4TabularComposition4.1Whatisatable?Thepreviouschapterconcentratedonillustrationsandprovidedastylemechanismforthegraphicalinformationwithindocuments.Wenowturnourattentiontotheproblemoflayingoutthearrangementofinformationintwodimensions.Tableformattingpresentsaconcentratedformofthisproblem.Ithasastrongtwo-dimensionalnaturebecausetablesarecomposedofentriesarrangedintorowsandcolumns.Thischapterdefinesageneralnotionofa`table'andsurveysearlyworkintypesettingtables.Itthendescribesthetypographyoftablesandtabularcomposition.Thefinalsectionreviewsthecapabilitiesfortypesettingtablesinexistingelectronicdocumentcompositionsystems.AgoodsummaryoftabularformattinginthegraphicartsiscontainedinPhillip'sarticle``TabularComposition''publishedinTheSeyboldReport[Phillips,TabularComposition].Atableisanorderlyarrangementofinformation.Tablesaredefinedtobe`rectangulararraysexhibitingoneormorecharacteristicsofdesignatedentitiesorcategories'[,Dictionary].Tablesmaybelessstructuredthanthis,simplyservingtopresentalistofentries.Howeverinmostcases,tableshavesomestructurethatisrelevanttothepresentationofinformation.Wewilltakeafairlygeneralviewoftables,encompassingabroadrangeoflayoutpossibilities.Withinthisview,thelayoutofmathematicalnotationmightbeconsideredasmallinstanceoftableformattingandpagelayoutmightbeconsideredalarge4-1p\d gWn g g>a;#q;Z gr8T )m+ 48>@c6! g ! */ 9>-X gH*QoU k&5+n-.37<@E-( g y; ') 249i<% g '#)h,A 47z ?D# gt ! *237?.A?! g cI"p$%+-49 V g s VV!#* tV/` 5:< rB?VVOuOOrO )K+] 5p:=CE g gC "%:'X+6$85 @aF g tk r`$(D*- 59K<B0 gk7L^ ')-2[7:?I gy &( 2(548h;=_AS gGXx !#\(,.3 MLt$& 07U<>k F  g,C %a(,16Y8 @BYv)()*h#TVm$44TABULARCOMPOSITION4-2instanceoftableformatting.ThesecomparisonswillbeelaboratedinChapter6,wherewewillarguethatthetableformattingframeworkpresentedinChapter5canbeextendedtodealwithbothoftheseotherlayoutproblems.Thesuccinctnessofatableaidsinrevealingandunderstandingcomplexrelationshipswithintheinformation.``Tablesofferausefulmeansofpresentinglargeamountsofdetailedinformationinsmallspace.Asimpletablecangiveinformationthatwouldrequireseveralparagraphstopresenttextuallyandcandosowithgreaterclarity.Tabularpresentationisoftennotsimplythebestbuttheonlywaythatlargequantitiesofindividual,similarfactscanbearranged.Whenever[the]bulkofinformationtobeconveyedthreatenstobogdownatextualpresentation,anauthorshouldgiveseriousconsiderationtouseofatable.''[,TheChicagoManualofStyle,1982,p321]Designingtabletypographyisahardproblem.Therearemanyformattingdetailstogetrightandthereisonlyasmallamountofspacewithwhichtowork.Thetwo-dimensionalnatureoftablesrequiresalignmentinbothdirectionsatthesametime.Itisveryimportanttomaintaincontroloverplacementbecausetheorganizationofinformationintablesispartofthemessage.Juxtapositionandotherspatialrelationshipswithintableshaveanimportantimpactonthewayinwhichtablesconveyinformation.``Theprinciplesoftablemakinginvolvemattersoftaste,convention,typography,aesthetics,andhonesty,inadditiontotheprinciplesofquantification.''[Davis,TabularPresentation,p497]Thereseemtobegreatopportunitiesforapplyingelectronictechniquestotypesettingtablesofinformation:``Tabularsettinghasprovedboththeeasiestandthemostdifficultformofcompositiontobringundercomputercontrol.Becausetabularsettingismainlyfornumericdata,itmightseemstrangethatthereshouldbeanydifficultyinprovidingcomputer-generated[typeset]tables.''[Phillips,Handbook,p189]However,tablesintechnicaldocumentscontainawidervarietyofinformationthanthetraditionalmathematicaltablesofroots,logarithms,andtrigonometricfunctions.``Whilemanytablesofphysicalandscientificdataarebeingcompiledbycomputer,thereisstillarequirementtoincludethesedataintechnicalpublicationsbecausetheyareconsideredofinteresttothereaderwhomaywfH x!ff"wf(Px)tff*vfEfFfG)r^ g "& 0W35 =?FS\ gQ!% .6f=?FHZ gtu"/&(",a05W Vg#'M)Q0e3 >xU[ g % RUl"(T+ 38U?BKP# M$&,)0O3l7 @CMd $&M,S3H6:<?CKX %',/*47;0>RAKE$I-\ !. )/268@GY #X%(%/69;<ACE' !g&*0% :b<?AC;tBV.!U% (* r? $L&'e+G27:? = gVQ!#'?(,3 59=GB$; g!q&(-d3;u=y9W g !#x%-(029e?7% gQzS &( 138:F=?4 g !1%* 4T9s>(B2 g~".$2)-3[ / $f*1s7:? -  ",&;-0\7:~># F}+Uts+U+U %; -l.r(O !0 +G-4 <> Dy& g q #G[%),1[47;BFF}  Y m%-L4;EA>Fzt5#%m*y.48=BEf  H/,5t;<AKMrF($-&24d8>l g s: $ ..249 B  g  t!(b+ 369>F- "B$ -0B6;*?2A w i#:&( .068;A-DTVm$\4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-3nothaveaccesstothegeneratingalgorithmsevenifheisacomputeruser.Thepublicationofsuchdatainprintedformmayalsobeconsiderednecessarytoestablishthestatusoftheauthor!Itwouldappearthattheneedfortabularcompositioningeneralbookworkwillcontinueforsometime.''[Phillips,TabularComposition]Thesourcesandpurposesoftablesindocumentsspanabroadrangeofinformation.Someexamplesincludecomputeddatafrommathematicalalgorithms,statisticaldatafromscientificexperiments,financialdataandspreadsheets,taxonomiesofobserveddata,extractsfromdatabasesofinformation,orjustaboutanythingelseanauthormightwishtoconveytoareader.4.2EarlyTableFormattingSystemsAsmentionedinChapter2,severalearlycompositionsystemscouldproducetypesettables.Computerswereheavilyinvolvedinnumericcomputationsatthattime.Publishingtablesofnumericresultsbytraditionalmethodsrequiredtheerror-pronetranscriptionoflineprinterorpunchedcarddatabykeyboardoperatorsoftypesettingdevices.Becausephotomechanicaltypesettingdevicesusedelectronicinputdatathatwerecompatiblewithcomputersystems(mainlypunchedpapertapeandoccasionallymagnetictape),itwasnaturaltoconceiveofacomputerprogramthatwouldconvertthenumericdatadirectlytotheformattingcommandssuitablefordrivingthetypesettingdevices.Thesecommandscouldthenbepasseddirectlybetweenthecomputersystemandthephototypesetter.Severalreviewers[Barnett,ComputerTypesetting][Stevens,NBS99][Phillips,Handbook]havereportedthattheearliestbookofcomputertypesettableswasthemonographproducedattheNationalBureauofStandardsbyCorlissandBozmanin1962[Corliss&Bozman,NBS53].ThosetablesofnumericcalculationswereformattedbyaspecialprogramrunningonanIBM7090computerandwereoutputontotapeforaLinofilmphototypesetter.Thetablesincludedcolumnheadsinboldtypecenteredovernumericdataalignedondecimalpoints.Reportedly,thismonographcontainedonlyasingletabularformatthroughout[Stevens,NBS99,p6].AnotherpioneeringeffortintypesettingtableswasTABPRINT[Barnett,ComputerTypesetting]developedbyBarnettatMITintheearly1960's.TABPRINTranonanIBM7090computerandpreparedtapesforaPhoton560wfH x!ff"wf(Px)tff*vfEfFfG)r^ )' 1e5t7<9;= D\ u!*$&,90.369 ACZ@!x$7*z,#1 6b9CGV/ rS)-#%-)+4;89>CBP g {"E(/3t7 N g  # * 4H;>uL g rLL g"x)t-}3~7>J` g #&),51|6?:<ACH- gqA g $r=+0in"$*".7 7=B: g 7$1)029 CF8 g !t#)/)1 9@.6 g@  !#' ,.5l9<?4a g  $+7 @.2/ gI /#-'( /3^:@/ g0w '.358S=?- gxD!M&Q,7/59'?A+ g "%+G. 6t=:)f g;W$*13;U@C'3 g$-t$-$--"d( $-06$-; ! gr!P!$*).Y0j7=hBEQ g1u!N(-/79?l gt$#r(*./35\ g tb!r"': r"% -X2 t5A6)=  b g r b"%'+t, b b.@r b0J2N5'9<t?: b b@"r / gYt / /r /{i"&-1L35a;TVm$t4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-4phototypesetter.Thetabulardatawasinputinafixedformattypicalofnumericcomputationsinthatera.Typographicspecificationsforeachtableprecededthesetofdatarecordsandprovidedrudimentarystylecapabilities.Severaltypographicrefinementstotheprogramwereproposedasfuturedevelopments,includingsuchfeaturesasfoldinglongcolumnheadsovernarrowdatafields,introducingblanklinesevery5or10lines,andgroupingdigitsoflongnumericvaluesforreadability.Theseprogramsforformattingtablesofnumericdatawererelativelysimple.``Thesignificanceofthisearlyworkintabularcompositionisthatallthetypographicparametersweredefinedbyprogram.''[Phillips,Handbook,p195]However,tablesofnumericdataconstituteonlyoneaspectoftableformattingproblems:``Buttherearereallytwoverydifferentcategoriesoftabularcomposition:Onecomprisesabookofsimilartablesinwhichthevaluesshowncanbecalculatedbyprogramalgorithmsfromtheminimumofdatainput,andtheotherconsistsofthetablesappearingintechnicaltexts.Inthefirstcasethestyleissimilarformanyconsecutivepages,butinthesecondcaseeachtable,andtherearesometimesseveraltablesonthesamepage,hasdifferentcolumnwidths,differentnumbersofcolumns,andalsorangestheentriesdifferently,bothverticallyandhorizontally;inaddition,eachtablemayhavedifferentcomplexboxheadings.''[Phillips,Handbook,p189]Toformatthemoregeneraltabledesignsrequiredintechnicalpublications,weneedeffectiveinteractivedesigntoolsthatcanhandleawiderangeoftypographicrequirements.Interactivetoolsseempreferablebecausemanytabledesignsareunique.Thevarietyoftabledesignslimitstheamortizationperiodforthetimeinvestedinprogrammingatableformatterwithsufficientspecificationstoaccomplisheacharrangement.Phillipsexpectedinteractivetablecompositionprogramstobenecessarybecauseofthetypographiccomplexityoftables:``Thesecomplicationswilltendtokeepinteractiveterminalsemployedforpagemake-upandwithsoft-copyproofsonpageviewterminals.''[Phillips,TabularComposition,pg.23-11]Thenextsectioninvestigatesthesecomplicationsandthetypographicrequirementsforformattingaesthetictables.wfH x!ff"wf(Px)tff*vfEfFfG)r^ g~""%(-\/`04:V?A\ g  )l 362:>E4Z gl$ .1 ;xXb g u u y#R)-5)7-<% V/ g%p))/37|=@S g @",#%(,M/6; =@Q gk N &+R-d37z;u BL g "') . 79=?dJ` g u !'*@ t2(J`J`27?@KrH. g!$ ,8/3%8:/>E E gBh!%,- 35;* D@=#(h*M/ 16;>@ >u m$['.0k38;>\B<^S ").037?:=AmC!:,m $'),2F59>5A~E7"%(-z2*5t<B5'*.3u6}< D3  #m%X,./37l;AA1c t1c1cx ')9r.]K$(.z5&7*> ,* g !&*..1;68< @) g u y (,0 8>Cb' g2$r&*0d47 A[% g.2 ({)-5B8 #a g } ! $ /x5kE{"q)/+15: tBC' ^rU %)P 369 Y g c !1'TVm$$4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-54.3TypographicRequirementsforTables4.3.1TablesareTwo-DimensionalTableshaveatwo-dimensionalstructurebecauseoftheorganizationofthetableintorowsandcolumns.Theserowandcolumnstructuresintersecttoidentifythecharacteristicsofthetableentryattheintersection.Thelayoutofatablemustsimultaneouslyaligntableentrieshorizontallyinarowandverticallyinacolumn.Thetablewidthisdeterminedbyaccumulatingthewidthsofeachcolumn.Inturn,columnwidthsaredeterminedbythewidthsoftheentriesinthecolumn.Similarly,thetableandrowdeptharedeterminedbythedepthsoftheentriesineachrow.Thearrangementoftableentriescanbeexpressedseparatelyfromtheactualwidthsofrowsandcolumns.Thisseparationofthetopology(ordering)ofentriesfromthegeometry(positioning)ofentrieswillbeexploitedinChapter5.Thetwo-dimensionalnatureoftablesdifferentiatestableformattingfromsimplertextformatting.Tablesdealwithareasandgraphicalrelationships,bothofwhichhavetwodegreesoffreedom.Linesandparagraphsoftexthaveonlyonedegreeoffreedom(wheretobreaktheline),althougheventhenacomplexalgorithmmaybenecessarytoproduceaestheticlinebreaks[Knuth,LineBreaking].Theconventionaltwo-dimensionalstructureoftablesisillustratedinFigure4-1.Therowsandcolumnsintersecttoformthetableentriesinthepanelwhichisthemainbodyofthetable.Theareawithrowidentificationsattheleftofthepaneliscalledthestub.Thecolumnheadingsintheareaalongthetopofthepanelarecalledtheboxheadbecausewhenatableisfullyoutlinedthecolumnheadsarecompletelyboxed.Someheadingsgroupseveralcolumnstogetherandarereferredtoasspanningheadsorspanningsubheads,dependingonthedepthatwhichtheyoccurintheboxhead.Spanningrowheadingsforseveralrowsarealsopossible.Asanexample,theboxheadinthetableofFigure4-1hascompletelydeterminedthewidthofeachcolumnbecausetheheadingsthemselvesarewiderthantheinformationinthecolumns.Inothertables,thetableentriesmaybewiderthantheheadingsabovethem,andtheywouldthendeterminethecolumnwidths.wfH x!ff"wf(Px)tff*vfEfFfG)q^ g  &)wZ gTrW O&-358 BD'T g}"'*.4 ;BR g[!$(-(/1 ;?5D9FJPt g} #'-L 6e8i9=@` NB gk5K"$ -f/ 9<ADL ga$' 0Y25:<?EI g@:  $'+,/2 ;l=@EG g@l", +-178:F<Ex g 1 %"'3+ .c59 ACCF g:  "m&)\0 :D$&+{ 5j9 A; gL #'+F/v29 C9 gxVDy k"|*.1 :E )A0$2568 @TBX0 gF!q(*.05 :a0 0 @9r- gD2 D#(;+/626>@B+ gZkDx;u"++"r%b++' *s0e7F9J<#?D4)u gZkD Qu#*)u)u$&&r)u+1;57;*<@'C g@3 %+/6;P@% g!;!?u#C%%$*r%0<u2Z%%3.:rA%%" g n%K(-y/}2V5:B gHr`"*%0X!%'*.058; s g %"(.18b @CA g.  (*/4-7;@pD g#R'+<.37?B] ghTVm$|4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-6TotallineRowHeadRowHeadStubHeadxxxxxxxxxCol.HeadxxxxxxxxxCol.HeadxxxxxxxxxCol.HeadSpanningSubheadxxxxxxxxxCol.HeadSpanningHeadxxxxxxxxxCol.HeadFigure4-1.THETWO-DIMENSIONALSTRUCTUREOFATABLEincludesthearrangementofitsentriesintorowsandcolumns.Herethepartsofatablehavebeenshadedforeasyidentification.Thelightgreyareaistheboxheadthatcontainsallofthecolumnheadings.Thedarkgreyareaisthestubthatcontainsalloftherowidentifications.Theremainingwhiteareaisthepanelcontainingtheactualtableentries.Variousgraphicembellishmentstothebasicrowandcolumnstructureshelpconveythetableinformation.Dividinglinescalledruleshelpseparatedissimilarpartsofthetable.TheboxheadandstubinFigure4-1arecompletelyoutlined;allpossiblehorizontalandverticalrulesarepresentintheheadings.Sometabledesignerspreferonlyhorizontalrules(seebelowformorediscussionoftablerules).Theword`rules'willappearfrequentlyinthisandthenextchapter,inrelationtothetypographiclines(rulings)drawninatabletoseparaterowsorcolumns.Thisuseofthewordistraditionalinthegraphicarts.However,itmaybeconfusedwiththenotionof`stylerules'fromthepreviouschapter.Throughoutthisthesis,theword`rule'byitselfreferstoatypographiclineandterms`stylerule'and`formattingrule'refertoawayofdoingthings.Thecontentoftableentriesmayvaryconsiderably.Certainlytextualandnumericinformationarecommonlyorganizedintotables.Othertypesofinformationoftenincludedintablesarepictures,illustrations,mathematicalequations,andevenothertables.Inmosttabledesigns,thetableentriesarefullycontainedwithintherowandcolumnintersection.Moregeneraltabledesignspermitthecontentofonetableentrytoflowintoanother.Connectedentrieswouldbenecessarywhenfoldingalongtableentryoftextintotwocolumnentries,orwhenflowingacaptionaroundseveralillustrationentries.Thiscapabilityisnecessarytoextendtableformattingtofullpagelayoutrequirements.wfH x!ff"wf(Px)tff*vfEfFfG) g`;#[N` [V.JNO/#xO:.JQ /#Q.ST.SJVv/#Ze.tJNO# J_6/#JNO/#tOdPJQ /#RPTPJVv/#xXJ 8JNO/#tOd'JQ /#R'T'JVv/#xWb% 'JNO/#tOd.JQ /#R.T.JVv/#xWb,/$)Y5#+NO# $)Y5#Zb&v,|JNO/#tOd6JQ /#R6T6JVv/#xX47e\52#3NO# e\52#$)NO# e\52#]b'c-ieNO# J_6/#JNO/#tOd>_JQ /#R>_T>_JVv/#xZboxHV#x&[+-/{16=+@C)Fj gvzKFjFjxFjV!Q"%]( 14:>AC)zD gxD !} gBL;#r?F 'e)j,C0g36< Dl= g #)-u2==3"r=6:A : g}h!2%;(},.!3t6L9 8 g} #'1,139;>w6} gG!1$ ,048;? 4K gx1E]9m$ ,.15B8;B/ gtxQ _$?*/13Y7o9s?C, g#% -/2\8B\BT gQx!> ) 1-4;6yRR g}h~ $4+- 6w ?CP gTf| %(.o179<AvEcM g""9'+- 69X K g  %,.2 := sG g$ .rD%'-W15:n=9DFA g  %-)/48<=A? g 6y %'+:17`<=q g "o)5- 5 g #'-0/N6;4A9 g|!0%,u1D5<@C6 g-Q*$t)07H: 4 g  ) #' ,0g 9>RA+D2u g}2 u/o Y"( 136; ?@-= g('"&i+0d2v4: BD+ g! %')Q 17"9@ AB( g"%{,u/h3 :8>[A4 & g}H").p4.7q #H#\)n+A 6K:da FH"Z)X-1L4j:<>E1nX$&.'1369BbEr !%(-/t5Srr5;\ s gO?r %*f 247 gf &)-028 Z g " +,-4a;@,_TVm$m4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-8rowsorcolumns,andbalancingtheextrawhitespacebetweencolumnsarecommon.Columnentriesareverticallyalignedwitheachotherinvariousways,asseeninFigure4-2.(Notethatonemustadjustanentryhorizontallyinordertoalignitverticallywithanotheraboveorbelowit;suchdistinctionsaremadecarefullyintheremainderofthethesis.)Thethreemostfrequentchoicesforverticalalignmentareflushtotheleft(generallyfortextualmaterial),flushtotheright(generallyfornumericmaterial),orcenteredwithinthecolumn(generallyforheadingsandtextualmaterial).xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxFlushLeftxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxCenterxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxFlushRight0000.0.00000.000000000000Decimal.AlignFigure4-2.VERTICALALIGNMENTWITHINACOLUMNoftableentriesiscommonlyflushleft,flushright,centered,ordecimalaligned.Numericdatawithavaryingnumberofdecimaldigitsrequireanothertypeofverticalalignmentwherethedataitemsalignonthedecimalpoint.Numericentrieswithoutdecimalpointsmusthaveoneinferred,usuallyafterthelastdecimaldigit.Thealignmentondecimalpointscanbegeneralizedtoalignmentonanycharacter.Forexample,mathematicalequationsareoftenalignedontheirequalitysigns.Morecomplexalignmentpossibilitiesarisewhenmultiplealignmentpointsareneeded,suchasaligningthetermsofpolynomialsinasystemofequationswhereeachoftheadditiveandsubtractiveoperationsrequirealignment(althoughtheunaryminussigndoesnot):6.=5x3+x25x14,=6x3+3x17,=7x210x1Justasforcolumns,rowentriesarehorizontallyalignedwitheachotherinvariousways,asshowninFigure4-3,againwiththreefrequentchoices,flushtothetop,flushtothebottom,orcentered.(Again,notethatanitemisadjustedverticallytoaccomplishhoriztonalalignment.)wfH x!ff"wf(Px)tff*vfEfFfG)r^ gTsn$#&+ 3t9@\ gYru=YY%rY+/3|79?DW g $wW #n&*/165 ?NAREU\ g| ,"').04 =o@:S) g-1 "$+.n26=bC P g2 "%( 0K28j ?CN g@< $ +n-499X<1L g   &P gJ`;#?-}#t@YBAD* FGP-}#G?# I{-}#?-}#@Y"BA$D*! F#dGP-}#G#t?# I{-}#?-}#@Y.BA1^D*, F/GP-}#H-p *?# I{-}#?-}#@09B<`D:E8=GP-}#H7k 5?# I{-}#Bn?# x= gy===&!&'x=-l/268r>BX; gkG   g9o;#r6i;Z%>+t-38=C47 gxC #'Z+/2B5;C@2 g"&*.!4:}>^A7/ gj"$+03#5w >&@+- g O$J .n58<B+n gV B&. 7l;L?); g"%'.,157 @B' gL 6$ &(/D2 : $ g%!M$&(-1H5t31[.{/4|/t,P{*)|*t'E$n{%|%t31[.{/4|/t,P# {%|%t"33"31["3)y{*)"3!`|!`*t"3'E"3#{%"3!`|!`%r!%"'ru*=+8 3r:=AEY g$%(^,0}4;hAE& g@!#+1p5)8:>@V g }  % aTVm$4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-9FlushBottomCenterFlushTopxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx+yyy+zzxxx+yyy+zzxxx+yyy+zzFigure4-3.HORIZONTALALIGNMENTWITHINAROWoftableentriesiscommonlyflushtop,centered,andflushbottomasindicatedbythestublabelsoneachrow.Theentriesinthesecondandthirdcolumnshavemultiplelinesoftext.Thelastcolumncontainsentrieswithsuperscriptsandsubscriptsthataffecttheheightanddepthofthetextentry.Alignmentwithoutregardtobaselinesproducesunaestheticresults,especiallywhencenteringanevenandanoddnumberoflines,andwhenaligningentrieswithdifferentheightsanddepths.Afinepoint:notethatthecapitalizationofthestublabelsaffectstheirpositionwhenaligned.Rowentriespossessanadditionalcharacteristicsimilartodecimal-pointalignment:thebaselineonwhichsuccessivecharactersarealigned.TherightmostcolumnofthetableinFigure4-3containsentrieswithbaselinesdifferentfromtheotherthreecolumns.Withoutahorizontalalignmentchoiceforbaselinealignment,tableentrieswithdifferentbaselineswillnotbearrangedinavisuallypleasingmanner.ThisproblemisaddressedinChapter5.Spannedheadingsarealignedwithinasetofcolumns,orsetofrowsiftheheadingspansseveralrows.Thesetofcolumnsspannedbytheheadingdeterminestheaggregatedimensionsofthespannedheading.Shouldtheheadingexceedthissize,perhapsbecauseitislongerthanthenarrowcolumnsitspans,thentheheadingmaybefoldedtomakeitshorter,orthecolumnsspacedouttoaccommodatethelongheading.Spannedrowheadingshavesimilarneeds.Equalwidthsofcolumns(orequalheightsofrows)maybecalledfor.Insomecasestheprecisesizewillbespecifiedbythedesignerandappliedtothetable.Inothercases,thesizecanbedeterminedautomaticallybythelargestentryinthesetofrowsorcolumns.wfH x!ff"wf(Px)tff*vfEfFfG) g`;#J,#tKA"Q,#TAXu,#]eA"J#f_6,#J,#P<%N #K%*Q,#V%T#R%*Xu,#]%[#YY%*!J#f_6,#J,#N .K/7Q,#U.S/7Xu,#].[/7+J#f_6,#J,#L8LM9L:]L=L=Q,#T8LU9T:]T=T=Xu,#\8L]9\:]\=\=6J#f_6,#AJ#fxH gyHHHBH#()x-HH-.2368$>B F gB>$&h(+/148];5?ARCD gX 5#o%(+.J38= @ C g [>r"%?(*- /4F:?DA# g7 -# *-358;T=D?D?7 g!V"(K-/46J9<@B=L g $+'q,0. g;;#r8 ( 28 : 5 g  P%- , 47c>53 g"$*,3f8@- gk9#M'-/Y68?U*l 6&+ ,/18:9<>BDh' g)!%')0.69;% g  '),3:a@#{ g@%+<,.37p:I?F}!H gQ3!$&)R+V/1c7c9 g"o%)/P1b59;@DM g6 j#%,/528;ACy g p"%( 0 :=H@!G g) 5TVm$4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-10FormattingStylesTablesareoftenformattedwithadifferent(butrelated)setofattributestothoseusedfornormaltext.Frequentlytablesaretypesetinthesametypefacebutinasmallerpointsize,bothtoattractlessattentiontothetableandtoincludemoreinformation.Thesechangesinformattingattributespromotetheuseofaseparateformattingenvironmentorsetofstylerulesfortables.Furtherspecificationofformattingattributesisnecessarywhenrowsorcolumnsaretobedistinguished.Forinstance,arowoftotalsmaybethemostimportantaspectofthetableandthereforeshouldbesetinaboldertypeface,oronecolumnofinformationmaybeexceptionalandthusbedistinguishedinanitalictypeface.Finally,individualtableentriesmaybedistinguishedwithspecialformattingattributessuchashighlights.WhitespaceTreatmentThetreatmentofwhitespacebetweentableentriesismorecomplicatedthanbetweenparagraphsoftextbecausetherearemorerelationshipsforeachtableentry.Thespacebetweentwocolumnsoftextiscalledthegutterinnormalformatting,whilethespacebetweentableentriesisgenerallyreferredtoasthebearofforbearoffdistance.Theseparationofrowsorcolumnswithwhitespacehelpstoestablishtheapparentgroupingofdata.Theintroductionofrulesintoatablepermitsthephysicalseparationtobereducedoreliminatedsincethegroupingisprovidedbytherule.Somestrategiesforcompactinglargetablestofitapage(discussedlater)involveshrinkingthebearoffspace.Thebearoffmayprovideaplaceforafootnotereferenceorglossmarkertointrudebetweentableentrieswithoutexpandingthecolumnwidth.Thesemarkersdonotparticipateinthealignmentoftableentriesandthereforeneednotbeseparatedwiththesamebearoffdistance.Excesswhitespaceduetoalargespannedheadingrequiresapportioningthespaceamongbearoffsforthespannedrowsorcolumns.RulesandDecorationsTheuseofdividingruleswithintablestoseparaterowsorcolumnsisatraditionalpractice.Rulesrunalongtheroworcolumnboundariesineitherthehorizontalorverticaldirection.Inlargetableswithnarrowcolumns,verticalrulesareoftenindispensibleinmaintainingorderamongthevastquantityofwf Xx!|ff"owf'x)ff*0vfE#fEfFbs^ g r[#'f(/3%92;= EX gQ!K ).|1F68;?V ghl $f&k+~.57:d>{AT g@ %m+- 5 =CRR gZk: !Y +-"/1596B$M g %-(a/(035:S=@ECJ g"%J,`1468:?ABH g "&h( 1m48O: DF gp (,2458' B0DO g  !3%' s@u g r< $+~/46: D:h g Zl &+-2* ;>xBM86 g# #P)+/605u886869r86=?6 g b; '3+I02Q9f?ACu3 gr3u33r!933"&I .30D426P<1 g !$+249N< F#/m gp?UH"!(~ 0g2l4;=/ -: gcl #%}(V*4P s# &+/135O9= A( g1{T"'*04Q:^;@B% g)uG%%Br% &(.n49 >\# gkD7"'.0s3f ;=@c!k gx%";&D)6+269v=8 g2 P "#(.4;6 D gHT"-(,.s% g rK#"',w.{48:AC7 g ^ 7#Q'*-06 >@E> g 6T $&A*V/ 28g?c gp: !s#w ,16q9J<C,TVm$e4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-11data.Thepreferenceforhorizontalrulesisarecentphenomenondueinparttofaddishdesignpreferenceandinparttoharsheconomicreality.ConsidertheexperienceoftheUniversityofChicagoPressbycomparingthestatementsfromthe1969and1982editionsofTheChicagoManualofStyle:``Ruledtables,forexample,areusualinthepublicationsofthispress,inpartbecauseMonotypecompositionhasalwaysbeenreadilyavailable.ForapublisherwhoisrestrictedtoLinotype,opentablesortableswithhorizontalrulesalonemaybetheonlypracticalwaytabularmattercanbearranged.''[,AManualofStyle,1969,p273]``Inlinewithanearlyuniversaltrendamongscholarlyandcommercialpublishers,theUniversityofChicagoPresshasgivenupverticalrulesasastandardfeatureoftablesinthebooksandjournalsthatitpublishes.Thehandworknecessitatedbyincludingverticalrulesiscostlynomatterwhatmodeofcompositionisused,andinthePress'sviewtheexpensecannolongerbejustifiedbytheadditionalrefinementitbrings.''[,TheChicagoManualofStyle,1982,p326]Thedifficultywithinsertingverticalrulesstemsfromthemechanicalpropertiesofphotocompositiondevices.Withmanualmakeupofpagesfrommetaltype,insertingrulesinvolvedlayingdownathinmetalstrip.High-speedphototypesettingdevicesthathaveonlyanarrowapertureacrossthepagearestronglybiasedtowardsthehorizontal,bothfortypesettingtextandfordrawingtypographicrules.Thissamebiastowardsthehorizontalisreflectedinthecompositionsoftwarethatsupportsthesedevices.Newertypesettingdeviceswithmoreaccuratepositioningoflaserbeamscanprintinbothorientationswithequaleaseandeliminatethisrestriction.Thereareseveraldistinguishedrulesthatfrequentlyoccurintables:theheadruleabovetheboxhead,thecutoffrulebelowtheboxhead,thespannerrulebelowaspanninghead,thefootrulebelowthetable,andthetotalruleabovethetotalrow.Theserulesmaybeofdifferentthicknesses,withtheoutermostheadandfootrulesgenerallydrawnthickerthanrulesinsidethetable.Rulescomeinavarietyofshapes,sizes,andpatterns.Differentthicknessesorweightsofrulesprovideappropriateemphasis.Acommondesignistousemedium-weightrulesfortheheadandfootrulesaboveandbelowthetable,andfinehairlinerulesforthecutoffrulesbetweenthecolumnheadingsandthetableentries[Williamson,BookDesign,p159].Doublerulesorcombinationsofthickwf Xx!|ff"owf'x)ff*0vfE#fEfFbr^ gx G '+,.83/ =+@mBrE\ g@l "$(I*M.63$2&+I-G0 9W;b>CES)/w (+\05M; CG(P n #%-/1[68?<@ Nn+!%n,-/5x:=@p tLV}"#frI*"b).4;? GZ 11 #[%,#0389:@DG(E(M#[%(-q07J:< E$B !#+01;57w<^? D@ b"Q&*V,/5*9FU $ ," 46t=/>>=@ C<^P9r9X 6$*.37,: 7& g ):#*s.4:<Aw4 g &+z01m49q>@ 2 g!%)+07<<>B0 g ),/ 7;7>zA).] g u>"n%,. 68\?#A',* g G&R*1V6 ?D) g* !%*-137 @' gx" $O &*.: 61:<Au" gr"j9T#u&""'+r"/A46:8>uA""BX [ gr [:B!u$ [ [%(,r [+03r7;5u> [ [>Br) g6, %(*-3 <@m g)3u"* /48kA g}t 4 !q&q'r*0 +157 BD%~TVm$4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-12andthinrulesaresometimesusedtoprovideemphasisandclosuretoatable.Theintersectionofthesepatternedrulesisacomplicatedaffair.Bracesthatgrouptableentriesaresometimesrequiredwithintables.Thebraceisplacedinthespacebetweentworowsorcolumns,sometimesrequiringextraspacetoaccommodateitscurlyshape.Bracesarefrequentlyaddedbyhandfromtransferletteringsheetsbecausetheyarenotsupportedbytableformattersandtheirpositionsareawkwardtospecifyandalignproperly.Ornaments,suchasflowersorotherinterestingdesigns,areinsertedatthecornersoralongtheouterborderofatable.Theyareoldfashionedandusedmainlyasadecorationforthepurposeofcatchingthereader'sattention.BackgroundtintswereusedinFigure4-1tohighlightthedifferentpartsofthetable.Traditionally,tintswouldbeaddedbyhandatthepagemakeuporcamerastagesincetheyinvolvedhalftonescreens.Phototypesettersandlaserprinterscanproducescreensautomaticallybyshadingtheareaofthetablebeforethecontentistypeset.LeadersVariousgraphictechniques,suchasdotleaders,helpthereadercapturethecontentandmeaningofthetable.Leadersarethedotpatternsthatguideyoureyefromanitematonesideofatabletotherelateditemattheothersideofatable.Headingsintablesofcontentsareoftenconnectedwithdotleaderstothepagenumbersontheright.Typically,leadersareformedfromdotsalthoughdashesorrulesaresometimesused.Dotleadersarepositionedcongruentlysothatsuccessiverowsofleadersallhavethedotsinthesamehorizontalposition.Theharmonyofthealigneddotsenhancestheirpurposeofguidingthereaderwithoutdistraction.Leaderscrossthroughcolumnguttersandpossiblyverticalrules,althoughrulesareill-advisedwhenleadersareused.FootnoteswithinTablesFootnoteswithintablesposeaninterestinglayoutproblem.Asinpagelayout,footnotesfortableentriesarecollectedandplacedatthebottomofthetablewithinthepageareaallocatedtothetable.Thismeansthatforthetableformattertoaccommodatefootnotes,itmustbeatleastaspowerfulasthepageformatter.Mosttableformattersonlyhandlefootnotesplacedmanuallywithinthetable.wf Xx!|ff"owf'x)ff*0vfE#fEfFbr^ g!*"%'-58]>@Aj\ g &_*h,- 6YL!2&)Q1a8=-BW g!'*.07?U[ g !h#'-25 =}BuS) g!?&,D/25=r?P g Q"o%:,5.937;uMr=MMF$&+R 3d9CA? g! +./4I7":<?= glRs9 gr6 $Z(/u*366+/-Mr26637:?E3 gMHY!2u0r0S+%o(-Z1;4;8P:>j@TC. gxM"#&+/.027.>z@~E3,g g!%(.026=@#B*5 g a"+&A)058<">( gPC % .0=3 ;Q?>AO% g" )1F4;=@# g!N#_)_,81W7e @!k g}""%d+15<@9 g PY!#s^ grj!>%'e /w4{<">@Q g%'.27H93< AC g}vd&(+049=?B g  ')Q-g/15l7p>l@pCI g  $(.5O:A g@TVm$l4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-13Byconvention,footnotereferencesareseparatelymarkedornumberedforeachtable.Typically,footnotereferenceswithintablesuselettersorsymbolsratherthansuperscriptnumberstoavoidconfusionwithnumericexponentsinthedata.Shouldfootnotereferencesbenumbered,theyusuallyaresequencedindependentlyfromanytextfootnotes.ReadabilityIssuesTablesofnumericinformationhavebeenpublishedformanyyearsandthereareclassicmethodsformakingtablesmorereadable[Knott,Napiercommemorative].Forexample,longcolumnsofnumbersareseparatedwithextrawhitespaceorwiththinrulesevery5or10entriestoprovide`chunks'thathelpthehumanvisualsystemscanthelongcolumns.Backgroundtintsbehindrowsofatableareanothertechniquetoimprovereadabilityinlongtables.Groupingdigitsinthreeswithcommasorextrawhitespaceprovidesthesamechunkingforlongdecimalexpansionsoflogarithmsortrigonometricfunctions.4.3.3LargeTablesareAwkwardTablestendtobeawkwardtohandleinpagecomposition.Theymustbetreatedseparatelyfromtherunningtextbecausetheycontainseparateinformation.However,thetablesmaybetoowideforthepagewidthortoolongfortheremainingspaceonthepage,oreventoolongforthepageheight.Followingaresomeoftheproblemsandsolutionsfordealingwithlargetables.CommonStrategiesforLargeTablesTablesarecommonlyformattedinasmallertypesizetoreducetheimpactofthetableonthereader.Thischoicealsohelpsfitmoreinformationinatable.Reducingthepointsizeto70%or80%ofthetextsizereducesthecharacterheightandwidthproportionately.Commonsizesfortextare10-pointtypeon12-pointleading.Tablesoftenuse8-pointtypeon9-pointleadingoreven7-pointon8-point.Compressedtypefaceshavethesameheightbutreducedwidththatpermitsmoretextinthesamehorizontalspace.Forexample,HelveticaLightCondensedisanarrowfontcommonlyusedintables.Thebearoffdistancesbetweentableentriescanbereducedtoeliminatewhitespaceandtherebyreducethewidthandheightofalargetable.Transposingrowsintocolumnsandviceversa[Williamson,BookDesign,p159]maymakealargetablefitthepage.Widetableswithmanycolumnsaretransposedintolongertableswithfewercolumns,andlongtableswithfewwf Xx!|ff"owf'x)ff*0vfE#fEfFbr^> #! ),N 4:< D \ g;Z # +T0s5(8=?#Z gD n$B&F*2R6 <DSXb g@ * '*M26N;>V/ g 7Lt! sRU g rN{  &*~.6#8=`ALI gpt!!',j0t7aLILI7< J g rPJJ*"%%,o.5T8?xC2G g  "&'*,]139@9CE g@"%q))0 9=C;C gx$h&m, 57 :@AM gu!#( 0t7 9>)Eg? g G  (* 52 w;A gTiAr7g$&+-1| ;@D&55 g  &*0A393 g { %|)+n.S2O47;@nB0 g w!$X'1+-14z83:=A. g4IZ 3'q*14Q:=As* g] w":r&')*04Q79>A$ gxQh $)- 1b37 @B" g *#^%c(+.03r69? S g~ |-&4p8C:>5A! g%+)v,i2'58A=C gUF (,O0e4S7,;\@n g` $(>*B-1K 9> gb!')k*0s3<?A&^*t/25);z=Q g #a&:*.%375H6:K  [&*/-t1KK29 9=vBuCr  gw 4# (,v1+49q@ g  (!%*$14b8<@TVm$x4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-14columnsaretransposedintowidertableswithmanycolumns.AtableanditstransposeareshowninFigure4-4.Notethatthestubheadsandspanningheadshavebeentransposedinanontrivialmatrixtranspositionthatpreservesthecolumnheadingrelationships.Onemustbecarefulabouttransposingstatisticaltablesthatmightimplyanincorrectcauseandeffectrelationship[Zeisel,Figures,p41].RowHeadRowHeadRowHeadStubHeadxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxCol.HeadCol.HeadCol.HeadCol.HeadCol.HeadSpanningHeadCol.HeadCol.HeadCol.HeadCol.HeadCol.HeadSpanningHeadxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxRowHeadRowHeadRowHeadStubHeadFigure4-4.TRANSPOSINGATABLEmayhelpmakeatablefitonthepage.Thetoptableiswidewithmorecolumnsthanrows.Thebottomtableisthetransposeofthetoptableandisnarrowerwithfewercolumnsthanrows.LongTablesSometablescanbemadeshorterbyfoldingalongcolumnintomultiplecolumns.Forinstance,onelonglistofnamesinasinglecolumnwouldbecometwoormorelistsofnames.Thisfoldingtradesoffshortertablelengthwithincreasedtablewidth.Longtablesthatexceedthepageheightmustbebrokenintosmallertables.Breakingatableissimilartobreakinglinesoftextatpageboundaries,andsimilaralgorithms[Plass,OptimalPagination]canbeapplied.However,brokentablesmustintroducecontinuationheadingsinthesecondandsubsequentpartsofthetable.Thecontinuationheadingsmaybeverycomplicatedfunctionsofthetableentries:wf Xx!|ff"owf'x)ff*0vfE#fEfFbr^ g !f&*.p2:49<CZ gU^   ', 69A Xb gZ #B&*-K27o @- V/ gz< E'&+.3i t_D6D.D'DPF>_F6F.F'FPI>_I6I.I'IPJK&/#xLD@B[) gku g&;#s" gr$Pg"(|*015;? g4!/$').0216<A gSe!%C*/2s8 < A2 g  !$h(V-h139v<BT ga"(,.2 37 @" g t""U#w r"*-0%7> g3 &+- /17e: C? gxQo #k*L-0?3 = DQ g@VKTVm$4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-15``Itwouldbeaskingratheralotofapagemake-upprogramtoinsertcarriedforwardandbrought-forwardtotalsautomaticallyatatablebreak,andindeedthesewereoftenomittedwhentablesweremade-upbythehandcompositor.''[Phillips,TabularComposition,p23-11]Thecontinuationheadingscanbesuppliedinthetableinputasvariantsoftheregularheadings.Whenatableisbrokenthenthesevariationscanbeused.Brought-forwardtotalscouldbesuppliedautomaticallywhenthetablestructureandcontentisrecognizedwithintheformattingprogram,forexample,infinancialspreadsheets.Thisisaninstanceofaparticulartableentry(atotal)thatmightcomputeitselfonbehalfofthetableformatter(forthecurrenttotalofallformattedentries).Anextensibletablecontentstructure,suchasthatdescribedinChapter5,providesageneralmechanismforincorporatingself-totalingtableentriesandothercontinuationheadings.WideTablesAtablethatiswiderthanitislongmaybemadetofitthepagebyrotatingthetableandprintingitbroadside.Abroadsidetablehasthelongdimensionofthetablealongthelongdimensionofthepage,thatis,rotated90"sotherowsreadupthepageandthecolumnsreadfromlefttoright.Right-handpagesarepreferredforsuchtablessinceaturnedbookwillpresentthebroadsidetableclosertothereader[Williamson,BookDesign,p271].Broadsidetables(orillustrations)impactpagecomposition,becausethesepagesaretypicallydesignedwithpagenumbersinadifferentpositionandwithoutrunningheads(otherwisethepagenumberswouldappearinadifferentorientationtothebroadsidetableanddetractfromthereadabilityofthefacingpage).Insteadofrotatingtheentiretabletomakeawidetablefitthepage,itmaybesufficienttorotatethetextofcolumnheadingstoreadvertically.Especiallywhenthecolumnheadingsaremuchwiderthanthecolumnentries,turningthetextsothatitreadsupwardswithsuccessiveheadinglinestotherightreducesthecolumnwidth.Ifcolumnheadingsinabroadsidetableareturned,theyshouldinsteadhavethedescenderstotheleft,otherwisethetextwouldappearupsidedownonthepage[Williamson,BookDesign,p159].Widetablesmaybeformattedasatwo-pagespreadacrosstwofacingpages.Atwo-pageuprighttablewouldappearwiththeboxheadspreadacrossthebindinggutter.Atwo-pagebroadsidetableispossiblewiththerowssplitacrossthegutter.Continuationheadingsmaynotbeneededinatwo-pagebroadsidetable,butwouldbeifthetablecontinuedontosubsequentpages.wf Xx!|ff"owf'x)ff*0vfE#fEfFbr^LQ#%')*.5xC\ %c) 356:?CZ!&O*.57:> tXb f #$ZrU[ #&(/14~8<>E'S) g@!#'1(.2O6 > ACnP g^!$@* 59<\@sN gD $' /69f@aL g !f#%n+-/A 6:?A J_ gOW!&(+/7#:d==BH- gxfS" )-3 ;>@E g/ $&+479 C g f}"&k /s? gr<T#$&k*#-0468;?A9 g@Vu99~r&)99')195O8B;>7 gxQh x(|*-f157:<}>7r7@B"5| gTcQ #m)-146; 3J g!&6*Z+15D8x>C1 g !t&11' .2[7[8r;11<. g C"& 0Y7 ;_?, g!(c*g+28<%B3* g &+134};D CE(N g M $' /149%H %H)^+c/1:559L;x>QBDD# g "$*137d ? g #Q',0N3'9>D g&!%r -'3i7J9N<'@#~ g@3")+,4}8;^AL glZ3 &(+e.6'9BC+ gCuYTrr$)-037=!Au grO!)u-/?59H\ gpu#7)z,/358>CZ goP"a% -1F8<@W  #j) ,v236I:`> U[ g")w+{.T158<>S) g!t&->4:8:A)P gYU!Y' 0#2'5<@qI g` !$) wE gT p#](+8rB#"b)y.1:5P =o?#@? g !K )+/'6I9=BD= g~*%'@,D/3u: D; g@W M '.2_:!<2?ZA_9O gT %T .c5:n=97 g ? v#* 160:;@+4 gK$ C#(}/i2 :=AF,2 g!h *024 =0 g  -P!1"( 1:oD  R g} ! +.29 <?B gx v& /29H@) gM&Z#*X03q7`:9>A g t !(!,R.W369? go-1"} *3,7/3@ ;5?V g #]'?+/x3K79=:@$ g  &) 14e7=?  g! &-/42 5; C g 3 ' )+/25z8S@TVm$Q4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-17Differentformatterschoosetointerpretthetabstopdifferentlyasdeterminingaposition(Runoff)oracolumn(Scribe).TheentriesinFigure4-5arealignedattabstopsaccordingtothedifferentinterpretationsmadebytheRunoffclassofformattersandbyScribe.^^^centerrightleftScribe^^^centerrightleftRunoff/troffFigure4-5.TABSTOPSareinterpreteddifferentlybyvariousdocumentcompositionsystems.Thefirstrowtreatsatabstopasanalignmentpositionfortext;thetextisalignedatthetabstop.Thesecondrowtreatsapairoftabstops(oratabstopandthepagemargin)asdefiningacolumnwithinwhichtextisaligned.Definingacolumntobethespacebetweentwotabstopscreatesaninconsistentnotionofacolumn.Twoshortpiecesoftextcanbepositionedinthesamecolumnifthefirstisleft-alignedandthesecondright-aligned;twolongerpiecesoftextwillbepositionedindifferentcolumns.Thetabstopdefiningacolumndoesnotimplyaboundary,onlyanalignmentpoint.Alonglineoftextisnotfoldedwhenthetextextendsbeyondthenexttabstop.Thuseditingthetextentrymayresultinaligningitinadifferentcolumnthanbefore.Tabstopsprovideonlyaverylimitedtableformattingfunctionalitywithfewtypographicfeatures.Theyarenotsatisfactoryformosttables,yettheyaretheonlytableformattingcapabilitiesofferedbyseveraldocumentcompositionsystems.Thetabstopmodelbreaksdowncompletelywhentableentriesmustbefoldedfromonelinetothenext.Thenextsectiondiscussesthefirstrealtableformatteravailablewithanelectronicdocumentcompositionsystem.4.4.2tblPreprocessorThetbltableformatter[Lesk,tbl]fortroffisapreprocessorthatacceptsatabledefinitionandgeneratesformattercommandstorenderthetable.Thetabledefinitionisintwoparts:thetablearrangementpartandthetablecontentpart.Thesepartsmaybeintermingledtokeepthearrangementdefinitionclosetotheaffectedcontent.Thelastrowdefinitionisreusedwhenevermorerowcontentsareencounteredthandefinedinthearrangementpart.Thetablearrangementsmayincludespannedheadingsacrossarbitrarycolumnsorrows.However,thespecificationofspannedcolumnheadingsiswf Xx!|ff"owf'x)ff*0vfE#fEfFbr^ g  "),/m2 ;= FV\ g# *K-35 :_=7@EZ g@q&16 8n;GADXb g Q gV/;#tL61L,L$N0FN*N$NQx61Qx,Qx$Sy4Sy*Sy$Sy xI gyIIIxIc $R *,1h7 ?PE6G gI ha% &h+-13t6K7<~>,@BE g@pQR "^%(%)Y+.1Q36<=BC g9[F gA;#r>  "T%-)0%3Z63:c?< g g%(-147E:S< D:\ g@pc !M# +.17H A8* go!K )O+S29=?5 gPC! %'#/25 <B!C3 g#C&)_/_5D8;>C<1 g W$&,.o0s18>BY.P]!"{&&+/ 7 AEX,Z g u #& /615; =AxDB*' g 6 U $*,2w:- ' gnC"T', 4{8=BX% g1r w#P(+n/4;>jA# g}"b$ ,63 =;w g~T~wo r~Ir:Qt""&r)B~+-r2`45y ?Bv g  p#+:35:=Bw g}  #&y* 4 7:=AE gj )w+|/w2P ; Cn gkDv!$(. /1p6>)Bs g ""(*- 7W 6 !f%*1b8C= g !$X -/6e@-S) gkD[$3)1W3~9S)S):rP g oH '+.:5:|<N g % K X #C%,y.}3 57b<>@I ga> #+$+.2~9II:rI@2GZ gY! $(*0469 E( g B"]P!1&P))-@/D06=nAv? g3;. ~&??'r?*2"4 >r= g]!M$')5-58B=zBIC; g* "%;)R/4U7>@9X g $%),w3>69=D7& g 6> !%(c,z4 n$&.U~04 4 1r64 4 ~8+4 4 9Tr4 DBME[# g!$'2 . ~ Ir : #& .>0C :> g  $&-0d39@{ g1F %,w.2u5qr g Z # ,/~4"5Kr:  g<~@ir[~r&Z,@-08>;rBm~ gr%)+ /"13 ;WB~C\Dr g~r[3!(,237: @S g~ SS"rS~SSrSS ~#SS$rS* 4H8^:AC ! g 7 TVm$4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-194.4.3TEXThereisnotableformattingpreprocessorforTEX.Equivalentfunctionalityisprovidedthroughextensivemacros[Knuth,TheTEXbook,Chapter22].TheTEXhalign(horizontalalignment)primitivedefinesatemplateforthetablelayoutthatspecifiesaseparateformattingenvironmentforeachcolumn.Successiverowsofthetablethenmatchentriesinthepreamble.Complicationsarisewhenintroducinghorizontalandverticalrules.SophisticatedknowledgeofTEXisrequiredtomasterthem[Knuth,TheTEXbook,Chapter22].TheLaTEXmacropackage[Lamport,LaTEX]providesaspecificationlanguagesimilartotblfordefiningtables.Thetabletopologyisdefinedassuccessiverowsofcolumnentrieswithverticalrulecodes.TheLaTEXschemeprovidesamorerobustimplementationthantblsinceitisbasedontheTEXboxandglueabstraction,whereastblsimulatesthisabstractionwithtroffmacros.Thedifferenceisrevealedinthesuccesswithintegratingmathematicalnotationintables.LaTEXprovidesamorereliableandpredictabletableformattercomparedtotblandeqnwhichmayfailinunexpectedwayswheninteractionsbetweenthetwopreprocessorsoccur.However,theLaTEXtableformattingmacrosdonotensurethataestheticlayoutiseasilyaccomplished.TheLaTEXmanualcautionsauthorsofcomplextablesthatsomefinalhandtuningofthespacearoundboxeswillberequiredtoachievethebestresults[Lamport,LaTEX,p105].4.4.4TABLENoneofthesepreviousapproachesprovideinteractivetabledesigncapabilities.Theyareallbatch-orientedformatters.TheTABLEeditor[Biggerstaff,TABLE]isaprototypeinteractivegraphicseditordevelopedforeditingcomplexstructures.Theprototypeeditorprovidesaninteractivefrontendtothetblformatteraspartofanexperimentinobject-orientedprogramming.Theobjectsimplementedweretablesandtext.Operationsonobjectswouldbedeterminedbythenatureoftheobjects,suchasdeletingaroworcolumnfromthetable.EditorsweretoprovideWYSIWYGfeedbacksothatthescreenimagewouldbeidenticaltotheprintedform.Severalsoftwareengineeringconcernsaboutobject-orientedprogrammingweretestedinthisexperiment,suchastheeaseofbuildingandmodifyinganeditor,andtheresponsivenessofeditinginteractions.Theresultsfavorthefirsttwocriteriabutraisedsomeconcernsaboutthelatter.TheTABLEprototypeisaWYSIWYGeditorfortablestructures.Thetablelayoutispresentedgraphically.Thelayoutoftableobjectsisaccomplishedwithwf Xx!|ff"owf'x)ff*0vfE#fEfFbw^ gTx^yw^`r[9 $ .{1+tZ2@r[3(6 >` X gZ"}t( XX(-C0|X1tX16;r=XX?SBtXCrXD~V grV ^ $+1j29 F gTfX!f'1*003tG4rF5TtF<6jrF7R9.?EDP g !~%pDPDP&rDP)-/H058:tD <rDP<>BB g ~ BB JrB#;*k- 5~9BB:rB@? g G!$*Z. 6Z @~= gk(t>F>r=t=sr= i!&+/? 7;; g~;;=r;.~q;;r;!&i*,. 7;9U g ?! ,6N(t6r6Nt6r6N# +1n36<?t4 gk  "&\t4'rr4(t3)-r4*+18N>4@E1 gz &(*/`59<?@E/ gM&t//-$5|0E%t/%|/q&t/'A)'*rr,//w+ gxT++Hr(GX!B )/ 7<% g 5S *L 3=t6%%7r%;t@%%A # gr#) $+307:@%!m g Z$+V- 59=?~A!m!mCr: g.? &6(:3 >BV g c^"U& /1{7< >]  g!%'-/924:>A g$$t1r&-/125h:y?UDZq g"(/5 8'>? g "& *,/ 9 <>AEM g;$ x%(+ 68>i  gG "(U+V0%4o;C?B t r d!t" $_r */2d6z ?Bm gk  $',.2869 D)TVm$4TABULARCOMPOSITION4-20thetblpreprocessor.ThisprovidesTABLEwithsufficientlayoutgeneralitybutwiththeassociatedperformancepenaltyofusingbatchprograms.Thepaperrecommendsdevelopingacustompost-processorforaproductionsystem[Biggerstaff,TABLE,p343].TheuserinteractswithTABLEobjectsthroughaselectionmechanism.Thegranularityoftableselectionsaretheentiretable,atableelement,orselectionswithintheobjectcontainedinthetableelement.Positioningcommandsallowtheusertotraversethetablestructurealongrowsorcolumnsandfromthetabletowithinthetableelementobjects.TheTABLEprototypesucceededinprovidingagraphicalinterfacetocomplextablestructures.TabledesignscouldbegeneratedmorequicklyandmoreaccuratelywithTABLEthanbycodingtblcommandsdirectly.However,TABLEinheritedfromtbltheresourcerestrictions,thelackofobjectstructurecharacteristicoftroffpreprocessors,andthesluggishperformanceofalargebatchformatter.TABLElacksoperationssuitedtothelogicalstructureoftablesthroughlimitationsinitsinternaltabledatastructureanditsselectionmechanism.ThereisnostyleprovisioninTABLE,possiblybecausetbldidnotprovideonetobeinherited.wf Xx!|ff"owf'x)ff*0vfE#fEfFbr^ g~@^^ir^[ !t(f^^)Mr^-1d 8= E3\ g!  $M*&,705=p@Z g  % 0f34{ <tXb g rIXbXbU\Ct U\U\!rU\&B+23t:: CS) g  "T%',1-26=U?s P g_J "%)1 9AN g@!(-N1<3Z9=.ACDL gkdz ItIIrId')1929@GZ g $M*.08<BE( g tt.E(E(rE(!s%:'~,E(E(.&rE(19]@XtB grB~BBrB #*O 359j;{@f@ g J~[@@r@ )o,/5 ?xAB> g t;>>#r>" */w1{4T9@pB<^ g % )6,3694:, g "*t,:,:,,r0:,:,18"~>J:,:,?tr:,BeEX7 gt >TVm$  XEROXBOOK MATHY TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN HELVETICA TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN TIMESROMANY HELVETICA HELVETICAY TIMESROMAN TIMESROMANY TIMESROMANY TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN 9 %$-b5"<CK T\dk t| j/[]<>Beach>Thesis>Chapter4.Tioga"Saturday, May 4, 1985 10:32 am PDT