Hit the "Levels" button in the top menu, then hit "FirstLevelOnly" in the new menu 
        that appears.  That will show you the major section headings.  Hit "MoreLevels" to see the subsections, or hit "AllLevels" 
        to read the details.
    Overview
        Some editors represent a document as a list of paragraphs.  In Tioga, a document is a tree structure rather than a list so that you 
        can explicitly represent its hierarchical structure.  In discussing the document tree we use Computer Science terminology 
        in which a branch is recursively defined to be a node having zero or more children branches.  The root node of the document 
        tree is not displayed  although it can be modified by a few special commands  so the document basically appears to be a 
        list of top-level branches.
        Each node in the tree contains text.  The characters of the text can have looks which control various aspects of their appearance 
        such as font and size.  Appearance is also influenced by the format of the node which determines things such as vertical 
        and horizontal spacing.  The document contains names of looks and formats, but not the specific interpretation of them.  
        The interpretations are instead collected in a style which can be shared by many documents.  For example, in the style for 
        this document there are definitions of formats for titles, headings, and standard paragraphs, and there are definitions of 
        looks for emphasis and for small caps.  Rather than copying the specific details for the formats and looks, the document 
        refers to them by name so it is easy to change the definitions in the style and modify the appearance uniformly throughout 
        the document.  The details of the style language will be described in a forthcoming memo.
    User Categories
        The Tioga user-interface is "layered" so that beginning users can protect themselves from the confusion that results from 
        mistakenly giving a command.  In ways described below, you can tell the system that you are either a beginner, an 
        intermediate, or an advanced user.  If you do nothing, the default is beginner.  
        As far as the Tioga user-interface is concerned, the user category determines which keyboard commands are currently enabled.  As a 
        beginner, you get the commands that use the special keys at the left and right of the keyboard, plus CTRL-A and CTRL-W for 
        backspace character and word, respectively.  As an intermediate user, you add a large number of commands that use print 
        keys in combination with the various shift keys.  As an advanced user, you add the keyboard commands for manipulating the 
        document tree structure.  Any category of user can get at any of the commands by using the Edit Tool.  The user category 
        mechanism is meant to let you protect yourself, not to limit you.  You are free to change your own category at any time you 
        feel like it.  For example, to declare yourself to be an intermediate user, edit your user profile to say "UserCategory: 
        intermediate".
    Input Devices
    Mouse
        The mouse has three buttons named LEFT, MIDDLE, and RIGHT corresponding to their physical layout.
    Keyboard
        Used for commands as well as text input.   Here are the names for the special keys. 
        LOOK (looks shift).    top right blank key.
        NEXT.    middle right blank key.
        REPEAT.    key labelled ESC.
        DELETE.    key labelled DEL.
        LOAD FILE.    key labelled LF.
    The bottom right blank key is an alternative CTRL key.  You can use either CTRL key and either SHIFT key interchangeably.
    Scrolling and Thumbing
        To move a viewer to look at a different part of the document, move the cursor into the left margin until it becomes a double arrow 
        pointing both up and down.  The part of the margin that becomes gray is called the "scroll bar".  The dark gray part shows 
        the relative size and location of the currently visible portion of the document.  Click LEFT to move the text adjacent to 
        the arrow to the top of the viewer.  Click RIGHT to move the text from the top of the viewer down to the arrow.  These 
        operations are called "scrolling" the document.  
        If you hold down MIDDLE in the scroll bar, the cursor becomes a right-pointing arrow.  If you move the cursor to x% down from the 
        top of the viewer and let up, the viewer will change to start about x% of the way through the document.  This operation is 
        called "thumbing".
    Selections
        The details of making selections will be covered later on.  For now, you simply need to know that there is a single primary 
        selection on the screen.  The viewer containing the selection is referred to as the "selected viewer".  Many of the 
        following commands deal with the selection or the selected viewer. 
    Menus
    Top level menu
    Save  writes a new version of the file 
        Requires confirmation before writing the file.  Old version of the file is renamed to have a "$" at the end of the extension so 
        that you can retrieve it if necessary.
        If the version of the file on the disk has a more recent create date than the document you are about to save, the system will tell 
        you.  This is to warn you about situations in which you load a file and while it is in a viewer transfer a more recent 
        version to your disk.
    Get  loads the file named by the selection into a viewer
        If the confirming click is done with the left button, the file is loaded into the "clicked" viewer and replaces the previous 
        contents.  If it is done with the middle button, a new viewer is created below the clicked one.  Finally, if it is done 
        with the right button, the clicked viewer is closed and a new viewer appears in its place.  A comment will appear in the 
        message window to remind of this.
        If you use a remote file name, such as /Cedar/Documentation/TiogaDoc.Tioga, the system will fetch the file and make the viewer 
        "ReadOnly".  This lets you browse remote files and copy information from them.  In future releases, Tioga will support 
        editing of remote files.
    File Extensions
        If the selected name does not include an explicit extension (i.e., there is no period in the selected text), Tioga will search for 
        the file using a set of standard extensions.  The default extensions are mesa, tioga, df, cm, config, and style.  You can 
        specify your own list of extensions with a user profile entry for "SourceFileExtensions".
        If the selected name is of the form <alpha>.<beta> and such a file exists, it is opened.  Otherwise, if <beta> is one of the 
        standard set of extensions, you will be informed that the file doesn't exist.  However, if <beta> is not a standard 
        extension, the system tries to open the file as if you had simply selected <alpha>.  If this succeeds, it searches in the 
        file for a definition of <beta>.  This convention is intended for use with programs that have many instances of 
        <Interface>.<Item> in which <Interface>.mesa is a file containing a definition for <Item>.
    GetImpl  like Get but loads the file that implements the selected interface name
        If the selected name does not include an explicit extension (i.e., there is no period in the selected text), Tioga will use a set 
        of standard implementation extensions.  Currently, mesa is the only default implementation extension.  You can specify your 
        own list of implementation extensions with a user profile entry for "ImplFileExtensions".
        If the selected name is of the form <Interface>.<Item> and an implementation for the item is currently loaded, the system will find 
        the name of the file holding the implementation (our thanks to the Cedar runtime model for providing this information).  
        Otherwise, the system tries to open the file as if you had simply selected <Interface>, and, if this succeeds, searches in 
        the file for a definition of <Item>.
    PrevFile  like Get but reloads the file that was previously in this viewer
    Reset  discards edits by reloading the filed version of the document
    Store  like Save but writes to the file named by the current selection
    Clear  creates an empty viewer
        If the confirming click is done with the left button, the "clicked" viewer is cleared.  If it is done with the middle button, a new 
        empty viewer is created below the clicked one.  Finally, if it is done with the right button, the clicked viewer is closed 
        and a new empty viewer appears in its place.
        The empty viewer will say "No Name" at the top in the place that would normally hold the file name.  Naturally the most common 
        thing to do with a "No Name" viewer is to load a file.  If you type a file name into a "No Name" viewer and then hit LF, it 
        is as if you selected the name and hit Get but no confirmation is required.  CTRL-LF provides a similar function for 
        GetImpl.
    Time  inserts the current time at the caret
    Split  creates a new viewer looking at the same document
        The selection is highlighted in one viewer only, however edits will be reflected in all viewers for the document.  Note that the 
        split viewers can be independently closed, opened, or moved on the screen.
    Places, Levels  show/remove submenus
    Places
        The Places menu contains commands that cause the viewer to begin displaying at a new place in the document.  The first three of the 
        commands search for instances of the current selection.  For these commands, the button used in clicking the menu item 
        determines how the search is carried out  click LEFT to search towards the end of the document, RIGHT to search towards 
        the start of the document, or MIDDLE to search first towards the end and, if that fails, then towards the start.  If the 
        selection is visible in the viewer, the search starts there.  Otherwise, it starts from the top of the viewer.
    Find
        Find another instance of the selected text.
        In this command and the following two, capitalization matters in the search (e.g., hitting Find with "the" selected will not select 
        "The"). 
    Word
        Find an instance of the selected text that is a "word"  i.e., doesn't have adjacent letters or digits.
    Def
        Find a "definition" of the selected text  i.e., an instance of the selected text that is immediately followed by a colon and 
        doesn't have an immediately prior alphanumeric.
    Position
        This is useful with compiler error messages that give locations as character counts.  The command scrolls to the selected character 
        number and then selects it  e.g., if "183" is selected, scroll to and select character number 183 in the document.
    Normalize
        If the document in this viewer contains the selection, scrolls to make the caret visible.  Otherwise scrolls to the start of the 
        document.
    PrevPlace
        Go back to the place that was previously visible in this viewer discounting manual scrolling that may have taken place since.
    Reselect
        Restore the most recent selection in this viewer and scroll to it. 
    Levels
        These commands let you control how deep the display goes in the document tree structure.
    FirstLevelOnly  show only the top level nodes
    MoreLevels  show one more level than currently
    FewerLevels  show one fewer level than currently
    AllLevels  show all levels of the tree
    Selections
    Primary selections
        The primary selection is the one that's around most of the time and is the usual site for edits.  It is displayed with a solid 
        underline or with video reverse.  Make a primary selection with the mouse in ways described below.  During certain editing 
        operations such as Copy or Move there is a "secondary" selection which is displayed as a gray underline or background.
    Insertion point
        The insertion point goes with primary selection.  It is shown by a blinking "caret" at one end or the other of the selection  the 
        end closer to the cursor when the selection was made or the one most recently extended.
    Making selections
    The selection hierarchy
        The selection hierarchy consists of the following levels at which a selection can exist: point, character, word, node, branch, and 
        document.
    Point selection
        The primary selection has a blinking caret at one end.  Some operations, such as delete and type-in, reduce the selection to just 
        the caret.  This is called a point selection.
    Character selection
        Click LEFT with the cursor over the desired character.  You can hold LEFT down and move to correct place before letting the button 
        up.
        You can cancel the new selection by hitting DEL while the mouse button is still down.  The system will restore the previous 
        selection.
    Word selection
        A "word" is defined as a sequence of letters and digits or a sequence of identical characters that are not letters or digits.  Use 
        the MIDDLE mouse button to make word selections.  As with character selection, you can hold MIDDLE down and move to the 
        correct word before letting up.
    Node selection
        Double click LEFT to select a node.
    Branch selection
        A branch is a node and any children branches it might have.  Double click MIDDLE to select a branch.
    Document selection
        CTRL-D extends the selection to include the entire document.  "D" stands for for "Document".
    Selection extension
        Extend an existing selection by pointing at a new endpoint and clicking RIGHT.  The system will extend the end of the selection 
        closer to the cursor when RIGHT goes down.  You can hold RIGHT down and move the endpoint to a new position.
        If you just click RIGHT, the selection is extended at the same level in the selection hierarchy.  For example, a selection at the 
        word level will be extended a word at a time.  Double click RIGHT to extend at a lower level in selection hierarchy.  
        Triple click to extend at a higher level in selection hierarchy.  Thus, if you have a node-level selection and wish to 
        extend it to a word position within a node, double click RIGHT to reduce the level to words and then do the extension.  If 
        necessary, you can then double click again to reduce to character level.
    Editing by making selections
    Delete selections
        A delete selection is deleted as soon as the selection is completed.  It is shown as video reverse.  Hold down CTRL to make a 
        delete selection.  The selection is complete when you let up on both the mouse button and the CTRL key.
    Pending-delete selections
        "Pending-delete" selections are automatically deleted by subsequent insertions.  They are shown with video reverse rather than 
        solid underline.  Whenever you extend a selection it is automatically made pending-delete.  Notice that you don't have to 
        actually change the selection when you "extend" it.  For example, you can click MIDDLE to select a word and then 
        immediately click RIGHT to make it pending-delete.  Or you can combine these actions by "rolling" from the LEFT or MIDDLE 
        mouse button to the RIGHT button to make a char or word selection pending-delete.  For example, the sequence MIDDLE-down, 
        RIGHT-down, MIDDLE-up, RIGHT-up will produce a pending-delete word selection.
    Copy and Move
        Source selections are made with the SHIFT key held down and are shown with a gray underline.  
    Copy source to primary
        If you hold down the SHIFT key and select, the source selection will be copied.  If the primary selection is currently 
        pending-delete, it will be replaced by the copy of the source.  Otherwise, the copy will be inserted at the caret.
    Move source to primary
        If you hold down the SHIFT key and the CTRL key, the source selection will be moved.  As before, if the primary selection is 
        pending-delete, it will be replaced by the source.  Otherwise, the source will be moved to the caret.
    Destination selections for Copy and Move
        The operations described above work by copying or moving a source selection to the primary selection.  However, often the primary 
        selection is itself the thing you want to copy or move.  The following two commands take care of these situations.
    Copy primary
        To copy the primary selection, hit CTRL-S, and with the control key still held down, select a destination.  The copy takes place as 
        soon as you let the keys up.  The primary selection is made not-pending-delete as soon as you hit CTRL-S to indicate that 
        it will be copied rather than moved.
    Move primary
        To move the primary selection, hit CTRL-Z, and with the control key still held down, select a destination.  The move takes place as 
        soon as you let the keys up.  The primary selection is made pending-delete as soon as you hit CTRL-Z to indicate that it 
        will be moved rather than copied.
    Transpose selections
        We now have covered commands to copy or move either the primary or the source selections.  A final option is to transpose the 
        primary and the source.  To do this, hit CTRL-X, and with the control key still held down, select a source.  The transpose 
        takes place as soon as you let the keys and mouse buttons up.
    Miscellaneous
    Cancelling a selection
        Hit DEL before finishing the selection and the previous selection will be restored.  This works during either primary, source, 
        destination, or transpose selections.
    Placeholders
        A "placeholder" is all the text between a matching pair of placeholder brackets, 
 .  Hit NEXT to find and select the next 
        placeholder beyond the current selection.  Hit SHIFT-NEXT to find the previous one.  Recall that NEXT is the blank key to 
        the right of RETURN.
        If there isn't another placeholder, NEXT will move the selection to the end of the document.  If the selection is already at the 
        end, NEXT will try to find the next nested text viewer.  Similarly, SHIFT-NEXT will move the selection to the start of the 
        document if it doesn't find a previous placeholder and will try to find the previous nested text viewer if it is already at 
        the start.  This allows you to use NEXT both when filling in placeholders within a document and when filling in text 
        viewers in tools.
    Select visible  expand selection to blanks
        CTRL-V expands the selection to include the "visible" characters on the left and right ends.
    Select matching brackets
        CTRL-] extends the selection to the left and right to find a matching pair of [..]'s.  Similarly for CTRL-}, CTRL-), and CTRL->.  
        Note that you hit CTRL with the right bracket to extend the selection.  In addition, you can hit CTRL with the left bracket 
        to insert matching brackets around the selection.
        Fine point: Unfortunately, our keyboards don't have both left and right quote keys.  However most of the fonts, including 
        TimesRoman and Helvetica, do provide a left and right single quote.  The keyboard key inserts a right single quote (code 
        047); the left single quote (code 140) can be inserted using the MakeOctalCharacter command in the Edit Tool or with the 
        Insert Matching Single Quotes command (CTRL-').  The Edit Tool also has a command which extends the selection to find a 
        matching pair of left and right single quotes.  The situation for double quotes is even less uniform.  Some fonts, such as 
        Classic, have a left double quote (code 264) in addition to a right double quote (code 042).  However, most fonts have only 
        the 042 double quote, so the Tioga commands for inserting and matching double quotes use that code exclusively.
    Editing
    Text input
        Typed-in characters are inserted at the caret.
        To insert the current time use CTRL-T  "T" for Time.
        When you insert a carriage return by hitting RETURN, the system will automatically copy the blank characters (tabs and spaces) from 
        the start of the previous line.  To suppress this, type SHIFT-RETURN and only the carriage return will be inserted.
        To insert control characters or characters with a specific octal code, use CTRL-K or CTRL-O.  The former will change the character 
        before the caret to a control character, while the latter will convert the three digits before the caret to the 
        corresponding octal character.  The inverse operations are also available as CTRL-SHIFT-K and CTRL-SHIFT-O.
    Abbreviation Expansion
        CTRL-E  "E" for Expand abbreviation
        When you hit CTRL-E, the caret is moved to the right of the selection if necessary and the keyname to the left of the caret is then 
        replaced by the expansion text (according to the definition which is linked to the style in a manner described below).  If 
        the keyname had looks, they are added to the expansion.  If the keyname was all caps, the expansion is made all caps too.  
        If the keyname had an initial cap, the first character of the expansion is made uppercase (useful at the start of 
        sentences, for example).  If the definition node has a non-null format, the format of the caret node is changed to be the 
        same as the definition node.  If the expansion contains a placeholder, the first placeholder is selected.  Otherwise the 
        entire expansion is selected.
        Definitions for abbreviations come from Tioga documents which are automatically read by the system when needed.  The name of the 
        appropriate abbreviations file is determined by the style that is in effect at the caret when the expansion takes place.  
        For example, if the style is "Report", the abbreviations will come from the file "Report.Abbreviations".  You can override 
        this by explicitly naming the abbreviations file along with the keyname.  For example, "Mesa.proc" will expand the 
        abbreviation for "proc" from the file "Mesa.Abbreviations" independent of the style in effect at the caret.  (Fine point: 
        Since the system interprets a period before the keyname to mean that you're specifying a particular abbreviations file, you 
        cannot type a vanilla abbreviation after a period.)
        Each definition in an abbreviations file consists of a separate branch. The top node of the branch holds the keyname followed by an 
        equals sign and then the text expansion.  The rest of the branch, if any, is copied after the caret node as part of 
        expanding the abbreviation.  Any text following the keyname is moved to the end of the last child node in the branch.  The 
        definition may also include a list of operations to be performed after the expansion has been inserted.  These operations 
        have the same format as those in EditTool and are placed in parentheses after the keyname and before the equals sign. 
    Delete Character or Word
        BackSpace: CTRL-A, CTRL-H, or BS.  Deletes the character to the left of the caret.
        Fine point: If the caret is at the start of a node, this does a Join command (q.v.).
        BackWord: CTRL-W, or CTRL-BS.  Deletes the word to the left of the caret.
        DeleteNextChar: CTRL-SHIFT-A, CTRL-SHIFT-H, or SHIFT-BS.  Deletes the character to the right of the caret.
        DeleteNextWord: CTRL-SHIFT-W, or CTRL-SHIFT-BS.  Deletes the word to the right of the caret.
    Delete
        As mentioned above, you can delete something by selecting it with CTRL held down.  In addition, you can delete the current 
        selection by hitting DEL. 
    Paste
        Paste: CTRL-P.  The most recently deleted text is copied to the caret.  You can also use the Edit Tool to save the current 
        selection to be pasted later.
    Copy, Move, Replace, and Transpose
        These operations are all carried out by making selections.  They are described in detail in the previous section.
    Insert matching brackets
        CTRL-[ adds a matching pair of [..]'s to the ends of the selection.  Similar CTRL commands exist for {, (, <, -, ', and ".  CTRL-B 
        inserts matching placeholder brackets 
.
        Note: CTRL-' inserts a left single quote (code 140) and a right single quote (code 047); CTRL-" inserts the same character (code 
        042) at each end of the selection. 
    Case
        All lower: CTRL-C.  Makes the selection all lower case.
        All caps: CTRL-SHIFT-C.  Makes the selection all upper case.
        Initial caps: CTRL-double C.   Capitalizes each word in the selection.
        First cap: CTRL-SHIFT-double C.   Capitalizes the first word of the selection
    Repeat
        Hitting ESC will repeat the most recent non-empty edit sequence starting with the current selection.  Edit sequences are separated 
        by user-made selections.  For example, if you select a word, delete it, type a new one, and then select something else, the 
        edit sequence is delete followed by text entry.  If you hit Repeat, the system will do a delete and retype the new word.
        Auto-repeat is done by ESC-select: if you hold down the ESC key while making a selection, a Repeat will automatically be done as 
        soon as the selection is completed.  This is useful when you're doing a large number of repeats.
    Undo
        Hitting SHIFT-ESC undoes the most recent edit sequence and restores the selection to its prior state.  If you want to undo more 
        than just the most recent sequence, use the Edit History tool which is described later.
    Tree structure editing
        As explained in the introduction, Tioga documents consist of a tree of nodes.  The following commands let you break, join, and nest 
        nodes in the tree.
        Break: CTRL-RETURN  break node at insertion point to create a new node.
        Join: CTRL-J  join node at insertion point with previous node.
        Nest: CTRL-N  move selected nodes to deeper nesting level in tree.
        UnNest: CTRL-SHIFT-N  move selected nodes to shallower nesting level in tree.
        Break & Nest: CTRL-I  simultaneously insert a new node and nest it.
        Break & UnNest: CTRL-SHIFT-I  simultaneously insert and unnest.
    Looks
        Characters have looks which are named by the lower case letters "a" to "z".  Looks are interpreted by the style to change the 
        appearance of the text.  For example, look "e" might stand for "emphasis" and might result in italic face in one style and 
        bold face in another.  Each character has a set of looks  thus it may have several looks simultaneously, but each look 
        occurs only once.  You can use the Edit Tool to read or change the set of looks for selected characters.  The following 
        keyboard commands are also available for dealing with looks. 
    Selection Looks
        You can change the selection looks with the following commands.  (Recall that the LOOK shift is the top blank key to the right of 
        BS.)
        LOOK-char to add to selection looks.
        LOOK-SHIFT-char to remove from selection looks.
        LOOK-space to remove all selection looks.
    Caret Looks
        Caret looks determine the looks of typed-in text.  The caret picks up the looks of the adjacent selected text whenever a selection 
        is made.  Changing the selection looks also changes the caret looks.  However, if you wish to change the looks of the caret 
        without changing the selection looks, click the character key twice in quick succession.
        LOOK-char-char to add to caret looks.
        LOOK-SHIFT-char-char to remove from caret looks.
        LOOK-space-space to remove all caret looks.
    Using Selections To Copy Looks
        To copy the looks of some existing text to the primary selection, hit CTRL-Q, and then with the CTRL key still held down, select 
        the text with the looks you want to copy.  The source looks replace any looks the selection previously had. 
    Automatic Mesa formatting
        The CTRL-M command scans the selection for Mesa keywords, comments, and procedure names and gives them looks k, c, and n 
        respectively.  (As a convenience during typein, the entire caret node is reformatted if the selection is a caret only.)  
        With the standard Cedar style, the keywords will then be displayed in small caps, the comments will be italic, and the 
        procedure names will be boldface.  We expect to provide more extensive reformatting capabilities in the future.
    Formats
        Just as characters have looks, nodes have formats.  The "format" is the name of a rule in the style that tells how to modify 
        various parameters when displaying the node.  For example, a style for documents might contain formats for titles, 
        headings, quotations, standard paragraphs, etc.  The Edit Tool has facilities for reading and changing the format of a 
        node, or you can use the commands described below.  (By convention, the null format name is equivalent to "default".)
    Setting and inserting caret node format
        CTRL-_ will delete the word to the left of the caret and make it the format of the caret node.
            Fine point: In most cases you will give this command immediately after typing the format name, so the caret will naturally be in 
            the correct place.  However, to handle cases in which you select the name before hitting CTRL-_, the caret will 
            automatically be forced to the right of the selection at the start of this command.
        CTRL-SHIFT-_ inserts the format name.
            This gives you a simple way to find out the format of a selected node.
    Using selections to copy formats
        To copy the format of some exisiting node to the selection nodes, hit CTRL-F, and then with the CTRL key still held down, select 
        the node with the format you want to copy. 
    The Edit Tool
        The Edit Tool provides a variety of operations on Tioga documents.
        The Edit Tool menu contains some special commands in addition to the usual viewer operations.  The "Bigger" command enlarges the 
        Edit Tool, while the "Smaller" menu item does the opposite.  The "Stop" button lets you interrupt lengthy substitutions and 
        sorts.  The second line of the menu contains buttons for search and substitute which are discussed below.
        The text fields in the Edit Tool follow the convention that clicking the field name with LEFT causes the contents of the field to 
        be selected pending-delete while clicking with RIGHT causes the field to be cleared and selected.
    Search and Substitute
    Search
        To do a search, enter the text you're looking for in the "Target" field, select where you want the search to start, and click 
        "Search" with the left mouse button to search forward, with the right button to search backwards, or with the middle button 
        to search first forward then backwards.  The system searches from the current selection and updates the selected viewer if 
        the search succeeds.  (Fine point: in both searches and substitutes, the match is limited to a single node  we do not yet 
        have mechanisms for doing matches across node boundaries.)
        The multiple choices below the "Replacement" field control what is matched in searches and replaced in substitutes.  You can select 
        or deselect an item by clicking it with the mouse.  White text on black background means that the item is selected; black 
        text on white means it is not selected.
        Text  if this option is selected, match characters of target text when searching.
        Looks  if selected, match looks of target text when searching.
        Format  match format of target node.
        Style  match style of target node.
        Comment  match comment property of target node.
        For example, if you pick the Looks option and deselect the Text option, you can search for any text that has a particular set of 
        looks.  If you pick only Text, the matching will ignore the looks of the target.  If you pick Text and Looks, the matching 
        text must match both the characters and the looks of the target text.
        The other options deal with node properties.  If you pick Format, the matching will be limited to nodes with the same format as the 
        target node.  Similarly, if you pick Style, the matching will only look at nodes whose style is the same as the target 
        node's.  Finally, if you pick Comment, the match will consider only nodes with the same value of the Comment property (TRUE 
        or FALSE) as the target.
        The first two rows of boxes below the multiple choices give you control over how matching is performed.  Click LEFT with the cursor 
        over a box to change the choice next to it.  The various choices are as follows:
        1.  Case of matching text
        Match Case  matching text must have same case as target text.
        Ignore Case  matching text does not have to have same case as target text.
        2.  Interpretation of target text
        Match Literally  don't treat target text as a pattern.
        Match as Pattern  do treat target as pattern.  (Patterns are described below.)
        3.  Context of target text
        Match Anywhere  ignore context of matching text.
        Match Words Only  matching text must not have adjacent letters or digits.
        Match Entire Nodes Only  matching text must span entire node.
        4.  Matching target looks
        Subset as Looks Test  looks of matching text must include target looks.
        Equal as Looks Test  looks of matching text must be identical to target looks.
    Substitute
        To do a substitution, enter the new text in the "Replacement" field, enter the text to be replaced in the "Target" field, and hit 
        "Substitute" in the menu at the top of the Edit Tool.  The Text/Looks/Format/... options guide the search in the usual 
        manner and also control what is replaced.
            If you pick Text and Looks, the matching text will be replaced just as if you had selected it with pending delete and made a source 
            secondary selection of the replacement text.
            If you pick only the Looks option, the matching text will have the target looks removed and the replacement looks added.
            If you pick only Text, the replacement text will have the looks of the replaced text added to it.  (Fine point: if the looks of the 
            replaced text are not uniform, the looks of the first character will be used throughout.)
            If you pick Format, the matching node will get the format of the replacement node.  Similarly, picking Style causes the matching 
            node to get the style of the replacement node, and picking Comment causes the matching node to get the same value of 
            the Comment property as the replacement node. 
        The final three boxes in the Search&Substitute section give you further control over this operation.
        1.  First character capitalization of the replacement text
        First cap like replaced  if the replaced text starts with a capital letter, force the first letter of the replacement to be a 
        capital too.
        Don't change caps  leave the replacement capitalization alone.
        2.  What is done to the matching text
        Do Replace  do the usual substitute or replace.
        Do Operations  instead of doing a replace, select the matching text and then do the operations currently in the "Operations" field 
        of the Edit Tool.
        3.  Where the substitutions will take place
        Within Selection Only  substitute is limited to current selection.
        After Selection Only  substitute after selection to end of document.
        In Entire Document  substitute in the entire selected document.
    Case-by-Case Substitutes
        In addition to doing global substitutes, you can decide on a case-by-case basis whether or not to replace the matching text by the 
        new text.  Use the search commands to find the first matching text.  Then if you hit "Yes", the system will do a "Replace" 
        followed by a search forward.  If you hit "No", it will skip the "Replace" and simply do another search.   Thus to 
        selectively substitute, start with a search, then do "Yes" for the cases you want to change and "No" for the others.  The 
        "Replace" command simply does for the current selection what a substitute would do for a match.  Finally, the "Count" 
        command is available to tell you how many substitutions would take place without actually changing the document. 
        In order to do a search or substitute, you will typically need to fill in the Target or Replacement fields in the Edit Tool.  
        Naturally, this changes the selection, and before you can do the operation, you must restore the selection to the place 
        where you actually want it to take place.  The system helps you with this by saving the primary selection if it is not in 
        the Edit Tool when you click either the Target or the Replacement button.  The commands along the top of the Edit Tool  
        Seach, Substitute, Yes, No, Replace, and Count  restore the saved selection if the primary selection is in the Edit Tool 
        when they are clicked.  The net effect is that if you start out with the selection in the right place, you can click the 
        Target or Replacement buttons, fill in the needed information, and then directly click one of the commands without needing 
        to reselect since the system will do it for you.
    Patterns for Search and Substitute
        When you specify that the target be matched as a pattern rather than literally, the following symbols in the target text are 
        interpreted specially.  A short summary of these symbols appears at the bottom of the Search&Substitute section of the Edit 
        Tool.
        '    Match the next character in the pattern exactly.
        ~    Match any character except the next one in the pattern.
        #    Match any single character.
        *    Match any sequence of characters.
        @    Match any single alphanumeric character (letter or digit).
        &    Match any sequence of alphanumeric characters.
        ~@    Match any single non-alphanumeric character.
        ~&    Match any sequence of non-alphanumeric characters.
        %    Match any single blank character.
        $    Match any sequence of blank characters.
        ~%    Match any single non-blank character.
        ~$    Match any sequence of non-blank characters.
        |    Match start or end of node.
        {    Mark start of resulting selection.
        }    Mark end of resulting selection.
        <    Mark start of named subpattern.
        >    Mark end of named subpattern.
        The named subpatterns are of use in substitutes that reorder or duplicate parts of the matching text.  The full syntax for a named 
        subpattern is <name:subpattern>.   The special case of "match any sequence of characters" is provided as a default  i.e., 
        <name> is equivalent to <name:*>.  As far as the matching is concerned, the occurrence of <name:subpattern> is the same as 
        if the subpattern had appeared without a name, but it has the side-effect of remembering the subsection it matched.  The 
        "Replacement" field can contain <name>'s corresponding to named subpatterns in the target.  The replacement text is 
        constructed by replacing the <name>'s with the section of replaced text that matched the subpattern.  The replacement is 
        automatically considered to be a pattern whenever the target is  you don't need to do anything special to get the <name>'s 
        in the replacement interpreted as subpatterns.
        For example, if the target is
            Target: WHILE <pred>[<arg>] DO
        and the replacement is
            Replacement: WHILE <arg> IS <pred> DO
        then "WHILE blue[moon] DO" will be converted to "WHILE moon IS blue DO". 
    Looks, Formats, Styles, and Properties
    Looks
        The Looks commands let you read and modify the looks of the caret or the selection.  The looks are shown as a series of letters in 
        the "Looks characters" field.  The box lets you pick whether you want the looks for the selection or the looks for the 
        caret.
    Get  fills the "Looks characters" field with the letters for the caret/selection looks.
    Set  reads the "Looks characters" field and sets the looks of the caret/selection.
    Clear  removes all looks from the caret/selection.
    Add  adds the specified looks to the caret/selection.
    Sub  removes the specified looks from the caret/selection. 
    Formats
        The Format commands let you read and modify the format for the root node or the selected nodes.  The box at the right lets you pick 
        the case you want.
    Get  fills the "Format name" field.
    Set  reads the "Format name" field and sets the node's format.
    Clear  removes the node's format name.  This is the same as specifying "default" format.
    Styles
        A style is a collection of interpretations for looks and formats.  The Style commands let you read and modify the name of the style 
        for the root node or the selected nodes.  The new style applies to the specified node and all the nodes within its 
        sub-branches that do not themselves have explicit styles.
    Fine point: If a document does not have an explicit style specified for it, Tioga will use the default style.  You can specify a 
    default style by means of a user profile entry of the form DefaultStyle: <style name>.  If you don't have such an entry, 
    "Cedar" style will be used as the default.
    Get  fills the "Style name" field.
    Set  reads the "Style name" field and sets the node's style.
    Clear  removes any style specification from the node.
    LoadStyleDefinition  reads the "Style name" field and reloads the style definition from that file with extension "Style".  (Don't 
    put the extension in the field  just put the style name and let the system add the extension.)  Do this operation after you 
    have edited (and saved) the style definition and want to load the new version.
    LoadAbbreviations  reads the "Style name" field and reloads the abbreviation definitions from that file with extension 
    "Abbreviations".  Do this after you have edited the abbreviations and want to load the new version.
    Properties
        A node can have an arbitrary set of "properties".  Each property consists of a name and a value.  Certain properties are used by 
        the system, but you (and your programs) are free to add others.
        The "Property name" field specifies the name of a property.  (Incidentally, case distinctions do matter in property names  "foo" 
        is a different property than "Foo".)  The "Property value" field specifies a value.  The box lets you pick whether you are 
        talking about properties of the root node or the selected nodes.
    Get  fills the "Property value" field with the current value of the named property.
    Set  reads the "Property value" field and sets the property value.
    Remove  removes the named property from the node.
    List  fills the "Property name" field with the names of the node's properties.
        In addition to setting and reading properties, there is a mechanism that lets you find nodes with a certain property value.  For 
        example, if you have annotated a document with comments under the property name "MyOpinion", and you want to find nodes in 
        which your comment included the word "good", enter the name in the "Property name" field and the text in the "Value 
        pattern" field.  Then use the "Find" command to search forward or backwards from the caret node for a node with a value of 
        the property that matches the pattern.  (Click with LEFT to search forward, RIGHT to search backwards.)  Value patterns can 
        use the standard set of special characters for searches.  If a match is found, the node is selected and the property value 
        is displayed.
    Comment Property
        All nodes have a "Comment" property which is either "TRUE" or "FALSE".  If its value is TRUE, the text of the node is not seen by 
        programs such as the compiler that are only interested in the basic text contents.  This makes it possible to intermix 
        documentation and program text without requiring special escape characters to mark the start and end of comments.  You can 
        set the Comment property by using the Edit Tool or with the following commands.
    CTRL-\  set comment property of all selected nodes to TRUE
    CTRL-SHIFT-\  set comment property of all selected nodes to FALSE  
    Miscellaneous
    Sort and Reverse
        These commands let you sort or reverse lists of things.  The "Sort" command sorts things in alphabetical order, ignoring case.  
        "Sort-and-remove-duplicates" is useful when you are merging sets of things.  The box below the Sort button lets you pick 
        whether you want increasing or decreasing order in the result.  The right box lets you pick what will be sorted: text 
        delimited by blanks, lines delimited by carriage returns, or branches of the document tree.  Leading blanks are ignored 
        when sorting lines or branches.
    Operations
        These commands let you construct simple edit macros.  The "Operations" field holds a text description of a command sequence.  The 
        "GetLast" command fills in the Operations with the description of the most recent sequence, i.e., the one a Cancel would 
        cancel or a Repeat would repeat.  "Do" executes the description in the operations field.  "Begin" marks the start of a 
        command sequence.  "End" fills the Operations with the description of the commands since the most recent "Begin".  "SetCom" 
        stores the operations under the CTRL-number key for the number in the "Command [0..9]" field.  Conversely, "GetCom" fills 
        the "Operations" field with the current CTRL-number definition.
        To see how this works, select the following word: "hello".  Hit DEL and type in "howdy".  Now hit the "GetLast" button.  The 
        Operations field should now contain: Delete "howdy".   Edit the Operations field contents to replace "howdy" by "goodbye", 
        then hit the "SetCom" button (first put 1 in the Command field if it's not already there).  Now select the "howdy" you 
        typed earlier and hit CTRL-1.  If all went well, the "howdy" will have been deleted and "goodbye" inserted in its place.  
        More examples of edit macros will be given later.
    Searches and Operations on Files
        You can use the EditTool to look through a list of files for one in which the current search specifications are satisfied.  This 
        can be accomplished by clicking the "SearchEachFile" button after filling in the "Files" field with the file names (or "@" 
        followed by the name of a file that holds the list of file names).  When you click SearchEachFile, a new viewer is created, 
        and one-by-one the files will be loaded and searched until a match is found.  The list of files will be updated when a 
        match is found, so that when you are finished with one file you can click SearchEachFile again to look for the next one.  
        You can hit the "Stop" button at the top of the EditTool to interrupt the search, but you should not try doing other 
        operations while the search is in progress since it resets the selection each time it loads a file.
        Occasionally you will want to apply certain operations to an entire set of files.  You can do this by filling in the "Operations" 
        field and the "Files" field, and then clicking "DoForEachFile".  A new viewer will be created, and one-by-one the files 
        will be loaded, selected, edited, and saved.  No confirmation is required for the saves, so the entire process can go on 
        without you.  In fact, you should not try to do anything else while this is going on since the operations use the primary 
        selection.  The one exeception is the "Stop" button which you can hit to terminate the process.  
    Operations via the User Exec
        You can invoke a set of operations from the User Exec as well as directly from the Edit Tool.  When you run TiogaExecCommands, one 
        of the commands it registers is DoTiogaOps which expects a command line containing operations in the same format as in the 
        operations field.  One possible application of this is to create a command file that initializes various Edit Tool switches 
        to your favorite settings.  For example, you could use the following to set up some of the search parameters: DoTiogaOps 
        IgnoreCase MatchWords MatchPattern.
    Edit Commands
        This section of the Edit Tool contains buttons for all the basic edit commands.  These are useful if you can't remember what keys 
        to hit for an infrequent command or if you've set your user category to beginner or intermediate to filter out certain 
        commands.  Many of the buttons correspond to commands that have been documented above.  However, a few of them are 
        primarily of use in constructing edit macros and have not been mentioned before.  For completeness, all the buttons will be 
        given a brief description.
    Modifying selections
    CaretBefore  move caret to front of selection
    CaretAfter  move caret to end of selection
    CaretOnly  reduce selection to a caret
    Grow  selection grows in hierarchy of point, character, word, node, branch
    Document  select entire document
    PendingDelete  make primary selection pending delete
    NotPendingDelete  make primary selection not pending delete
    MakeSecondary  make the primary selection become the secondary selection
    MakePrimary  make the secondary selection become the primary selection
    CancelSecondary  remove the secondary selection
    CancelPrimary  remove the primary selection
    Copy, Move, and Translate
    ToPrimary  copy/move secondary to primary
    ToSecondary  copy/move primary to secondary
    Transpose  transpose the primary and the secondary
    Moving the caret
    GoToNextChar  make primary caret only and move one character toward end of document or one toward start if you click with RIGHT 
    instead of LEFT
    GoToNextWord  like GoToNextChar, but move toward end by "words" or one toward start if you click with RIGHT instead of LEFT
    GoToNextNode  move caret one node toward end or one toward start if you click with RIGHT instead of LEFT
    Saving and Restoring the selection
    SaveSel-A  save primary selection to restore later
    RestoreSel-A  restore the selection previously saved by SaveSel-A
    SaveSel-B  save primary selection to restore later
    RestoreSel-B  restore the selection previously saved by SaveSel-B
    Extend the selection to matching brackets
    (...)  extend primary selection to matching parens
    <...>  extend to matching angle brackets
    {...}  extend to matching curly brackets
    [...]  extend to matching square brackets
    "..."  extend to matching double quotes
    `...'  extend to matching single quotes
    -...-  extend to matching dashes
    
...  extend to matching placeholder brackets
    Find placeholders
    Next
...  move primary selection to next placeholder
    Prev
...  move to previous placeholder
    Delete and Paste
    Delete  delete the primary selection
    Paste  insert saved text at caret
    SaveForPaste  save text for later pasting; overwrites text saved by Delete
    Repeat and Undo
    Repeat  repeat the last command sequence
    Undo  undo the last command sequence
    Deleting character/word next to caret
    BackSpace  delete the character to the left of the caret
    BackWord  delete the word to the left of the caret
    DeleteNextChar  delete the character to the right of the caret
    DeleteNextWord  delete the word to the right of the caret
    Inserting matching brackets around the selection
    Add( )  insert parens around the selection
    Add< >  insert angle brackets
    Add{ }  insert curly brackets
    Add[ ]  insert square brackets
    Add" "  insert double quotes
    Add` '  insert single quotes
    Add- -  insert dashes
    Add
   insert placeholder brackets
    Capitalization
    AllCaps  make the selection upper case
    AllLower  make the selection lower case
    InitialCaps  make the words in the selection start with caps
    FirstCap  make the selection start with a cap
    Special characters
    MakeOctalCharacter  convert the 3 digits before the caret to the corresponding character
    MakeControlCharacter  convert the character before the caret to a control character
    UnMakeOctalCharacter  convert the character before the caret to 3 digit representing its character code
    UnMakeControlCharacter  convert the control character before the caret to a normal character
    Tree structure commands
    Break  break node at caret
    Join  join caret node to one before it
    Nest  move selection deeper in tree
    UnNest  move selection higher in tree
    Miscellaneous commands
    CommentNode  set Comment property of all selected nodes to TRUE
    NotCommentNode  set Comment property of all selected nodes to FALSE
    ExpandAbbreviation  expand the abbreviation to the left of the caret
    MesaFormatting  add Mesa looks, formats, and style to selection 
    Command 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  do saved command macro
    Writing Edit Macros
        A few examples should get you started writing your own edit macros.  First, assume you find yourself doing a lot of edits of the 
        form <stuff> becomes <pred>[<stuff>] for various values of <stuff> and <pred>.  You might like a single command to insert 
        the brackets and move the caret to the place where you will insert the <pred>.  To construct such a command, first select a 
        particular <stuff>, hit the Add[ ] button in the Edit Tool, the CaretBefore button, and the GoToNextChar button using the 
        right mouse button.  Then hit GetLast to fill the Operations field, enter "1" in the "Command [0..9]" field, and hit SetCom 
        to save the macro definition.  Now you can select <stuff>, hit CTRL-1, and be ready to insert before the left bracket.
        A macro to delete matching parentheses will show the use of the SaveSel and RestoreSel commands.  Make a selection anywhere inside 
        a pair of matching parens.  Give the following sequence of commands: (...) to extend the selection, CaretAfter to position 
        the caret at the right, SaveSel-A so we can restore the selection later, BackSpace to delete the right paren, RestoreSel-A 
        to get the selection back, CaretBefore to move the caret to the front, and finally DeleteNextChar to delete the left paren. 
         Now you can hit GetLast and SetCom to save this macro.
        Other operations on the Edit Tool can also be programmed using edit macros.  For example, assume you want a macro to substitute 
        "which" for "that".   The following set of commands will load the target and replacement fields and do the substitute: 
        click RIGHT to select and clear the target field, type "that" as the target text, click RIGHT to select and clear the 
        replacement field, type "which" as the replacement text, and finally hit the Substitute button.  This macro will only 
        change the target and replacement fields.  The other parameters of the substitute are not changed and thus behave like 
        "free variables" of the macro.  If you want to bind more of the choices, such as Match Case or Ignore Case, you simply 
        include those commands as part of the macro.  For example, you could select Ignore Case just before restoring the 
        selection, and the macro would always set the ignore case flag when it was executed.  Note that you must hit the "Target" 
        and "Replacement" buttons to enter the target and replacement text.  Directly selecting in those fields would not produce a 
        correct macro because it would terminate the edit sequence and would also fail to identify which field was being filled in.
        When you save an edit macro under a CTRL-number key, it only stays around for the rest of the session.  If you want to save one for 
        tomorrow, you can of course copy the operations to a file and redefine it another time.  But if you really want to make a 
        macro a permanent part of your user interface, you can add it to your "TIP table" which describes the translation from 
        keyboard and mouse actions into executable tokens such as those in edit macros.  The details of how to do this are given in 
        a later section. 
    The Edit History Tool
        The Edit History tool lets you undo edits in the same way that Undo does, but it lets you go back farther in history than just the 
        most recent sequence.  To create an Edit History tool, type "EditHistory" to the Exec.  At the top of the tool are two 
        fields and four commands.  The bottom part of the tool is a text field to hold descriptions of previous edit events.
        The system keeps a history of a certain number of the most recent edit events.  You can find out how large this history is by the 
        "Get" command which will enter a number in the "history size" field.  The "Set" command will change the history size to 
        whatever value you've entered in the size field.  The default size is 20; you can change this by making an entry in your 
        User.Profile of the form "EditHistory: <history-size>". 
        The "Show" command will display the events starting with the number in the "since event number" field.  If that field is empty it 
        will show as many as are still remembered.   The format of the entries is <event-number>, TAB, and then a list of 
        operations.  The "Undo" command undoes the edits since the specified event number. 
    Printing and the TypeSetter Tool
        In the glorious future, Tioga will have an interactive typesetter that will let you make incremental revisions to a typeset 
        document to adjust pagination, page layout, and other details before actually printing it.  Michael Plass and I have 
        started work on this, but until it's available, the current typesetter will do a more than adequate job of letting you 
        print your files.   The following documentation was written by Michael; see him with questions or bug reports.
        The TSetter tool provides a convenient way of driving the Tioga typesetter.  Start it up by typing "Run TSetter" to the executive.  
        The typesetter icon will come up showing the name of the print server it is "connected" to; this name can be specified in 
        your profile under the heading "Hardcopy.PressPrinter".  When you open the icon, you will see the menu
            Close  Grow  <-->  Destroy  Stop  Pause  Get  Print  All  New
        plus a fill-in field labeled "Document".  The normal way to use the typesetter is to select the viewer or file name, and click 
        "Get" to add the document name to the queue.  Then click "Print" to start the typesetter up; if all goes well, the only 
        other thing you have to do is walk over to the printer and pick up your output.
        You can put several things in the queue before starting up the typesetter, and go do something else while it is working away.  The 
        queue is shown after the "Document" button and is in fact editable; it is a good idea to click "Pause" before editing, 
        though, to keep the typesetter from taking the queue out from under you.  Clicking "All" instead of "Print" funnels the 
        whole queue into one big press file, which avoids a lot of header pages if you want to print a lot of small files.
        Hitting "Stop" will bring the typesetter to a grinding halt and will also abort any transmission to a print server.
        Destroying a tool will not stop it; it will just finish running and then go away.
        If you try to typeset a press file, it will just get sent to the server without modification.
        To make a TSetter tool that sends its output to a different place, type the server name somewhere, select it, and click "New".  If 
        the selection is less than two characters long, the resulting tool will be called "TSetter", and will just write a press 
        file without trying to send it anywhere.  It is OK to run multiple typesetters at the same time.
        If you want to print multiple copies, "Grow" the tool and you will discover a "Copies" field to fill in.  This number is reset to 1 
        after each file is transmitted, to keep you from wasting a lot of paper by forgetting to reset it.
        To drive the typesetter from a program (or the executive), there is an interface called "TSViewer" that lets you create a tool and 
        simulate clicks on its buttons.
    TIP Tables for Tioga
        The acronym "TIP" stands for "terminal interface package".  TIP tables describe the translation from keyboard and mouse actions 
        into executable tokens.  The standard TIP table for Tioga is found in the file "Tioga.TIP" and contains all the gory 
        details about things such as multi-clicks of mouse buttons with various combinations of shift keys.  It's unlikely that you 
        want to try changing anything in Tioga.TIP, but you can consider adding commands to your own TIP table for things such as 
        your favorite set of edit macros.  Your TIP table can be "layered" on top of the Tioga table so that the system will try to 
        interpret actions according to your table before looking at the standard one.  The User.Profile contains an entry named 
        "TiogaTIP" in which you can enter the file name of your TIP table to be layered over the standard Tioga table.  The entry 
        should look like something like this
            TiogaTIP: MyOwn.tip Default
        where "MyOwn.tip" is the file name for your table.  Notice that your table goes first in the list; definitions in tables occurring 
        early in the list take precedence over those that appear later.  The special name "Default" refers to Tioga's default TIP 
        table and will typically be the last entry in the list.
        The file "MyOwn.tip" contains a sample table that you can edit to produce your own.  It also contains documentation about the 
        syntax of TIP tables and the macro package which is used with them.
        Use the Exec command TiogaReadProfile to reload a TIP table after you've changed it, or, if your user category is advanced, hit 
        CTRL-! to reload the Tioga profile information.
    Styles
        A style is a collection of interpretations for looks and formats.  The interpretations are represented as programs written in a 
        simple language built on top of the JaM interpreter.
        If a document doesn't specify a style, the system will use a default style.  You can say what the default will be by adding a user 
        profile entry of the form DefaultStyle: <style name>.
        ....  more to come ....
            ScreenRules, PrintRules, and StyleRules.
            Attached styles
            The current set of formatting parameters are ...
    Tioga User Exec Commands
    Note: If the following commands are not known to the UserExecutive, type "Run TiogaExecCommands".
    ReadTiogaTipTables
        Causes Tioga to read its TIP tables again.  If your user category is advanced, you can also invoke this operation by selecting in 
        any Tioga document and hitting CTRL-!.
    WritePlain
        Make Tioga files unformatted by eliminating everything except the plain text.  Inserts leading tabs before each node according to 
        its nesting in the tree and terminates each node with a carriage return.
    ReadIndent
        Build Tioga files with one node per line of source with indenting based on white space at the start of lines.
    TiogaMesa
        Convert Mesa files to Tioga format by combining a ReadIndent with a CTRL-M over the entire file.
    Tioga User Profile Entries
    User category
        As described above, this entry lets you control your user category.  The alternatives are Beginner, Intermediate, and Advanced.  
        The entry is of the form
            UserCategory: Intermediate
    TIP Table
        This entry specifies the TIP tables to use with Tioga documents.  The entry is of the form
            TiogaTIP: MyOwnTip.tip Default
        See the section on TIP tables for more information.
    Default Style
        This entry specifies the default style to be used with documents that do not explicitly name a style.  The entry is of the form
            DefaultStyle: Cedar
    Default submenus
        This entry specifies which menus, if any, should automatically be displayed when you create a new Tioga viewer by clicking one of 
        the buttons in the upper right corner or by giving an Exec command.  The entry is of the form
            DefaultTiogaMenus: places levels
            or
            DefaultTiogaMenus: none
        You may delete or reorder the menu names to suit your tastes.
    Default file extensions
        This determines what extensions Tioga should look for in opening files.  The entry is of the form
            SourceFileExtensions: mesa tioga df cm config style
        You may also have an entry for implementation extensions to be used with the "load impl" commands.
            ImplFileExtensions: cedar mesa
    Scroll top offset
        When you do a Find command you may want to see a few lines in front of the match to give you more context.  This parameter tells 
        Tioga how many extra lines to want in such situations.  The entry is of the form
            ScrollTopOffset: 1
    Scroll bottom offset
        When you are typing and the caret goes to a new line just off the bottom of the viewer, Tioga will automatically scroll the viewer 
        up a little to make the caret visible again.  This parameter controls how far up to scroll; a big number causes larger but 
        less frequent glitches.
            ScrollBottomOffset: 3
    Selection Caret
        The default behaviour for Tioga is to place the caret at the end nearer the cursor when the selection is made.  Some people have 
        requested to have the caret always placed at one end or the other, hence this profile entry.  The choices are before, 
        after, and balance.  The entry is of the form
            SelectionCaret: before
    Selection Displacement
        This lets you specify a vertical displacement for making selections.  Tioga behaves as if you had pointed this number of points 
        higher up the screen so that you can point at things from slightly below them.  The entry is of the form
            YSelectFudge: 2

    Command Summary
        This is a short summary of the Tioga commands available using the keyboard and mouse.  Other commands are available through the 
        Edit Tool, the Edit History Tool, and various User Exec operations.
        The extra keys on the keyboard are used for common editing actions.   Recall that the bottom right blank key can be used as another 
        CTRL key, and you can use either CTRL key and either SHIFT key interchangeably.
        ESC    Repeat last action
        SHIFT-ESC    Undo last action
        ESC-select    Automatic repeat of last action when finish selection
        DEL    Delete
        LF    Load file in "No Name" viewer
        CTRL-LF    Load Impl file in "No Name" viewer
        BS    Backspace character
        SHIFT-BS    Delete next character
        CTRL-BS    Backspace word
        CTRL-SHIFT-BS    Delete next word
        NEXT    Find next placeholder (middle blank key)
        SHIFT-NEXT    Find previous placeholder
        RETURN    Insert carriage return with leading spaces copied from previous line
        SHIFT-RETURN    Insert carriage return
        CTRL-RETURN    Break node
        Mouse button clicks are used for making selections.
        CLICKS    LEFT    MIDDLE    RIGHT
        SINGLE    Select letter    Select word    Extend selection at current level
        DOUBLE    Select node    Select branch    Reduce selection level and extend
        TRIPLE            Increase selection level and extend
        Selections are used for delete, copy, and move.
        CTRL-select    Delete when finish selection
        SHIFT-select    Copy to primary
        CTRL-SHIFT-select    Move to primary
        LOOK commands are used for editing looks.  (The LOOK shift is the top blank key.)
        LOOK-char    Add look to selection
        LOOK-SHIFT-char    Remove from selection
        LOOK-space    Remove all from selection
        Except for CTRL-A, CTRL-H, and CTRL-W, the following commands are not enabled for beginning users.  We provide both CTRL-A and 
        CTRL-H as a convenience to users with strong habits from previous systems.  A "*" indicates a command enabled for advanced 
        users only.
        CTRL-A    Backspace character
        CTRL-SHIFT-A    Delete next character
        CTRL-B    Insert matching placeholder brackets
        CTRL-C    Lower case
        CTRL-SHIFT-C    Upper case
        CTRL-CLICK-C    Initial caps
        CTRL-SHIFT-CLICK-C    First cap
        CTRL-D    Select document
        CTRL-E    Expand abbreviation
        CTRL-F-select    Copy format to primary *
        CTRL-H    Backspace character
        CTRL-SHIFT-H    Delete next character
        CTRL-I    Indent (does Break and Nest) *
        CTRL-SHIFT-I    Unindent (does Break and UnNest) *
        CTRL-J    Join nodes *
        CTRL-K    Make control character
        CTRL-SHIFT-K    Unmake control character
        CTRL-M    Automatic MESA formatting
        CTRL-N    Nest *
        CTRL-SHIFT-N    UnNest *
        CTRL-O    Make octal character
        CTRL-SHIFT-O    Unmake octal character
        CTRL-P    Paste
        CTRL-Q-select    Copy looks to primary
        CTRL-S-select    Copy primary to selected destination
        CTRL-T    Time
        CTRL-V    Select visible (expand to selection to blanks)
        CTRL-W    Backspace word
        CTRL-SHIFT-W    Delete next word
        CTRL-X-select    Select for transpose with primary
        CTRL-Z-select    Move primary to selected destination
        CTRL-]    Select matching [..]'s  (same for }, ), and >)
        CTRL-[    Add matching [..]'s  (same for ", ', -, {, (, and <)
        CTRL-!    Have Tioga read its TIP tables again *
        CTRL-_    Set format to word before caret *
        CTRL-SHIFT-_    Insert format name *
        CTRL-\    Set comment property TRUE *
        CTRL-SHIFT-\    Set comment property FALSE *