The mouse has three buttons named LEFT, MIDDLE, and RIGHT corresponding to their physical layout.

Used for commands as well as text input. Here are the names for the special keys.

Close makes the viewer iconic.

Grow makes the viewer as large as possible by closing the other viewers in the same column.

<--> moves the viewer to the adjacent column.

Destroy gets rid of the viewer. It requires confirmation if the document has been edited and the viewer is not split.

Requires confirmation if new edits exist in the viewer.

Asks for confirmation before writing the file. Old version of the file is renamed to have a "$" at the end of the extension.

The current time is inserted at the caret.

The selection is highlighted in one viewer only, however edits will be reflected in all viewers for the document. Note that the split viewers can be independently closed, opened, or moved on the screen.

Find another instance of the selected text. Click LEFT to search forward; click RIGHT to search backwards. In this command and the following two, capitalization matters in the search — e.g., hitting Find with "the" selected will not select "The".

Find an instance of the selected text that is a "word" — i.e., doesn't have adjacent letters or digits. Click LEFT to search forward; click RIGHT to search backwards.

Find a "definition" of the selected text — i.e., an instance of the selected text that is immediately followed by a colon and doesn't have an immediately prior alphanumeric. Click LEFT to search forward; click RIGHT to search backwards.

This is useful with compiler error messages that give locations as character counts. The command scrolls to the selected character number and then selects it — e.g., if "183" is selected, scroll to and select character number 183 in the document.

If the document in this viewer contains the selection, scrolls to make the caret visible. Otherwise scrolls to the start of the document.

Go back to the place that was previously visible in this viewer discounting manual scrolling that may have taken place since.

Restore the most recent selection in this viewer and scroll to it.

Create a new viewer holding the file named by the selection. There is also a button in the top right corner of the screen that does this operation. If the name doesn't have an explicit extension and no file is found with that name and no extension, the system will try adding ".mesa". If the selection is of the form <interface>.<item> and no file exists with that name, but there is a file named <interface> or <interface>.mesa, then that file will be loaded and the system will search for a "definition" of <item> — i.e., it will create a viewer holding the file and then search for the word <item> followed by ":".

Note: If you use a remote file name, such as /Indigo/Tioga/Documentation/Tioga.Doc, the system will fetch the file and make the viewer "ReadOnly" by inhibiting edits in it. This lets you browse remote files and copy information from them. In future releases, Tioga will support editing of remote files.

Like Open, but gets the file that implements the selected interface name. For example, if you select "Rope" and hit OpenImpl, the system will open a viewer for the file "RopeImpl.Mesa". This also searches for a definition if you have <interface>.<item> selected. If an implementing module for the item is currently loaded, the system will find the name of the file holding the implementation (our thanks to the Cedar runtime model for providing this information). Otherwise, the system just tries the file named <interface>Impl.mesa.

Like Open and OpenImpl, but use the "clicked" viewer rather than creating a new one. Require confirmation if new edits exist in the viewer and the viewer is not split.

Reload the file that was previously in this viewer. Requires confirmation.

Use the selection as a file name and write the document to that file. Requires confirmation.

Create a new, empty viewer. There is also a button in the top right corner of the screen that does this operation. The empty viewer will say "No Name" at the top in the place that would normally hold the file name. Naturally the most common thing to do with a "No Name" viewer is to load a file. If you type a file name into a "No Name" viewer and then hit LF, it is as if you selected the name and hit Load but no confirmation is required to discard the edits you made while entering the name. CTRL-LF provides a similar function for LoadImpl.

Discards the contents of the current viewer. Requires confirmation if the document has been edited and the viewer is not split.

The insertion point goes with primary selection. It is shown by a blinking "caret" at one end or the other of the selection — the end closer to the cursor when the selection was made or the one most recently extended.

The selection hierarchy consists of the following levels at which a selection can exist: point, character, word, node, branch, and document.

The primary selection has a blinking caret at one end. Some operations, such as delete and type-in, reduce the selection to just the caret. This is called a point selection.

Click LEFT with the cursor over the desired character. You can hold LEFT down and move to correct place before letting the button up.

You can cancel the new selection by hitting DEL while the mouse button is still down. The system will restore the previous selection.

A "word" is defined as a sequence of letters and digits or a sequence of identical characters that are not letters or digits. Use the MIDDLE mouse button to make word selections. As with character selection, you can hold MIDDLE down and move to the correct word before letting up.

Double click LEFT to select a node.

A branch is a node and any children branches it might have. Double click MIDDLE to select a branch.

CTRL-D extends the selection to include the entire document. "D" stands for for "Document".

Extend an existing selection by pointing at a new endpoint and clicking RIGHT. The system will extend the end of the selection closer to the cursor when RIGHT goes down. You can hold RIGHT down and move the endpoint to a new position.

If you just click RIGHT, the selection is extended at the same level in the selection hierarchy. For example, a selection at the word level will be extended a word at a time. Double click RIGHT to extend at a lower level in selection hierarchy. Triple click to extend at a higher level in selection hierarchy. Thus, if you have a node-level selection and wish to extend it to a word position within a node, double click RIGHT to reduce the level to words and then do the extension. If necessary, you can then double click again to reduce to character level.

A delete selection is deleted as soon as the selection is completed. It is shown as video reverse. Hold down CTRL to make a delete selection. The selection is complete when you let up on both the mouse button and the CTRL key.

"Pending-delete" selections are automatically deleted by subsequent insertions. They are shown with video reverse rather than solid underline. Whenever you extend a selection it is automatically made pending-delete. Notice that you don't have to actually change the selection when you "extend" it. For example, you can click MIDDLE to select a word and then immediately click RIGHT to make it pending-delete. Or you can combine these actions by "rolling" from the LEFT or MIDDLE mouse button to the RIGHT button to make a char or word selection pending-delete. For example, the sequence MIDDLE-down, RIGHT-down, MIDDLE-up, RIGHT-up will produce a pending-delete word selection.

Source selections are made with the SHIFT key held down and are shown with a gray underline.

The operations described above work by copying or moving a source selection to the primary selection. However, often the primary selection is itself the thing you want to copy or move. The following two commands take care of these situations.

We now have covered commands to copy or move either the primary or the source selections. A final option is to transpose the primary and the source. To do this, hit CTRL-X, and with the control key still held down, select a source. The transpose takes place as soon as you let the keys and mouse buttons up.

Hit DEL before finishing the selection and the previous selection will be restored. This works during either primary, source, destination, or transpose selections.

CTRL-V finds the next text viewer within a tool and selects it, while CTRL-SHIFT-V finds the previous. The order of viewers is determined by their left-to-right and top-to-bottom position in the tool. This is useful with tools such as the File Tool and the Edit Tool that have several text viewers in them. By using CTRL-V and CTRL-SHIFT-V you can move the selection from field to field in the tool without using the mouse.

A "placeholder" is all the text between a matching pair of placeholder brackets,
. Hit NEXT to find and select the next placeholder beyond the current selection. Hit SHIFT-NEXT to find the previous one. Recall that NEXT is the blank key to the right of RETURN.

If there isn't another placeholder, NEXT will move the selection to the end of the document. If the selection is already at the end, NEXT will simulate a CTRL-V to find the next nested text viewer. Similarly, SHIFT-NEXT will move the selection to the start of the document if it doesn't find a previous placeholder and will simulate CTRL-SHIFT-V if already at the start. This allows you to use NEXT both when filling in placeholders within a document and when filling in text viewers in tools.

CTRL-] extends the selection to the left and right to find a matching pair of [..]'s. Similarly for CTRL-}, CTRL-), and CTRL->. Note that you hit CTRL with the right bracket to extend the selection. In addition, you can hit CTRL with the left bracket to insert matching brackets around the selection. Unfortunately, our keyboards don't have both left and right quotes, so we can't provide both selection and insertion commands for them. We chose to have CTRL-" and CTRL-' do inserts; there are commands on the Edit Tool to select matching quotes.

To do a search, enter the text you're looking for in the "Target" field, select where you want the search to start, and click "Search" with the left mouse button to search forward or with the right button to search backwards. The system searches from the current selection and updates the selected viewer if the search succeeds. (Fine point: in both searches and substitutes, the match is limited to a single node — we do not yet have mechanisms for doing matches across node boundaries.)

The multiple choices below the "Replacement" field control what is matched in searches and replaced in substitutes. You can select or deselect an item by clicking it with the mouse. White text on black background means that the item is selected; black text on white means it is not selected.

For example, if you pick the Looks option and deselect the Text option, you can search for any text that has a particular set of looks. If you pick only Text, the matching will ignore the looks of the target. If you pick Text and Looks, the matching text must match both the characters and the looks of the target text.

The other options deal with node properties. If you pick Format, the matching will be limited to nodes with the same format as the target node. Similarly, if you pick Style, the matching will only look at nodes whose style is the same as the target node's. Finally, if you pick Comment, the match will consider only nodes with the same value of the Comment property (TRUE or FALSE) as the target.

The first two rows of boxes below the multiple choices give you control over how matching is performed. Click LEFT with the cursor over a box to change the choice next to it. The various choices are as follows:

To do a substitution, enter the new text in the "Replacement" field, enter the text to be replaced in the "Target" field, and hit "Substitute" in the menu at the top of the Edit Tool. The Text/Looks/Format/... options guide the search in the usual manner and also control what is replaced.

The final three boxes in the Search&Substitute section give you further control over this operation.

When you specify that the target be matched as a pattern rather than literally, the following symbols in the target text are interpreted specially. A short summary of these symbols appears at the bottom of the Search&Substitute section of the Edit Tool.

' Match the next character in the pattern exactly.

~ Match any character except the next one in the pattern.

# Match any single character.

* Match any sequence of characters.

@ Match any single alphanumeric character (letter or digit).

& Match any sequence of alphanumeric characters.

~@ Match any single non-alphanumeric character.

~& Match any sequence of non-alphanumeric characters.

% Match any single blank character.

$ Match any sequence of blank characters.

~% Match any single non-blank character.

~$ Match any sequence of non-blank characters.

| Match start or end of node.

{ Mark start of resulting selection.

} Mark end of resulting selection.

< Mark start of named subpattern.

> Mark end of named subpattern.

The named subpatterns are of use in substitutes that reorder or duplicate parts of the matching text. The full syntax for a named subpattern is <name:subpattern>. The special case of "match any sequence of characters" is provided as a default — i.e., <name> is equivalent to <name:*>. As far as the matching is concerned, the occurrence of <name:subpattern> is the same as if the subpattern had appeared without a name, but it has the side-effect of remembering the subsection it matched. The "Replacement" field can contain <name>'s corresponding to named subpatterns in the target. The replacement text is constructed by replacing the <name>'s with the section of replaced text that matched the subpattern. The replacement is automatically considered to be a pattern whenever the target is — you don't need to do anything special to get the <name>'s in the replacement interpreted as subpatterns.

For example, if the target is

and the replacement is

then "WHILE blue[moon] DO" will be converted to "WHILE moon IS blue DO".

The Looks commands let you read and modify the looks of the caret or the selection. The looks are shown as a series of letters in the "Looks characters" field. The box lets you pick whether you want the looks for the selection or the looks for the caret.

The Format commands let you read and modify the format for the root node or the selected nodes. The box at the right lets you pick the case you want.

A style is a collection of interpretations for looks and formats. The Style commands let you read and modify the name of the style for the root node or the selected nodes. The new style applies to the specified node and all the nodes within its sub-branches that do not themselves have explicit styles.

A node can have an arbitrary set of "properties". Each property consists of a name and a value. Certain properties are used by the system, but you (and your programs) are free to add others.

The "Property name" field specifies the name of a property. (Incidentally, case distinctions do matter in property names — "foo" is a different property than "Foo".) The "Property value" field specifies a value. The box lets you pick whether you are talking about properties of the root node or the selected nodes.

In addition to setting and reading properties, there is a mechanism that lets you find nodes with a certain property value. For example, if you have annotated a document with comments under the property name "MyOpinion", and you want to find nodes in which your comment included the word "good", enter the name in the "Property name" field and the text in the "Value pattern" field. Then use the "Find" command to search forward or backwards from the caret node for a node with a value of the property that matches the pattern. (Click with LEFT to search forward, RIGHT to search backwards.) Value patterns can use the standard set of special characters for searches. If a match is found, the node is selected and the property value is displayed.

All nodes have a "Comment" property which is either "TRUE" or "FALSE". If its value is TRUE, the text of the node is not seen by programs such as the compiler that are only interested in the basic text contents. This makes it possible to intermix documentation and program text without requiring special escape characters to mark the start and end of comments. You can set the Comment property by using the Edit Tool or with the following commands.

These commands let you sort or reverse lists of things. The "Sort" command sorts things in alphabetical order, ignoring case. "Sort-and-remove-duplicates" is useful when you are merging sets of things. The box below the Sort button lets you pick whether you want increasing or decreasing order in the result. The right box lets you pick what will be sorted: text delimited by blanks, lines delimited by carriage returns, or branches of the document tree.

These commands let you construct simple edit macros. The "Operations" field holds a text description of a command sequence. The "GetLast" command fills in the Operations with the description of the most recent sequence, i.e., the one a Cancel would cancel or a Repeat would repeat. "Do" executes the description in the operations field. "Begin" marks the start of a command sequence. "End" fills the Operations with the description of the commands since the most recent "Begin". "SetCom" stores the operations under the CTRL-number key for the number in the "Command [0..9]" field. Conversely, "GetCom" fills the "Operations" field with the current CTRL-number definition.

To see how this works, select the following word: "hello". Hit DEL and type in "howdy". Now hit the "GetLast" button. The Operations field should now contain: Delete "howdy". Edit the Operations field contents to replace "howdy" by "goodbye", then hit the "SetCom" button (first put 1 in the Command field if it's not already there). Now select the "howdy" you typed earlier and hit CTRL-1. If all went well, the "howdy" will have been deleted and "goodbye" inserted in its place. More examples of edit macros will be given later.

This section of the Edit Tool contains buttons for all the basic edit commands. These are useful if you can't remember what keys to hit for an infrequent command or if you've set your user category to beginner or intermediate to filter out certain commands. Many of the buttons correspond to commands that have been documented above. However, a few of them are primarily of use in constructing edit macros and have not been mentioned before. For completeness, all the buttons will be given a brief description.

A few examples should get you started writing your own edit macros. First, assume you find yourself doing a lot of edits of the form <stuff> becomes <pred>[<stuff>] for various values of <stuff> and <pred>. You might like a single command to insert the brackets and move the caret to the place where you will insert the <pred>. To construct such a command, first select a particular <stuff>, hit the Add[ ] button in the Edit Tool, the CaretBefore button, and the GoToNextChar button using the right mouse button. Then hit GetLast to fill the Operations field, enter "1" in the "Command [0..9]" field, and hit SetCom to save the macro definition. Now you can select <stuff>, hit CTRL-1, and be ready to insert before the left bracket.

A macro to delete matching parentheses will show the use of the SaveSel and RestoreSel commands. Make a selection anywhere inside a pair of matching parens. Give the following sequence of commands: (...) to extend the selection, CaretAfter to position the caret at the right, SaveSel-A so we can restore the selection later, BackSpace to delete the right paren, RestoreSel-A to get the selection back, CaretBefore to move the caret to the front, and finally DeleteNextChar to delete the left paren. Now you can hit GetLast and SetCom to save this macro.

Other operations on the Edit Tool can also be programmed using edit macros. For example, assume you want a macro to substitute "which" for "that". The following set of commands will load the target and replacement fields and do the substitute: click RIGHT to select and clear the target field, type "that" as the target text, click RIGHT to select and clear the replacement field, type "which" as the replacement text, and finally hit the Substitute button. This macro will only change the target and replacement fields. The other parameters of the substitute are not changed and thus behave like "free variables" of the macro. If you want to bind more of the choices, such as Match Case or Ignore Case, you simply include those commands as part of the macro. For example, you could select Ignore Case just before restoring the selection, and the macro would always set the ignore case flag when it was executed. Note that you must hit the "Target" and "Replacement" buttons to enter the target and replacement text. Directly selecting in those fields would not produce a correct macro because it would terminate the edit sequence and would also fail to identify which field was being filled in.

When you save an edit macro under a CTRL-number key, it only stays around for the rest of the session. If you want to save one for tomorrow, you can of course copy the operations to a file and redefine it another time. But if you really want to make a macro a permanent part of your user interface, you can add it to your "TIP table" which describes the translation from keyboard and mouse actions into executable tokens such as those in edit macros. The details of how to do this are given in a later section.