TIOGA EDITOR CEDAR 4.2 The Tioga Editor Release as [Indigo]Documentation>TiogaDoc.Tioga and TiogaDoc.Press Last edited by Bill Paxton on March 14, 1983 by Rick Beach on June 7, 1983 1:37 pm Abstract: This is an overview of Tioga as available for Cedar 4.2 in June, 1983. Tioga is a system to help you prepare documents. Its two main components are an editor and a typesetter. The editor lets you create the text of a document. The typesetter composes the text into pages for printing. Tioga is already capable of dealing with simple technical papers and is also well suited to more mundane tasks such as writing programs and memos. In future versions, it will be suitable for complex technical documents and books and will support tables, math formulas, and figures containing synthetic graphics or scanned images. If you are looking at this document on-line, you might want to use the level-clipping function to see the overall structure rather than simply plowing straight through. Hit the "Levels" button in the top menu, then hit "FirstLevelOnly" in the new menu that appears. That will show you the major section headings. Hit "MoreLevels" to see the subsections, or hit "AllLevels" to read the details. XEROX Xerox Corporation Palo Alto Research Center 3333 Coyote Hill Road Palo Alto, California 94304 DRAFT For Internal Xerox Use Only DRAFT Overview Some editors represent a document as a list of paragraphs. In Tioga, a document is a tree structure rather than a list so that you can explicitly represent its hierarchical structure. In discussing the document tree we use Computer Science terminology in which a branch is recursively defined to be a node having zero or more children branches. The root node of the document tree is not displayed although it can be modified by a few special commands so the document basically appears to be a list of top-level branches. Each node in the tree contains text. The characters of the text can have looks which control various aspects of their appearance such as font and size. Appearance is also influenced by the format of the node which determines things such as vertical and horizontal spacing. The document contains names of looks and formats, but not the specific interpretation of them. The interpretations are instead collected in a style which can be shared by many documents. For example, in the style for this document there are definitions of formats for titles, headings, and standard paragraphs, and there are definitions of looks for emphasis and for small caps. Rather than copying the specific details for the formats and looks, the document refers to them by name so it is easy to change the definitions in the style and modify the appearance uniformly throughout the document. The details of the style language will be described in a forthcoming memo. User Categories The Tioga user-interface is "layered" so that beginning users can protect themselves from the confusion that results from mistakenly giving a command. In ways described below, you can tell the system that you are either a beginner, an intermediate, or an advanced user. If you do nothing, the default is beginner. As far as the Tioga user-interface is concerned, the user category determines which keyboard commands are currently enabled. As a beginner, you get the commands that use the special keys at the left and right of the keyboard, plus CTRL-A and CTRL-W for backspace character and word, respectively. As an intermediate user, you add a large number of commands that use print keys in combination with the various shift keys. As an advanced user, you add the keyboard commands for manipulating the document tree structure. Any category of user can get at any of the commands by using the Edit Tool. The user category mechanism is meant to let you protect yourself, not to limit you. You are free to change your own category at any time you feel like it. For example, to declare yourself to be an intermediate user, edit your user profile to say "UserCategory: intermediate". Input Devices Mouse The mouse has three buttons named LEFT, MIDDLE, and RIGHT corresponding to their physical layout. Keyboard Used for commands as well as text input. Here are the names for the special keys. LOOK (looks shift). top right blank key. NEXT. middle right blank key. REPEAT. key labelled ESC. DELETE. key labelled DEL. LOAD FILE. key labelled LF. The bottom right blank key is an alternative CTRL key. You can use either CTRL key and either SHIFT key interchangeably. Scrolling and Thumbing To move a viewer to look at a different part of the document, move the cursor into the left margin until it becomes a double arrow pointing both up and down. The part of the margin that becomes gray is called the "scroll bar". The dark gray part shows the relative size and location of the currently visible portion of the document. Left-click to move the text adjacent to the arrow to the top of the viewer. Right-click to move the text from the top of the viewer down to the arrow. These operations are called "scrolling" the document. If you hold down MIDDLE in the scroll bar, the cursor becomes a right-pointing arrow. If you move the cursor to x% down from the top of the viewer and let up, the viewer will change to start about x% of the way through the document. This operation is called "thumbing". Changing levels when you scroll In a document such as this one that uses levels to reflect its logical structure, it is often useful to start with a view of the first level only and then progressively scroll the document up and show more levels as you zoom in on a particular topic. This process is slowed when you have to move the mouse from the scroll bar up to the levels menu and back, so we have made it possible to scroll and change levels in a single operation. This works by using the (left) SHIFT and CTRL keys as modifiers of the left-click that causes scrolling up. Scroll up and show more levels shift-left-click (hold the left SHIFT down when left-clicking to scroll) Scroll up and show all levels control-left-click (hold CTRL down when left-clicking to scroll) Scroll up and show minimum levels shift-control-left-click (hold both the left SHIFT and CTRL down when left-clicking to scroll). Selections The details of making selections will be covered later on. For now, you simply need to know that there is a single primary selection on the screen. The viewer containing the selection is referred to as the "selected viewer". Many of the following commands deal with the selection or the selected viewer. Menus Top level menu Save writes a new version of the file Old version of the file is renamed to have a "$" at the end of the extension so that you can retrieve it if necessary. If the version of the file on the disk has a more recent create date than the document you are about to save, the system will tell you. This is to warn you about situations in which you load a file and while it is in a viewer transfer a more recent version to your disk. Get loads the file named by the selection into a viewer If the click is done with the left button, the file is loaded into the "clicked" viewer and replaces the previous contents. If it is done with the middle button, a new viewer is created below the clicked one. Finally, if it is done with the right button, the clicked viewer is closed and a new viewer appears in its place. If you use a remote file name, such as /Cedar/Documentation/TiogaDoc.Tioga, the system will fetch the file and make the viewer "ReadOnly". This lets you browse remote files and copy information from them. In future releases, Tioga will support editing of remote files. File Extensions If the selected name does not include an explicit extension (i.e., there is no period in the selected text), Tioga will search for the file using a set of standard extensions. The default extensions are mesa, tioga, df, cm, config, and style. You can specify your own list of extensions with a user profile entry for "SourceFileExtensions". If the selected name is of the form . and such a file exists, it is opened. Otherwise, if is one of the standard set of extensions, you will be informed that the file doesn't exist. However, if is not a standard extension, the system tries to open the file as if you had simply selected . If this succeeds, it searches in the file for a definition of . This convention is intended for use with programs that have many instances of . in which .mesa is a file containing a definition for . GetImpl like Get but loads the file that implements the selected interface name If the selected name does not include an explicit extension (i.e., there is no period in the selected text), Tioga will use a set of standard implementation extensions. Currently, mesa is the only default implementation extension. You can specify your own list of implementation extensions with a user profile entry for "ImplFileExtensions". If the selected name is of the form . and an implementation for the item is currently loaded, the system will find the name of the file holding the implementation (our thanks to the Cedar runtime model for providing this information). Otherwise, the system tries to open the file as if you had simply selected , and, if this succeeds, searches in the file for a definition of . PrevFile like Get but reloads the file that was previously in this viewer Reset discards edits by reloading the filed version of the document Store like Save but writes to the file named by the current selection Clear creates an empty viewer If the click is done with the left button, the "clicked" viewer is cleared. If it is done with the middle button, a new empty viewer is created below the clicked one. Finally, if it is done with the right button, the clicked viewer is closed and a new empty viewer appears in its place. The empty viewer will say "No Name" at the top in the place that would normally hold the file name. Naturally the most common thing to do with a "No Name" viewer is to load a file. If you type a file name into a "No Name" viewer and then hit LF, it is as if you selected the name and hit Get but no confirmation is required. CTRL-LF provides a similar function for GetImpl. A Comment Regarding "Unsaved" Documents It is not uncommon to forget to save the contents of a viewer before destroying it or loading something else into it. However this is not a disaster since Tioga holds onto "unsaved" documents so you can reload them with edits preserved. The number of such documents that Tioga will remember is set by a profile entry (UnsavedDocumentsCacheSize); the default is four. Whenever there are unsaved documents, Tioga creates a special viewer listing their names. Unsaved documents are put into the cache by Destroy, Clear, Get, GetImpl, and PrevFile. They are not put in by Reset. If the cache is already full when a new entry arrives, the oldest entry is discarded. Whenever a file is needed for Get, GetImpl, or PrevFile, the cache is checked to see if an unsaved version is available. "No Name" documents are not put into the cache. Time inserts the current time at the caret Split creates a new viewer looking at the same document The selection is highlighted in one viewer only, however edits will be reflected in all viewers for the document. Note that the split viewers can be independently closed, opened, or moved on the screen. Places, Levels show/remove submenus Places The Places menu contains commands that cause the viewer to begin displaying at a new place in the document. The first three of the commands search for instances of the current selection. For these commands, the button used in clicking the menu item determines how the search is carried out left-click to search towards the end of the document, right-click to search towards the start of the document, or middle-click to search first towards the end and, if that fails, then from the start of the document. If the selection is visible in the viewer, the search starts there. Otherwise, it starts from the top of the viewer. Find Find another instance of the selected text. In this command and the following two, capitalization matters in the search (e.g., hitting Find with "the" selected will not select "The"). Word Find an instance of the selected text that is a "word" i.e., doesn't have adjacent letters or digits. Def Find a "definition" of the selected text i.e., an instance of the selected text that is immediately followed by a colon and doesn't have an immediately prior alphanumeric. Position This is useful with compiler error messages that give locations as character counts. The command scrolls to the selected character number and then selects it e.g., if "183" is selected, scroll to and select character number 183 in the document. Normalize If the document in this viewer does not contain the selection, scrolls to the start of the document. Otherwise scrolls to make the selection visible left-click to scroll to the start of the selection, right-click to scroll to the end, or middle-click to scroll to the caret. PrevPlace Go back to the place that was previously visible in this viewer discounting manual scrolling that may have taken place since. Reselect Restore the most recent selection in this viewer and scroll to it. Levels These commands let you control how deep the display goes in the document tree structure. FirstLevelOnly show only the top level nodes MoreLevels show one more level than currently FewerLevels show one fewer level than currently AllLevels show all levels of the tree Selections Primary selections The primary selection is the one that's around most of the time and is the usual site for edits. It is displayed with a solid underline or with video reverse. Make a primary selection with the mouse in ways described below. During certain editing operations such as Copy or Move there is a "secondary" selection which is displayed as a gray underline or background. Insertion point The insertion point goes with primary selection. It is shown by a blinking "caret" at one end or the other of the selection the end closer to the cursor when the selection was made or the one most recently extended. Making selections The selection hierarchy The selection hierarchy consists of the following levels at which a selection can exist: point, character, word, node, branch, and document. Point selection The primary selection has a blinking caret at one end. Some operations, such as delete and type-in, reduce the selection to just the caret. This is called a point selection. Character selection Left-click with the cursor over the desired character. You can hold the left button down and move to the correct place before letting the button up. You can cancel the new selection by hitting DEL while the mouse button is still down. The system will restore the previous selection. Word selection A "word" is defined as a sequence of letters and digits or a sequence of identical characters that are not letters or digits. Use the MIDDLE mouse button to make word selections. As with character selection, you can hold MIDDLE down and move to the correct word before letting up. Node selection Left-double-click to select a node. Branch selection A branch is a node and any children branches it might have. Middle-double-click to select a branch. Document selection CTRL-D extends the selection to include the entire document. "D" stands for for "Document". Selection extension Extend an existing selection by pointing at a new endpoint and right-clicking. The system will extend the end of the selection closer to the cursor when RIGHT goes down. You can hold RIGHT down and move the endpoint to a new position. If you just right-click, the selection is extended at the same level in the selection hierarchy. For example, a selection at the word level will be extended a word at a time. Double-right-click to extend at a lower level in selection hierarchy. Triple-right-click to extend at a higher level in selection hierarchy. Thus, if you have a node-level selection and wish to extend it to a word position within a node, double-right-click to reduce the level to words and then do the extension. If necessary, you can then double-right-click again to reduce to character level. Editing by making selections Delete selections A delete selection is deleted as soon as the selection is completed. It is shown as video reverse. Hold down CTRL to make a delete selection. The selection is complete when you let up on both the mouse button and the CTRL key. Pending-delete selections "Pending-delete" selections are automatically deleted by subsequent insertions. They are shown with video reverse rather than solid underline. Whenever you extend a selection it is automatically made pending-delete. Notice that you don't have to actually change the selection when you "extend" it. For example, you can middle-click to select a word and then immediately right-click to make it pending-delete. Or you can combine these actions by "rolling" from the LEFT or MIDDLE mouse button to the RIGHT button to make a char or word selection pending-delete. For example, the sequence MIDDLE-down, RIGHT-down, MIDDLE-up, RIGHT-up will produce a pending-delete word selection. Copy and Move Source selections are made with the SHIFT key held down and are shown with a gray underline. Copy source to primary If you hold down the SHIFT key and select, the source selection will be copied. If the primary selection is currently pending-delete, it will be replaced by the copy of the source. Otherwise, the copy will be inserted at the caret. Move source to primary If you hold down the SHIFT key and the CTRL key, the source selection will be moved. As before, if the primary selection is pending-delete, it will be replaced by the source. Otherwise, the source will be moved to the caret. Destination selections for Copy and Move The operations described above work by copying or moving a source selection to the primary selection. However, often the primary selection is itself the thing you want to copy or move. The following two commands take care of these situations. Copy primary To copy the primary selection, hit CTRL-S, and with the control key still held down, select a destination. The copy takes place as soon as you let the keys up. The primary selection is made not-pending-delete as soon as you hit CTRL-S to indicate that it will be copied rather than moved. Move primary To move the primary selection, hit CTRL-Z, and with the control key still held down, select a destination. The move takes place as soon as you let the keys up. The primary selection is made pending-delete as soon as you hit CTRL-Z to indicate that it will be moved rather than copied. Transpose selections We now have covered commands to copy or move either the primary or the source selections. A final option is to transpose the primary and the source. To do this, hit CTRL-X, and with the control key still held down, select a source. The transpose takes place as soon as you let the keys and mouse buttons up. Miscellaneous Cancelling a selection Hit DEL before finishing the selection and the previous selection will be restored. This works during either primary, source, destination, or transpose selections. Placeholders A "placeholder" is all the text between a matching pair of placeholder brackets, . Hit NEXT to find and select the next placeholder beyond the current selection. Hit SHIFT-NEXT to find the previous one. Recall that NEXT is the blank key to the right of RETURN. If there isn't another placeholder, NEXT will move the selection to the end of the document. If the selection is already at the end, NEXT will try to find the next nested text viewer. Similarly, SHIFT-NEXT will move the selection to the start of the document if it doesn't find a previous placeholder and will try to find the previous nested text viewer if it is already at the start. This allows you to use NEXT both when filling in placeholders within a document and when filling in text viewers in tools. Select visible expand selection to blanks CTRL-V expands the selection to include the "visible" characters on the left and right ends. This is useful for selecting things like full file names. For example, in the following you could make a character selection anywhere in the name and then extend the selection with CTRL-V. Filed on: [Indigo]Documentation>TiogaDoc.Tioga Select matching brackets CTRL-] extends the selection to the left and right to find a matching pair of [..]'s. Similarly for CTRL-}, CTRL-), and CTRL->. Note that you hit CTRL with the right bracket to extend the selection. In addition, you can hit CTRL with the left bracket to insert matching brackets around the selection. Fine point: Unfortunately, our keyboards don't have both left and right quote keys. However most of the fonts, including TimesRoman and Helvetica, do provide a left and right single quote. The keyboard key inserts a right single quote (code 047); the left single quote (code 140) can be inserted using the MakeOctalCharacter command in the Edit Tool or with the Insert Matching Single Quotes command (CTRL-'). The Edit Tool also has a command which extends the selection to find a matching pair of left and right single quotes. The situation for double quotes is even less uniform. Some fonts, such as Classic, have a left double quote (code 264) in addition to a right double quote (code 042). However, most fonts have only the 042 double quote, so the Tioga commands for inserting and matching double quotes use that code exclusively. Editing Text input Typed-in characters are inserted at the caret. To insert the current time use CTRL-T "T" for Time. When you insert a carriage return by hitting RETURN, the system will automatically copy the blank characters (tabs and spaces) from the start of the previous line. To suppress this, type SHIFT-RETURN and only the carriage return will be inserted. To insert control characters or characters with a specific octal code, use CTRL-K or CTRL-O. The former will change the character before the caret to a control character, while the latter will convert the three digits before the caret to the corresponding octal character. The inverse operations are also available as CTRL-SHIFT-K and CTRL-SHIFT-O. Abbreviation Expansion CTRL-E "E" for Expand abbreviation When you hit CTRL-E, the caret is moved to the right of the selection if necessary and the keyname to the left of the caret is then replaced by the expansion text (according to the definition which is linked to the style in a manner described below). If the keyname had looks, they are added to the expansion. If the keyname was all caps, the expansion is made all caps too. If the keyname had an initial cap, the first character of the expansion is made uppercase (useful at the start of sentences, for example). If the definition node has a non-null format, the format of the caret node is changed to be the same as the definition node. If the expansion contains a placeholder, the first placeholder is selected. Otherwise the entire expansion is selected. Definitions for abbreviations come from Tioga documents which are automatically read by the system when needed. The name of the appropriate abbreviations file is determined by the style that is in effect at the caret when the expansion takes place. For example, if the style is "Report", the abbreviations will come from the file "Report.Abbreviations". You can override this by explicitly naming the abbreviations file along with the keyname. For example, "Mesa.proc" will expand the abbreviation for "proc" from the file "Mesa.Abbreviations" independent of the style in effect at the caret. (Fine point: Since the system interprets a period before the keyname to mean that you're specifying a particular abbreviations file, you cannot type a vanilla abbreviation after a period.) Each definition in an abbreviations file consists of a separate branch. The top node of the branch holds the keyname followed by an equals sign and then the text expansion. The rest of the branch, if any, is copied after the caret node as part of expanding the abbreviation. Any text following the keyname is moved to the end of the last child node in the branch. The definition may also include a list of operations to be performed after the expansion has been inserted. These operations have the same format as those in EditTool and are placed in parentheses after the keyname and before the equals sign. Delete Character or Word BackSpace: CTRL-A, CTRL-H, or BS. Deletes the character to the left of the caret. Fine point: If the caret is at the start of a node, this does a Join command (q.v.). BackWord: CTRL-W, or CTRL-BS. Deletes the word to the left of the caret. DeleteNextChar: CTRL-SHIFT-A, CTRL-SHIFT-H, or SHIFT-BS. Deletes the character to the right of the caret. DeleteNextWord: CTRL-SHIFT-W, or CTRL-SHIFT-BS. Deletes the word to the right of the caret. Delete As mentioned above, you can delete something by selecting it with CTRL held down. In addition, you can delete the current selection by hitting DEL. Paste Paste: CTRL-P. The most recently deleted text is copied to the caret. You can also use the Edit Tool to save the current selection to be pasted later. Copy, Move, Replace, and Transpose These operations are all carried out by making selections. They are described in detail in the previous section. Insert matching brackets CTRL-[ adds a matching pair of [..]'s to the ends of the selection. Similar CTRL commands exist for {, (, <, -, ', and ". CTRL-B inserts matching placeholder brackets . Note: CTRL-' inserts a left single quote (code 140) and a right single quote (code 047); CTRL-" inserts the same character (code 042) at each end of the selection. Case All lower: CTRL-C. Makes the selection all lower case. All caps: CTRL-SHIFT-C. Makes the selection all upper case. Initial caps: CTRL-double C. Capitalizes each word in the selection. First cap: CTRL-SHIFT-double C. Capitalizes the first word of the selection Repeat Hitting ESC will repeat the most recent non-empty edit sequence starting with the current selection. Edit sequences are separated by user-made selections. For example, if you select a word, delete it, type a new one, and then select something else, the edit sequence is delete followed by text entry. If you hit Repeat, the system will do a delete and retype the new word. Auto-repeat is done by ESC-select: if you hold down the ESC key while making a selection, a Repeat will automatically be done as soon as the selection is completed. This is useful when you're doing a large number of repeats. Undo Hitting SHIFT-ESC undoes the most recent edit sequence and restores the selection to its prior state. If you want to undo more than just the most recent sequence, use the Edit History tool which is described later. Tree structure editing As explained in the introduction, Tioga documents consist of a tree of nodes. The following commands let you break, join, and nest nodes in the tree. Break: CTRL-RETURN break node at insertion point to create a new node. Join: CTRL-J join node at insertion point with previous node. Nest: CTRL-N move selected nodes to deeper nesting level in tree. UnNest: CTRL-SHIFT-N move selected nodes to shallower nesting level in tree. Break & Nest: CTRL-I simultaneously insert a new node and nest it. Break & UnNest: CTRL-SHIFT-I simultaneously insert and unnest. Looks Characters have looks which are named by the lower case letters "a" to "z". Looks are interpreted by the style to change the appearance of the text. For example, look "e" might stand for "emphasis" and might result in italic face in one style and bold face in another. Each character has a set of looks thus it may have several looks simultaneously, but each look occurs only once. You can use the Edit Tool to read or change the set of looks for selected characters. The following keyboard commands are also available for dealing with looks. Selection Looks You can change the selection looks with the following commands. (Recall that the LOOK shift is the top blank key to the right of BS.) LOOK-char to add to selection looks. LOOK-SHIFT-char to remove from selection looks. LOOK-space to remove all selection looks. Caret Looks Caret looks determine the looks of typed-in text. The caret picks up the looks of the adjacent selected text whenever a selection is made. Changing the selection looks also changes the caret looks. However, if you wish to change the looks of the caret without changing the selection looks, left-click the character key twice in quick succession. LOOK-char-char to add to caret looks. LOOK-SHIFT-char-char to remove from caret looks. LOOK-space-space to remove all caret looks. Using Selections To Copy Looks To copy the looks of some existing text to the primary selection, hit CTRL-Q, and then with the CTRL key still held down, select the text with the looks you want to copy. The source looks replace any looks the selection previously had. Automatic Mesa formatting The CTRL-M command scans the selection for Mesa keywords, comments, and procedure names and gives them looks k, c, and n respectively. (As a convenience during typein, the entire caret node is reformatted if the selection is a single character or less.) With the standard Cedar style, the keywords will then be displayed in small caps, the comments will be italic, and the procedure names will be boldface. We expect to provide more extensive reformatting capabilities in the future. Formats Just as characters have looks, nodes have formats. The "format" is the name of a rule in the style that tells how to modify various parameters when displaying the node. For example, a style for documents might contain formats for titles, headings, quotations, standard paragraphs, etc. The Edit Tool has facilities for reading and changing the format of a node, or you can use the commands described below. (By convention, the null format name is equivalent to "default".) Setting and inserting caret node format CTRL-_ will delete the word to the left of the caret and make it the format of the caret node. Fine point: In most cases you will give this command immediately after typing the format name, so the caret will naturally be in the correct place. However, to handle cases in which you select the name before hitting CTRL-_, the caret will automatically be forced to the right of the selection at the start of this command. CTRL-SHIFT-_ inserts the format name. This gives you a simple way to find out the format of a selected node. Using selections to copy formats To copy the format of some exisiting node to the selection nodes, hit CTRL-F, and then with the CTRL key still held down, select the node with the format you want to copy. The Edit Tool The Edit Tool provides a variety of operations on Tioga documents. The text fields in the Edit Tool follow the convention that clicking the field name with LEFT causes the contents of the field to be selected pending-delete while clicking with RIGHT causes the field to be cleared and selected. Search and Substitute Search To do a search, enter the text you're looking for in the "Target" field, select where you want the search to start, and left-click "Search" to search forward, right-click to search backwards, or middle-click to search first forward then backwards. The system searches from the current selection and updates the selected viewer if the search succeeds. (Fine point: in both searches and substitutes, the match is limited to a single node we do not yet have mechanisms for doing matches across node boundaries.) The multiple choices below the "Replacement" field control what is matched in searches and replaced in substitutes. You can select or deselect an item by clicking it with the mouse. White text on black background means that the item is selected; black text on white means it is not selected. Text if this option is selected, match characters of target text when searching. Looks if selected, match looks of target text when searching. Format match format of target node. Style match style of target node. Comment match comment property of target node. For example, if you pick the Looks option and deselect the Text option, you can search for any text that has a particular set of looks. If you pick only Text, the matching will ignore the looks of the target. If you pick Text and Looks, the matching text must match both the characters and the looks of the target text. The other options deal with node properties. If you pick Format, the matching will be limited to nodes with the same format as the target node. Similarly, if you pick Style, the matching will only look at nodes whose style is the same as the target node's. Finally, if you pick Comment, the match will consider only nodes with the same value of the Comment property (TRUE or FALSE) as the target. The first two rows of boxes below the multiple choices give you control over how matching is performed. Left-click with the cursor over a box to change the choice next to it. The various choices are as follows: 1. Case of matching text Match Case matching text must have same case as target text. Ignore Case matching text does not have to have same case as target text. 2. Interpretation of target text Match Literally don't treat target text as a pattern. Match as Pattern do treat target as pattern. (Patterns are described below.) 3. Context of target text Match Anywhere ignore context of matching text. Match Words Only matching text must not have adjacent letters or digits. Match Entire Nodes Only matching text must span entire node. 4. Matching target looks Subset as Looks Test looks of matching text must include target looks. Equal as Looks Test looks of matching text must be identical to target looks. Substitute To do a substitution, enter the new text in the "Replacement" field, enter the text to be replaced in the "Target" field, and hit "Substitute" in the menu at the top of the Edit Tool. The Text/Looks/Format/... options guide the search in the usual manner and also control what is replaced. If you pick Text and Looks, the matching text will be replaced just as if you had selected it with pending delete and made a source secondary selection of the replacement text. If you pick only the Looks option, the matching text will have the target looks removed and the replacement looks added. If you pick only Text, the replacement text will have the looks of the replaced text added to it. (Fine point: if the looks of the replaced text are not uniform, the looks of the first character will be used throughout.) If you pick Format, the matching node will get the format of the replacement node. Similarly, picking Style causes the matching node to get the style of the replacement node, and picking Comment causes the matching node to get the same value of the Comment property as the replacement node. The final three boxes in the Search&Substitute section give you further control over this operation. 1. First character capitalization of the replacement text First cap like replaced if the replaced text starts with a capital letter, force the first letter of the replacement to be a capital too. Don't change caps leave the replacement capitalization alone. 2. What is done to the matching text Do Replace do the usual substitute or replace. Do Operations instead of doing a replace, select the matching text and then do the operations currently in the "Operations" field of the Edit Tool. 3. Where the substitutions will take place Within Selection Only substitute is limited to current selection. After Selection Only substitute after selection to end of document. In Entire Document substitute in the entire selected document. Case-by-Case Substitutes In addition to doing global substitutes, you can decide on a case-by-case basis whether or not to replace the matching text by the new text. Use the search commands to find the first matching text. Then if you hit "Yes", the system will do a "Replace" followed by a search forward. If you hit "No", it will skip the "Replace" and simply do another search. Thus to selectively substitute, start with a search, then do "Yes" for the cases you want to change and "No" for the others. The "Replace" command simply does for the current selection what a substitute would do for a match. Finally, the "Count" command is available to tell you how many substitutions would take place without actually changing the document. In order to do a search or substitute, you will typically need to fill in the Target or Replacement fields in the Edit Tool. Naturally, this changes the selection, and before you can do the operation, you must restore the selection to the place where you actually want it to take place. The system helps you with this by saving the primary selection if it is not in the Edit Tool when you left-click either the Target or the Replacement button. The commands along the top of the Edit Tool Search, Substitute, Yes, No, Replace, and Count restore the saved selection if the primary selection is in the Edit Tool when they are clicked. The net effect is that if you start out with the selection in the right place, you can left-click the Target or Replacement buttons, fill in the needed information, and then directly click one of the commands without needing to reselect since the system will do it for you. Patterns for Search and Substitute When you specify that the target be matched as a pattern rather than literally, the following symbols in the target text are interpreted specially. A short summary of these symbols appears at the bottom of the Search&Substitute section of the Edit Tool. Characters # Match any single character. * Match shortest possible sequence of characters. ** Match longest possible sequence of characters. ' Match the next character in the pattern exactly. ~ Match any character except the next one in the pattern. Alphanumeric characters @ Match any single alphanumeric character (letter or digit). & Match shortest possible sequence of alphanumeric characters. && Match longest possible sequence of alphanumeric characters. Non-alphanumeric characters ~@ Match any single non-alphanumeric character. ~& Match shortest possible sequence of non-alphanumeric characters. ~&~& Match longest possible sequence of non-alphanumeric characters. Blank characters % Match any single blank character. $ Match shortest possible sequence of blank characters. $$ Match longest possible sequence of blank characters. Non-blank characters ~% Match any single non-blank character. ~$ Match shortest possible sequence of non-blank characters. ~$~$ Match longest possible sequence of non-blank characters. Miscellaneous | Match start or end of node. { Mark start of resulting selection. } Mark end of resulting selection. < Mark start of named subpattern. > Mark end of named subpattern. The named subpatterns are of use in substitutes that reorder or duplicate parts of the matching text. The full syntax for a named subpattern is . The special case of "match any sequence of characters" is provided as a default i.e., is equivalent to . As far as the matching is concerned, the occurrence of is the same as if the subpattern had appeared without a name, but it has the side-effect of remembering the subsection it matched. The "Replacement" field can contain 's corresponding to named subpatterns in the target. The replacement text is constructed by replacing the 's with the section of replaced text that matched the subpattern. The replacement is automatically considered to be a pattern whenever the target is you don't need to do anything special to get the 's in the replacement interpreted as subpatterns. For example, if the target is Target: WHILE [] DO and the replacement is Replacement: WHILE IS DO then "WHILE blue[moon] DO" will be converted to "WHILE moon IS blue DO". Looks, Formats, Styles, and Properties Looks The Looks commands let you read and modify the looks of the caret or the selection. The looks are shown as a series of letters in the "Looks characters" field. The box lets you pick whether you want the looks for the selection or the looks for the caret. Get fills the "Looks characters" field with the letters for the caret/selection looks. Set reads the "Looks characters" field and sets the looks of the caret/selection. Clear removes all looks from the caret/selection. Add adds the specified looks to the caret/selection. Sub removes the specified looks from the caret/selection. Formats The Format commands let you read and modify the format for the root node or the selected nodes. The box at the right lets you pick the case you want. Get fills the "Format name" field. Set reads the "Format name" field and sets the node's format. Clear removes the node's format name. This is the same as specifying "default" format. Styles A style is a collection of interpretations for looks and formats. The Style commands let you read and modify the name of the style for the root node or the selected nodes. The new style applies to the specified node and all the nodes within its sub-branches that do not themselves have explicit styles. Get fills the "Style name" field. Set reads the "Style name" field and sets the node's style. Clear removes any style specification from the node. LoadStyleDefinition reads the "Style name" field and reloads the style definition from that file with extension "Style". (Don't put the extension in the field just put the style name and let the system add the extension.) Do this operation after you have edited (and saved) the style definition and want to load the new version. LoadAbbreviations reads the "Style name" field and reloads the abbreviation definitions from that file with extension "Abbreviations". Do this after you have edited the abbreviations and want to load the new version. Properties A node can have an arbitrary set of "properties". Each property consists of a name and a value. Certain properties are used by the system, but you (and your programs) are free to add others. The "Property name" field specifies the name of a property. (Incidentally, case distinctions do matter in property names "foo" is a different property than "Foo".) The "Property value" field specifies a value. The box lets you pick whether you are talking about properties of the root node or the selected nodes. Get fills the "Property value" field with the current value of the named property. Set reads the "Property value" field and sets the property value. Remove removes the named property from the node. List fills the "Property name" field with the names of the node's properties. In addition to setting and reading properties, there is a mechanism that lets you find nodes with a certain property value. For example, if you have annotated a document with comments under the property name "MyOpinion", and you want to find nodes in which your comment included the word "good", enter the name in the "Property name" field and the text in the "Value pattern" field. Then use the "Find" command to search forward or backwards from the caret node for a node with a value of the property that matches the pattern. (Left-click to search forward, right-click to search backwards.) Value patterns can use the standard set of special characters for searches. If a match is found, the node is selected and the property value is displayed. Comment Property All nodes have a "Comment" property which is either "TRUE" or "FALSE". If its value is TRUE, the text of the node is not seen by programs such as the compiler that are only interested in the basic text contents. This makes it possible to intermix documentation and program text without requiring special escape characters to mark the start and end of comments. You can set the Comment property by using the Edit Tool or with the following commands. CTRL-\ set comment property of all selected nodes to TRUE CTRL-SHIFT-\ set comment property of all selected nodes to FALSE If you are worried about not knowing at a glance what is a comment node and what is not, find a StyleRule in the style that applies to all the formats you are interested in (e.g., "standard" in Cedar.style), and insert the line isComment {visible underlining} {none underlining} .ifelse .cvx .exec This will cause the contents of all comment nodes to be underlined. (You might want to say "strikeout" instead of "underlining" if the style already uses underlining to mean something else, and legibility is not your main concern.) Miscellaneous Sort and Reverse These commands let you sort or reverse lists of things. The "Sort" command sorts things in alphabetical order, ignoring case. "Sort-and-remove-duplicates" is useful when you are merging sets of things. The box below the Sort button lets you pick whether you want increasing or decreasing order in the result. The right box lets you pick what will be sorted: text delimited by blanks, lines delimited by carriage returns, or branches of the document tree. Leading blanks are ignored when sorting lines or branches. Operations These commands let you construct simple edit macros. The "Operations" field holds a text description of a command sequence. The "GetLast" command fills in the Operations with the description of the most recent sequence, i.e., the one a Cancel would cancel or a Repeat would repeat. "Do" executes the description in the operations field. "Begin" marks the start of a command sequence. "End" fills the Operations with the description of the commands since the most recent "Begin". "SetCom" stores the operations under the CTRL-number key for the number in the "Command [0..9]" field. Conversely, "GetCom" fills the "Operations" field with the current CTRL-number definition. To see how this works, select the following word: "hello". Hit DEL and type in "howdy". Now hit the "GetLast" button. The Operations field should now contain: Delete "howdy". Edit the Operations field contents to replace "howdy" by "goodbye", then hit the "SetCom" button (first put 1 in the Command field if it's not already there). Now select the "howdy" you typed earlier and hit CTRL-1. If all went well, the "howdy" will have been deleted and "goodbye" inserted in its place. More examples of edit macros will be given later. Searches and Operations on Files You can use the EditTool to look through a list of files for one in which the current search specifications are satisfied. This can be accomplished by clicking the "SearchEachFile" button after filling in the "Files" field with the file names (or "@" followed by the name of a file that holds the list of file names). When you left-click SearchEachFile, a new viewer is created, and one-by-one the files will be loaded and searched until a match is found. The list of files will be updated when a match is found, so that when you are finished with one file you can left-click SearchEachFile again to look for the next one. You can hit the "Stop" button at the top of the EditTool to interrupt the search, but you should not try doing other operations while the search is in progress since it resets the selection each time it loads a file. Occasionally you will want to apply certain operations to an entire set of files. You can do this by filling in the "Operations" field and the "Files" field, and then clicking "DoForEachFile". A new viewer will be created, and one-by-one the files will be loaded, selected, edited, and saved. No confirmation is required for the saves, so the entire process can go on without you. In fact, you should not try to do anything else while this is going on since the operations use the primary selection. The one exeception is the "Stop" button which you can hit to terminate the process. Operations via the User Exec You can invoke a set of operations from the User Exec as well as directly from the Edit Tool. When you run TiogaExecCommands, one of the commands it registers is DoTiogaOps which expects a command line containing operations in the same format as in the operations field. One possible application of this is to create a command file that initializes various Edit Tool switches to your favorite settings. For example, you could use the following to set up some of the search parameters: DoTiogaOps IgnoreCase MatchWords MatchPattern. Edit Commands This section of the Edit Tool contains buttons for all the basic edit commands. These are useful if you can't remember what keys to hit for an infrequent command or if you've set your user category to beginner or intermediate to filter out certain commands. Many of the buttons correspond to commands that have been documented above. However, a few of them are primarily of use in constructing edit macros and have not been mentioned before. For completeness, all the buttons will be given a brief description. Modifying selections CaretBefore move caret to front of selection CaretAfter move caret to end of selection CaretOnly reduce selection to a caret Grow selection grows in hierarchy of point, character, word, node, branch Document select entire document PendingDelete make primary selection pending delete NotPendingDelete make primary selection not pending delete MakeSecondary make the primary selection become the secondary selection MakePrimary make the secondary selection become the primary selection CancelSecondary remove the secondary selection CancelPrimary remove the primary selection Copy, Move, and Translate ToPrimary copy/move secondary to primary ToSecondary copy/move primary to secondary Transpose transpose the primary and the secondary Moving the caret GoToNextChar make primary caret only and move one character toward end of document or one toward start if you right-click instead of left-clicking GoToNextWord like GoToNextChar, but move toward end by "words" or one toward start if you right-click instead of left-clicking GoToNextNode move caret one node toward end or one toward start if you right-click instead of left-clicking Saving and Restoring the selection SaveSel-A save primary selection to restore later RestoreSel-A restore the selection previously saved by SaveSel-A SaveSel-B save primary selection to restore later RestoreSel-B restore the selection previously saved by SaveSel-B Extend the selection to matching brackets (...) extend primary selection to matching parens <...> extend to matching angle brackets {...} extend to matching curly brackets [...] extend to matching square brackets "..." extend to matching double quotes `...' extend to matching single quotes -...- extend to matching dashes ... extend to matching placeholder brackets Find placeholders Next... move primary selection to next placeholder Prev... move to previous placeholder Delete and Paste Delete delete the primary selection Paste insert saved text at caret SaveForPaste save text for later pasting; overwrites text saved by Delete Repeat and Undo Repeat repeat the last command sequence Undo undo the last command sequence Deleting character/word next to caret BackSpace delete the character to the left of the caret BackWord delete the word to the left of the caret DeleteNextChar delete the character to the right of the caret DeleteNextWord delete the word to the right of the caret Inserting matching brackets around the selection Add( ) insert parens around the selection Add< > insert angle brackets Add{ } insert curly brackets Add[ ] insert square brackets Add" " insert double quotes Add` ' insert single quotes Add- - insert dashes Add insert placeholder brackets Capitalization AllCaps make the selection upper case AllLower make the selection lower case InitialCaps make the words in the selection start with caps FirstCap make the selection start with a cap Special characters MakeOctalCharacter convert the 3 digits before the caret to the corresponding character MakeControlCharacter convert the character before the caret to a control character UnMakeOctalCharacter convert the character before the caret to 3 digit representing its character code UnMakeControlCharacter convert the control character before the caret to a normal character Tree structure commands Break break node at caret Join join caret node to one before it Nest move selection deeper in tree UnNest move selection higher in tree Miscellaneous commands CommentNode set Comment property of all selected nodes to TRUE NotCommentNode set Comment property of all selected nodes to FALSE ExpandAbbreviation expand the abbreviation to the left of the caret MesaFormatting add Mesa looks, formats, and style to selection Command 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 do saved command macro Writing Edit Macros A few examples should get you started writing your own edit macros. First, assume you find yourself doing a lot of edits of the form becomes [] for various values of and . You might like a single command to insert the brackets and move the caret to the place where you will insert the . To construct such a command, first select a particular , hit the Add[ ] button in the Edit Tool, the CaretBefore button, and the GoToNextChar button using the right mouse button. Then hit GetLast to fill the Operations field, enter "1" in the "Command [0..9]" field, and hit SetCom to save the macro definition. Now you can select , hit CTRL-1, and be ready to insert before the left bracket. A macro to delete matching parentheses will show the use of the SaveSel and RestoreSel commands. Make a selection anywhere inside a pair of matching parens. Give the following sequence of commands: (...) to extend the selection, CaretAfter to position the caret at the right, SaveSel-A so we can restore the selection later, BackSpace to delete the right paren, RestoreSel-A to get the selection back, CaretBefore to move the caret to the front, and finally DeleteNextChar to delete the left paren. Now you can hit GetLast and SetCom to save this macro. Other operations on the Edit Tool can also be programmed using edit macros. For example, assume you want a macro to substitute "which" for "that". The following set of commands will load the target and replacement fields and do the substitute: right-click to select and clear the target field, type "that" as the target text, right-click to select and clear the replacement field, type "which" as the replacement text, and finally hit the Substitute button. This macro will only change the target and replacement fields. The other parameters of the substitute are not changed and thus behave like "free variables" of the macro. If you want to bind more of the choices, such as Match Case or Ignore Case, you simply include those commands as part of the macro. For example, you could select Ignore Case just before restoring the selection, and the macro would always set the ignore case flag when it was executed. Note that you must hit the "Target" and "Replacement" buttons to enter the target and replacement text. Directly selecting in those fields would not produce a correct macro because it would terminate the edit sequence and would also fail to identify which field was being filled in. When you save an edit macro under a CTRL-number key, it only stays around for the rest of the session. If you want to save one for tomorrow, you can of course copy the operations to a file and redefine it another time. But if you really want to make a macro a permanent part of your user interface, you can add it to your "TIP table" which describes the translation from keyboard and mouse actions into executable tokens such as those in edit macros. The details of how to do this are given in a later section. The Edit History Tool The Edit History tool lets you undo edits in the same way that Undo does, but it lets you go back farther in history than just the most recent sequence. To create an Edit History tool, type "EditHistory" to the Exec. At the top of the tool are two fields and four commands. The bottom part of the tool is a text field to hold descriptions of previous edit events. The system keeps a history of a certain number of the most recent edit events. You can find out how large this history is by the "Get" command which will enter a number in the "history size" field. The "Set" command will change the history size to whatever value you've entered in the size field. The default size is 20; you can change this by making an entry in your User.Profile of the form "EditHistory: ". The "Show" command will display the events starting with the number in the "since event number" field. If that field is empty it will show as many as are still remembered. The format of the entries is , TAB, and then a list of operations. The "Undo" command undoes the edits since the specified event number. Printing and the TypeSetter Tool In the glorious future, Tioga will have an interactive typesetter that will let you make incremental revisions to a typeset document to adjust pagination, page layout, and other details before actually printing it. Michael Plass and I have started work on this, but until it's available, the current typesetter will do a more than adequate job of letting you print your files. Documentation for the TSetter tool may be found in [Indigo]Documentation>TSetterDoc.Tioga. TIP Tables for Tioga The acronym "TIP" stands for "terminal interface package". TIP tables describe the translation from keyboard and mouse actions into executable tokens. The standard TIP table for Tioga is found in the file "Tioga.TIP" and contains all the gory details about things such as multi-clicks of mouse buttons with various combinations of shift keys. It's unlikely that you want to try changing anything in Tioga.TIP, but you can consider adding commands to your own TIP table for things such as your favorite set of edit macros. Your TIP table can be "layered" on top of the Tioga table so that the system will try to interpret actions according to your table before looking at the standard one. The User.Profile contains an entry named "TiogaTIP" in which you can enter the file name of your TIP table to be layered over the standard Tioga table. The entry should look like something like this TiogaTIP: MyOwn.tip Default where "MyOwn.tip" is the file name for your table. Notice that your table goes first in the list; definitions in tables occurring early in the list take precedence over those that appear later. The special name "Default" refers to Tioga's default TIP table and will typically be the last entry in the list. The file "MyOwn.tip" contains a sample table that you can edit to produce your own. It also contains documentation about the syntax of TIP tables and the macro package which is used with them. Use the Exec command ReadTiogaTipTables to reload a TIP table after you've changed it, or, if your user category is advanced, hit CTRL-! to reload the Tioga profile information. Styles A style is a collection of interpretations for looks and formats. The interpretations are represented as procedures written in a simple language that uses the JaM interpreter. The procedures set various formatting parameters such as font size and line spacing. Note: If a document doesn't specify a style, the system will use a default. You can say what the default will be by adding user profile entries for DefaultStyle or ExtensionStyles (described below). To determine the formatting parameters for a particular node, the system first gets the parameters for its parent and then executes the appropriate formatting procedure from the style. If the node doesn't have an explicit format, or if the format it has is not defined in the style, the system will execute the default formatting procedure instead. For root nodes, the default is the rule named "root"; for other nodes, it is the rule named "default". Formatting parameters for the text within a node are determined in a similar manner. The system first gets the parameters for the node and then executes the formatting procedures for the looks of the text. For look "a", it executes the rule named "look.a", for look "b", the rule named "look.b", etc. Properties related to styles Prefix and Postfix properties The values of these properties are command sequences that might be part of a formatting procedure. The Prefix commands are executed just before the standard formatting procedure for the node, and the Postfix commands are executed just after it. This makes it possible to modify the values of the formatting parameters that are the input and output of the format. You may want to use this to make local formatting changes, such as modifying tab stops for a particular table. However, don't abuse this facility. If you find you are making many local changes, you should probably modify the style instead. StyleDef property In typical use, a style lives in its own file and is referred to by the various documents that use it. However, in some cases you may have a style that is only used in one document, and you'd like to include it as part of the document to avoid the trouble of maintaining the style as a separate file. You can do this by using the StyleDef property. The value of this property is a style definition. The style is automatically saved and loaded as part of the file and applies to the node and its children just as if you had set the node style in the usual manner with the EditTool. [Note: If you use a StyleDef and it doesn't seem to do anything, do a Clear of the style name using the EditTool.] Style definitions A style definition begins with the command "BeginStyle" and ends with "EndStyle". Between these come any number of commands and definitions. The style is parsed and interpreted using JaM, so you will want to read the JaM documentation if you're going to spend much time writing styles. Attached styles You may want to define a new style that is only slightly different than an existing one. One approach would be to copy the existing style and edit it to make the changes. However, it may be preferable to track whatever modifications to the other style that may happen in the future. This can be done by "attaching" the old style to the new one. For example, if your new style includes a command of the form (Cedar) AttachStyle then the new style will automatically include everything from the current version of Cedar style. Thus, if a format is not defined in the new style, it will be taken from Cedar style instead. ScreenRules, PrintRules, and StyleRules The basic form for a rule definition in a style is (name) "comment string" { commands } StyleRule In many cases it will be desirable for a rule definition to be different depending on whether the output is for printing or for display. To simplify this, you may define a format both as a ScreenRule and as a PrintRule. The ScreenRule definition will be used for display, while the PrintRule will be used for printing. If there is only a StyleRule definition, it will be used for both printing and display. Formatting Parameters This section lists some of the formatting parameters currently supported. Typically, the name of the parameter is a command defined in JaM that pops an item from the stack and makes it the new parameter value. However if the item on the top of the stack is the word "the", the commands push the current parameter value so procedures can read parameters as well as write them. For numeric parameters, the following mechanisms are provided to simplify making incremental changes to the current parameter value: bigger adds the amount to the current parameter value smaller substracts the amount from the parameter value percent multiplies the parameter value by the specified percentage i.e., value _ (amount/100)*value percent bigger increases value by specified percentage percent smaller decreases value by specified percentage Font Parameters family the name of current font family, such as "TimesRoman" size value is the font size in points face one of regular, bold, italic, or bold+italic You can also add or remove italic or bold by means of the following commands: +bold face, -bold face, +italic face, or -italic face underlining one of all, visible, letters+digits, or none strikeout one of all, visible, letters+digits, or none Indent Parameters leftIndent left indent for start of lines rightIndent right indent for end of lines firstIndent added to leftIndent for first line of paragraph restIndent added to leftIndent for remaining lines of paragraph topIndent distance from top of viewer/column to first baseline Leading Parameters Leading parameters are stored as triples of which, following Knuth, we refer to as "glue". You can set the separate components individually, or you can push three values on the stack and use one of the leading glue commands to set them all at once. There are three kinds of leading corresponding to the spaces between lines in a node, the space above a node, and the space below it. The actual space between a node is the maximum of the "below" leading of the first node and the "above" leading of the second. leading distance between baselines within a node leadingStretch how much leading can increase leadingShrink how much leading can decrease leadingGlue size, stretch, and shrink for leading topLeading distance between baselines above a node topLeadingStretch how much top leading can increase topLeadingShrink how much top leading can decrease topLeadingGlue size, stretch, and shrink for top leading bottomLeading distance between baselines below a node bottomLeadingStretch how much bottom leading can increase bottomLeadingShrink how much bottom leading can decrease bottomLeadingGlue size, stretch, and shrink for bottom leading Layout Parameters lineFormatting FlushLeft, FlushRight, Justified, Centered minLineGap min distance between line top and previous bottom (can be negative) leftIndent all lines indent this much on left rightIndent all lines indent this much on right firstIndent first line indent this much more on left restIndent other lines indent this much more on left topIndent top line at least this much down from top of viewer/page bottomIndent bottom baseline at least this up from bottom of page Page Layout Parameters pageWidth width of the paper pageLength height of the paper leftMargin whitespace at left of the page rightMargin whitespace at right of the page topMargin whitespace at top of the page bottomMargin whitespace at bottom of the page headerMargin height of area below topMargin for headers footerMargin height of area above bottomMargin for footers bindingMargin not used at present lineLength width of lines of text Dimensions pt point pc pica in inches cm centimeters mm millimeters fil 10^4 points fill 10^8 points Miscellaneous style the name of the current style isComment pushes .true or .false according to comment property of node isPrint pushes .true if executing print rules, else .false nestingLevel pushes integer; 0 for root, 1 for top level, etc. Tioga User Exec Commands Note: If the following commands are not known to the UserExecutive, type "Run TiogaExecCommands". ReadTiogaTipTables Causes Tioga to read its TIP tables again. If your user category is advanced, you can also invoke this operation by selecting in any Tioga document and hitting CTRL-!. WritePlain Make Tioga files unformatted by eliminating everything except the plain text. Inserts leading tabs before each node according to its nesting in the tree and terminates each node with a carriage return. WriteMesaPlain Same as WritePlain, except inserts double dashes at start of comment nodes. ReadIndent Build Tioga files with one node per line of source with indenting based on white space at the start of lines. TiogaMesa Convert Mesa files to Tioga format by combining a ReadIndent with a CTRL-M over the entire file. DoTiogaOps Expects a command line containing operations in the same format as in the EditTool operations field. Among other things, you can use this to initialize various EditTool choices such as IgnoreCase or MatchWords. Tioga User Profile Entries Default file extensions This determines what extensions Tioga should look for in opening files. The entry is of the form SourceFileExtensions: mesa tioga df cm config style You may also have an entry for implementation extensions to be used with the "load impl" commands. ImplFileExtensions: cedar mesa Open First Level Only If set to true, documents will be opened with only their first level showing. Default is false. OpenFirstLevelOnly: TRUE Default Styles Determined by File Extensions This entry specifies the default style to be used with documents that do not explicitly name a style. The style is determined by the extension in the file name. The entry is of the form ExtensionStyles: ... To specify a default style for files with no extension in their name, use the fake extension name "null" in this list. Default Style This entry specifies the default style to be used with documents that do not explicitly name a style and do not have an extension given in the ExtensionStyles list. The entry is of the form DefaultStyle: Cedar Default submenus This entry specifies which menus, if any, should automatically be displayed when you create a new Tioga viewer by clicking one of the buttons in the upper right corner or by giving an Exec command. The entry is of the form DefaultTiogaMenus: places levels or DefaultTiogaMenus: none You may delete or reorder the menu names to suit your tastes. Scroll bottom offset When you are typing and the caret goes to a new line just off the bottom of the viewer, Tioga will automatically scroll the viewer up a little to make the caret visible again. This parameter controls how far up to scroll; a big number causes larger but less frequent glitches. ScrollBottomOffset: 3 Scroll top offset When you do a Find command you may want to see a few lines in front of the match to give you more context. This parameter tells Tioga how many extra lines to want in such situations. The entry is of the form ScrollTopOffset: 1 Selection Caret The default behaviour for Tioga is to place the caret at the end nearer the cursor when the selection is made. Some people have requested to have the caret always placed at one end or the other, hence this profile entry. The choices are before, after, and balance. The entry is of the form SelectionCaret: before Selection Displacement This lets you specify a vertical displacement for making selections. Tioga behaves as if you had pointed this number of points higher up the screen so that you can point at things from slightly below them. The entry is of the form YSelectFudge: 2 TIP Table This entry specifies the TIP tables to use with Tioga documents. The entry is of the form TiogaTIP: MyOwnTip.tip Default See the section on TIP tables for more information. Unsaved Documents Cache Size This controls the number of unsaved documents the system will remember. The entry is of the form UnsavedDocumentsCacheSize: 4 Show Unsaved Documents List If this is true, a viewer will be created holding an up-to-date list of the unsaved documents that can still be reloaded. The entry is of the form ShowUnsavedDocumentsList: TRUE User category As described above, this entry lets you control your user category. The alternatives are Beginner, Intermediate, and Advanced. The entry is of the form UserCategory: Intermediate Command Summary This is a short summary of the Tioga commands available using the keyboard and mouse. Other commands are available through the Edit Tool, the Edit History Tool, and various User Exec operations. The extra keys on the keyboard are used for common editing actions. Recall that the bottom right blank key can be used as another CTRL key, and you can use either CTRL key and either SHIFT key interchangeably. ESC Repeat last action SHIFT-ESC Undo last action ESC-select Automatic repeat of last action when finish selection DEL Delete LF Load file in "No Name" viewer CTRL-LF Load Impl file in "No Name" viewer BS Backspace character SHIFT-BS Delete next character CTRL-BS Backspace word CTRL-SHIFT-BS Delete next word NEXT Find next placeholder (middle blank key) SHIFT-NEXT Find previous placeholder RETURN Insert carriage return with leading spaces copied from previous line SHIFT-RETURN Insert carriage return CTRL-RETURN Break node Mouse button clicks are used for making selections. CLICKS LEFT MIDDLE RIGHT SINGLE Select letter Select word Extend selection at current level DOUBLE Select node Select branch Reduce selection level and extend TRIPLE Increase selection level and extend Selections are used for delete, copy, and move. CTRL-select Delete when finish selection SHIFT-select Copy to primary CTRL-SHIFT-select Move to primary LOOK commands are used for editing looks. (The LOOK shift is the top blank key.) LOOK-char Add look to selection LOOK-SHIFT-char Remove from selection LOOK-space Remove all from selection Except for CTRL-A, CTRL-H, and CTRL-W, the following commands are not enabled for beginning users. We provide both CTRL-A and CTRL-H as a convenience to users with strong habits from previous systems. A "*" indicates a command enabled for advanced users only. CTRL-A Backspace character CTRL-SHIFT-A Delete next character CTRL-B Insert matching placeholder brackets CTRL-C Lower case CTRL-SHIFT-C Upper case CTRL-CLICK-C Initial caps CTRL-SHIFT-CLICK-C First cap CTRL-D Select document CTRL-E Expand abbreviation CTRL-F-select Copy format to primary * CTRL-H Backspace character CTRL-SHIFT-H Delete next character CTRL-I Indent (does Break and Nest) * CTRL-SHIFT-I Unindent (does Break and UnNest) * CTRL-J Join nodes * CTRL-K Make control character CTRL-SHIFT-K Unmake control character CTRL-M Automatic MESA formatting CTRL-N Nest * CTRL-SHIFT-N UnNest * CTRL-O Make octal character CTRL-SHIFT-O Unmake octal character CTRL-P Paste CTRL-Q-select Copy looks to primary CTRL-S-select Copy primary to selected destination CTRL-T Time CTRL-V Select visible (expand to selection to blanks) CTRL-W Backspace word CTRL-SHIFT-W Delete next word CTRL-X-select Select for transpose with primary CTRL-Z-select Move primary to selected destination CTRL-] Select matching [..]'s (same for }, ), and >) CTRL-[ Add matching [..]'s (same for ", ', -, {, (, and <) CTRL-! 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