3GraphicalStyle3.1ProducingHighQualityIllustrationsThischapteraddressestheproblemsofproducinghighqualityillustrationsindocuments.Inparticular,theissuesofensuringstylisticconsistencyamongagroupofrelatedillustrationsandofreusingillustrationsindifferentmediaorfordifferentpurposesarepresented.Theconceptofgraphicalstyleisintroducedtodealwithbothoftheseproblems.Theillustrationsconsideredherearetwo-dimensionalimagesformedwithlines,curves,areas,scannedrasterimages,andtext.Three-dimensionalimagesmustcurrentlybereducedtotwo-dimensionalrepresentationsfordisplayingonscreensorprintingindocuments.Theconceptofgraphicalstylehoweverextendsgracefullytostructuredimagerenderingsystemsofanydimension.TheresearchintographicalstyleforillustrationswasconductedatXeroxPARCin1982.ThatworkresultedinapapercoauthoredwithMaureenStoneandpresentedatthe1983ACMSIGGRAPHconference[Beach&Stone,GraphicalStyle].Thepaperreportsonaprototypeimplementation,TiogaArtwork,intheCedarprogrammingenvironment[Teitelman,Cedar]usingtheTiogadocumentstructureandtheCedarGraphicsimagingsoftware[Warnock&Wyatt,CedarGraphics].Thischapterprovidesadditionalbackgroundtotheproblemandsummarizesthemainfeaturesofthegraphicalstyleprototype.FewofthedocumentcompositionsystemsoutlinedinChapter2canintegrateillustrationswithintheelectronicmanuscriptfile.Thosethatcanimposesevererestrictionsontheachievablequality:picandidealproduce3-1p\d gWn g#0 g>J;#q;D g$ r8=oU #y*,48l= 6 gk  !$)Q+b27 @F3 g6H !$&, 57>wCmE1 g. %o(.s11128r1<> /t gk(-+ 4| <@|-B gJ$',16;<A+ g!'q+24;6( g$1& .1+68?I& g -I!Z(~,Q28 @$x g 9 &(+ !r$$'* 36>@t@ gr@&@(D).R 6:A g*t #r, t4i4 =DrGl gy}%c1 <>A g  t \ 'r,.03l8?w g $2t*ww+& 6 r?hwwAD gN )+.5F8 AyDR g"}  arK  )P/P57>6? g;  !?$ + 4"8<@V g {!$ ,u2 4r 7 u:L ;vr @v)()*heTVm$@3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-2linedrawingswithonlyasinglelineweight,andtheXeroxStardoesnotoutputtotypeset-qualitydevices.Illustrationsformanytypesetdocumentsarepreparedbyskilleddraftsmenandthenmanuallypastedontothefinaltypesetpages.Inthepast,computer-generatedillustrationshavebeeneasytoidentifybytheirpoorquality,especiallyinauthor-preparedmanuscriptsthatfeaturediagramspreparedonpen-plotterswithirregularcharactershapes.Thisisnotanewproblembroughtonbycomputertechnology,butonewhichhasalwaysexisted.Alltoooftentheillustrationsinabook,especiallyinatechnicalbook,donotreceivethesameproductiontreatmentasthetext.Somepublishersrequiretheauthortopreparetheillustrationswhileothersprovideminimalresourcesforcreatingillustrationartwork.``Whentheauthor'scontractstipulatesthatheistosupplyillustrationcopy,hemaychoosetodrawithimselforgetitdrawnbysomebodyelsewhosemainqualificationforthetaskisthathewillmakenochargeforit,ornexttonone.Theresultingmaterialmaybeclearenoughtoexplainitsmeaningbutincapableofadequatereproductionortooirregularindrawingtoappearinawell-producedbook.''[Williamson,BookDesign,p258]Theincentiveforthisresearchwastodeveloptoolsforusebyanauthorwhochoosestodrawillustrationshimselfyetwishestoachieveagraphicartsstandardofquality.3.1.1TextBookIllustrationsTwocollegetextbooks[Dyck,PASCAL][George&Liu,SparseMatrices]formattedandtypesetbytheauthorofthisthesisarerepresentativeofthedifficultiesoneencountersinproducingpublishablequalityillustrations.Bothbooksareheavilyillustrated:thefirstbookcontainsover150linedrawingsandthesecondabout80.Bothbookscontainhundredsofcomputerprogramfragmentsandmanymathematicalequations,typographicrequirementsthatareoftendifficultandexpensivewhenpreparingtextbookswithoutelectroniccompositiontools.Thecomputerprogramfragmentscouldbetreatedastextandsimplytypesetwithanappropriatefonttoresemblethefixed-widthcharactersonacomputerlineprinter.Themathematicalequationswereformattedwithasystemsimilartoeqn.Howevertherewerenosupporttoolsforpreparingtheillustrationswhichwereultimatelydrawnbyhandandpastedontothefinalpages.Thenumerousillustrationsinthetwotextbookprojectscouldbegroupedintoafewcategories:mathematicalgraphsofcurvescompletewithaxes,tickmarks,andlabels;syntaxchartsforaprogramminglanguage;datastructurewf!~"x$;ff%9w,fxf-vfEfFfG)r^ g]{$/'p-.0q3J8@;?B~\ gk D )Q,06$>yADZ g")/)259?@DXb g@"" *.268>AV/ gUH + 58{>S gc ")l0Po#{#),O.6 >AN gD7} "%*, 579/= E;L g U$L'%+U 3;8=<@J` g !&(.1 :? H- gt '") 1`E'y%G ,02{4E6`; D(B+z!#)+.0t58)@'C@  J#3&(r+.D16 8=@BD>t!D'+_-179?A<^*#3 -/#28:AC:+ t#\:+:+# +^.35Gr7% g#)&](b.25A84:<B04 gtx !'X*/O1T798>A2 gxw. gTP r+ {Ft!+ + !x%z+ , 499r+ ?Q( g@z!$),S 68; C& g  'v, 6:?B$u g !%)Q,j/69<B>"B ge%'/)5={@  g  h 'v 1r47;B( gf#)'. 5 >C gy" &).037Cnu gr #9)H-C/7r:K C0 gb $6#' ,80 26 #%(+/3>9f=@H g6]  &,.31:H>B  w g5T$$&(9 2:=TVm$3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-3diagramsconsistingofshadedboxesforvariablesandcurvedarrowsforpointers;sparsematrixlayoutsdepictinganarrangementofnonzeroelements;andschematicdiagramstoillustrateexamplesorexercisesattheendofthechapters.Ensuringthatthedraftsmanpreparedalloftheillustrationsfromaparticularcategoryinaconsistentmannerproveddifficult.Severalfactorsvaried:choiceoflineweight,reductionpercentageforillustrationsdrawnlargerthanfinishedsize,positioningandstyleoftickmarksongraphs,treatmentofpointsalongacurve,treatmentofarrowsandarrowheads,andthetypographyoftextlabelsongraphs.Figure3-1isanexampleofoneofthemathematicalgraphsfromtheComputingtextbook./,/;//,/;EPFlH;Gv/;/EPFlH;Gv//,EPFlHx;Gv0Ft0Ut070Ft0UFRGDZ;0F#GFt0Ut07FRGDZ;0U#GFt070FFRGDZ;07#GF676667E\EC ===0D@76E\EC ==0Dπ66E\EC==0Dπ66E\EC =^=0Dπ == == =^ == =EF_E +CFS`EO`DFEX@ ==E\EDP@#B? ? DDB@CT#B#uAEED@)@+ Fv`DvC@DP= =^EF_E *FS`EO`DFEX@ =^ ==E\EDP@#A? ? DDB@CT#A#AEED@)@+ F/`DvC@DP+CFS+ Fv*FS+ F/+CFS+ FvFVEB D*'Dƀ6JDED@9+ Fv*FSFVEB D*'Dƀ6&DAED@9*FS+ F/FVEB D*'Dƀ6DED@9+ F/+CFSFVEB D*'Dƀ6&CED@96JD6&DA6D6&C6JD6&DAEw C9A EO`CCF6&DA6DEwC9uB  EO`CCF6D6&CEw C9RA EO`CCF6&C6JDEwC9uA EO`CCF 0F =+ FS+ 0F 0F+ 0F+ FS6&D6&0F+ 0F 0F =6&D6&0F 0Fyxf(x)ab(a+b)/2TrapezoidalRuleforn=1andn=2. ,0F 0U 07 ,0F 0UCT ,/D@ DF 0U 07CT /D@ DF 07 ,0FCT /D@ DF+20F+0U+07+20F+0UCT+2/D@ DF+0U+07CT+/D@ DF+07+20FCT+/D@ DF680F60U607680F60UCT68/D@ DF60U607CT6/D@ DF607680FCT6/D@ DF ,0F 0U 07 ,0F 0UEFi ,=GGp( 0U 07EFi =GGp( 07 ,0FEFi =rGGp( ,= = =r ,= =ED0F0E68D8GwFp'0 = =rED0F0E6D-8GwFp'0 =r ,=ED0F0E6D8GwFp'068D6D-6D68D6D- E@0680FGk(F`6D-6D E@060UGk(F`6D68D E@0607Gk(F`680F60U607680F60U0E' ,0FGwF060U6070E' 0UGwF0607680F0E' 07GwF0+20F+0U+07+20F+0UE0F0+2FSGw'+0U+07E0F0+FbGw'+07+20FE0F0+FCGw'+2FS+Fb+FC+2FS+FbEi DTFX068DE@F EF+Fb+FCEi DTFX06D-E@F EF+FC+2FSEi DTFX06DE@F EF68D6D-6D68D6D- E@0680FGk(F`6D-6D E@060UGk(F`6D68D E@0607Gk(F`680F60U607680F60U Ei+20FFFX060U607 Ei+0UFFX0607680F Ei+07FFX0 ,0F 0U 07 ,0F 0UEFi ,=GGp( 0U 07EFi =GGp( 07 ,0FEFi =rGGp( ,= = =r ,= =EiET `FX0FF+2FS FF@p = =rEiET `FX0FF+Fb FF@p =r ,=EiET `FX0FF+FC FF@p+2FS+Fb+FC+2FS+Fb0E'+20FGwF0+Fb+FC0E'+0UGwF0+FC+2FS0E'+07GwF0+20F+0U+07+20F+0U Ei ,0FFFX0+0U+07 Ei 0UFFX0+07+20F Ei 07FFX0Figure3-1.TRAPEZOIDALRULEFIGUREfromComputing[Dyck,Computing]redrawnwiththeGriffinillustratorusingastylefaithfultothehand-drawnoriginal.Thisillustrationwillbeusedinseveralexamplesinthischapter.(UsedwithpermissionfromRestonPublishingCo.)Tocontrolthisvariation,guidelinesweredrawnuptoestablishthedesiredchoices.Anaxislinewasalwaystobedrawnwithathinline;thedatacurvewouldbedrawnwithaheavierline;pointsalongthecurvewouldbedotsofacertainradius;tickmarkswouldbeaspecifiedlength;arrowswouldbendapreferredwayandhaveacertainkindofarrowhead.Textcaptionsandlabelsprovedtobethemosttroublesometohandle.Thebookdesignershadtakengreatadvantageoftheflexibleelectronicdocumentcompositionsystemtouseseveralfontsinadisciplinedway.Toensurethattheillustrationlabelsconformedtothetypographyofthebook,thelabelshadtobetypesetseparatelyandsuppliedtothedraftsman,whoeithercutandpastedthelabelsontothewf!~"x$;ff%9w,fxf-vfEfFfG)r^ go  "'X*04+9>A\ g^:#k% /P1a7?/Z g #*-358;>@Xb go!h(d*,/ 8<> V/ gb $ ) 06< AS gxx '%) 27<@GQ g !$),@19q;@zDO gQ )#k ,/2 ;_=p@EZMf g%'*,/ 9?.CDyK4 grK4 gI;# ### ### #### ###### #### ####xzG/*:?9..P5.P)+H !k#%%' ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ###x)2 g{)2)2 )2)2 @x)2%|(a)2)2)_{)2/[2 x)28>AC}'F g d!S# +04 ;=?wB%Z g6 $' .2 6 =g g#';#r !K "` */.*3<57>vAO g-F%')Z.k2%37:=AN gk#',138]=b?CHEY g_}$&(:/4:?CHW gQ?%(* 47>iA% gV/7 &(/26=A( gL^7# *2R ;AC g n !&3(.1m4F < g "I$Z'3+.3M68:@ \ gV[4 #`&+.169>pBCTVm$c3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-4artwork,orelserubbedoncustomizedtransferletteringdevelopedfromthetypesetlabels.Thegoalofthoseeffortswastoensureaconsistentappearanceamongalltheillustrationsineachcategory.Booksongraphicdesignurgethisdisciplineandconsistency:``Everyiteminthebookgainsinappealtothereader'seyefromitsrelationshipwithalltheotheritems.Somethingofafamilyresemblance,anappearanceofbeingasetofpicturesratherthanacollectionfromdisparatesets,mayconferthisadvantageontheillustrationsofanyedition.''[Williamson,BookDesign,p256]Thefirstproblemistoensureconsistencyamongasetofillustrations.Indevelopingtheillustrationstyleguidelines,severaliterationsbetweendesigneranddraftsmanwereneededtospecifythecorrectrulescompletely.Itbecameobviousthatthisiterativedesignprocesswasessentiallythesameprocessasspecifyingthebookdesignguidelinesbetweenagraphicdesignerandtheprogrammerofadocumentformattingpackage.Theconsistencyproblemforillustrationswouldbesolvedifonecouldcaptureandsharestyleguidelinesforrenderingcomputer-generatedillustrationsinpreciselythesamewaythatstyleguidelinesaredevelopedfortextpreparation.Thesecondproblemistoextendthelifetimeofillustrationsbeyondasimpleuse.Bothofthetextbookswereusedincollegecourses.Lecturersinthosecourseswantedtopresentoverheadtransparenciesoftheillustrations.Textbookpublishersoftensupplyinstructors'manualsfreeofchargewithtransparencymastersforcreatingoverheadslides.Alltoofrequentlytosavetimeandmoney,thepreparationofthesetransparencymastersisdoneneartheendofthebookproductioncycle(orafterward)frominexpensivetypewrittenillustrations.Itwouldbepreferabletohavethesameillustrationsfromthetextbookavailableastransparencymastersforoverheadslides.Inthepublishedformsofthetwotextbooks,thegraphsanddiagramsusedfinelinesandshadedtexturesappropriateforthetypesetmaterialsurroundingthem.Thosesamefinelinesandshadesdonotreproducewellontotransparencies.Foroverheador35mmslidesprojectedtoalargeaudience,thelinesmustbemuchdarker,thetextmuchbolder,andtheshadedtexturesmuchcoarseror(betterstill)displayedincolor.Theproblemofreusingillustrationsacrossdifferentmediawouldbegreatlyreducedifonecouldautomaticallyrendertheillustrationswithdifferentgraphicalattributessuitablefordifferentmedia.wf!~"x$;ff%9w,fxf-vfEfFfG)r^ g J  w )/5=A\ gY"F%z'~,.* 5 >iCW g@ %)%*,28 ;> U[ g RU=!A%R'*,D.069=? P"{!"*-.3 =? M=.#(,. 59A2DK #W&{ /25x ty@;? gq$*h- 5x8Q<BK= g )2 ] (,.05<?; g S! )(03 <C+9W g LQ!#j&+,14V8< DP7$ g" +-47c;>BZ4 g 6!$ 1: y"11#(3*02 r1;AtB/ gbj|U!f%a)C+G07>@- g2& 136 @oDC+T g Q &m,0M2^7;_ )" gY L"o'*- 57;??BH& g@ *h (./37:p=?B$ g  #' 0 9Z CF" gk !$h( 1}58k;? Y gk   'RV! #%)),l14}9=D g}" +.;16=  g""%E*,/7;A g$X"{$&*I.68 9p=D gG^M #' +1J47f<C2W g (}6$&+/457= $ gC "$Y)0149 g l!%'/ 6\8@IH gtHHE\ r"HH#&*p.^09o;s@ F gCtCCrCt CC!Y%rC+'.it1CC2Q6r9CC:<A g ?tArAd&+1e 9Am?^ g   $'+-0 8:B =, g "$'/ 7p;E=I@E3: gI!%"+16 ?8 g2%o'.3t6887 r8AB6 g;t66!6 _" r6-4h;>} 4b g*I '+}- 6:>DA20 g-  t%2020%20)/r203t6G20207q20: / gr// $(").,38 B*- g( &)-B.1d58 <>C/D+ gx ] (  k$?&D*24pt9g((:8r=G((>PA&a g|Xj= "( 0t3&a&a5/&a:Ar$. gj|B"$)P-1:8>6@;E ! g *%14q <?A g ^$*,015x7=C g@ ; "' /6t2j37 ?/rCwe g C$g*Z-[1/4":/ A{D+3 g@! &((9/A6e =@a g}[" t*~*6r;?Cu g2k|P $'.36=:@| gG!f&).n25 ?Ci gw $'*03 ;[=`A7 gx 2 &6),0]TVm$3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-6Thetroffpreprocessorsforillustrations,pic[Kernighan,pic]andideal[vanWyk,ideal],canproducesimplelinedrawings.Therearefewattributesforthegraphicalobjectsandnostylemechanism.Thelinedrawingcapabilitiesaredevicespecific,provideonlyasingledefaultlineweight,andareimplementedonsometypesettersbyoverlayingaprodigiousnumberofdotstoformconnectedcurves.TheXeroxStarprovidesacomprehensiveintegrationofgraphicswithinofficedocuments[Lipkie,StarGraphics].TheeditingandformattingenvironmentoftheXeroxStarpermitssimilaruserinteractiontechniquestobeusedacrossbothgraphicalandtextualmaterial.Inparticular,formattingattributesforbothtextualandgraphicalobjectsareassignedthroughthesamepropertysheetmechanism.However,thereisnogroupingorindirectionoftheseproperties.ConsideranexampleofthefrustrationthatoccurswhentherearegraphicalattributesbutnostylemechanismwhichoccurredatXeroxPARC.AGriffinillustrationofthreeroseswasselectedforuseinatradeshowdemonstrationofanewgraphicsprinter.Theoriginalillustrationhadredflowerpetalswithgreenleavesandstems.Unfortunately,thenewprintercouldproduceonlythreeshadesofgreyandnocolor.Theprintingsoftwaresubstitutedthesamegreypatternforbothredandgreencolors.Theresultwasaratherflatpicture.Tochangethecolorsoftheredpetals,greenstems,andgreenleavestothreedistinctgreysrequiredtediouslyapplyingstyleattributechangestoeachpetal,leafandstemofthethreerosesbyselectingeachoneindividually.Itwouldhavebeenmucheasierifthepetals,leaves,andstemseachreferredtoanamedsetofgraphicalattributesthatcouldbechangedoncetoaffectallreferences.Groupingandsharinggraphicalattributesintostylesisnotanewidea.AnearlyproposalbyThomasin1976forspecifyingdisplayparametersingraphicsprogramminglanguages[Thomas,GraphicsParameters]containstheessenceofthegraphicalstyleidea.TheGraphicalKernelSystem[ANSI,GKS]alsoprovidesamechanismforgroupinggraphicalattributesinto`bundles'thatareassignedtographicalobjectstoberenderedbyadisplayworkstation.However,theseideashaveneverbeenintegratedintodocumentcompositionsystemsordocumentstylemechanisms.3.3TheTiogaArtworkPrototypeTheTiogaArtworkprototypeillustrationsystemwasanexperimentalimplementationofgraphicalstyle.Anextendeddocumentstructurethatwf!~"x$;ff%9w,fxf-vfEfFfG)r^u^^Ir^ #&z u/^^0t^3 ;{r^>BuA^^Bt\ gkrO\\Xe &)X1Z6)8< ChZ g@d/!%q /25<# DXb g!#'-L06K9 g "T(+9.,0015: DF<^ gp ]&i .14:>Br:+ gC %9(+15< ?7 gj"R%, 2 ;=B 5 g#l)C,1:4n5:=DB3 g!&+.0%3g7<>1b g3}*$3*.5{;=A/0 g$&x-114: >\@, gU^H"!'@,/4U8)>x@}A* g% q"'])064%6):= 'P ]' .2768];P<@9D% g|5!%( 0H5 >Y@]#` g t=#`#`$:*" r#`18(;@B!. g^a',t2Q!.!.27r!.;>vE" g % -307;=D_ gl$h&(/- 7?1Co gU $+ 5;=:e g; q< g r b %8 -~268g / g ?P!t&O)007>TVm$3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-7incorporatesillustrationsandanextendedstylemachineryforgraphicalstyleattributeswereembeddedintotheexistingTiogadocumentcompositionsystemintheCedarprogrammingenvironment[Teitelman,Cedar].TheCedargraphicspackage[Warnock&Wyatt,CedarGraphics]providedthenecessarygraphicsrenderingalgorithms,includingdrawingstraightlinesandcurveswithdifferentthicknesses,shadingareaswithvariouscolorsortextures,typesettingtextwithgraphicartsfontsinvarioussizes,andrenderingcontinuoustoneimagesfromeitherscannedorsyntheticallycomputedsources.TheTiogaArtworkillustrationsystemisintegratedwiththeTiogadocumentformatterintwoways:thedocumentstructurewasextendedtoincludebothtextandillustrationobjects,andthestylemachinerywasextendedtoincorporategraphicalformattingattributes.Theresultingdocumentstructurefortextandillustrationobjectsprovidesarecursivenestingoftextwithinillustrationsandillustrationswithinotherillustrations.Suchanintegrateddocumentstructureprovidesthebasisforintegratingillustrationsintotheeditor,sincemanyoftheuserinteractiontechniquescanbemadesimilarfortextandgraphics,inthefashionoftheXeroxStaruserinterface.Thestylemachineryextensionsdefineadditionalgraphicalstyleattributesneededbytheillustrationrenderingalgorithms.Theseextensionstothedocumentstructureandstylemachineryprovidethebasisforseparatelyspecifyingtheform(orrendering)ofanillustrationfromthecontent(orgeometry)ofanillustration.3.3.1TiogaDocumentModelThedocumentmodelinTiogaisatreestructuredhierarchyofnodes,muchlikeNLS[Engelbart,NLS].Textualdocumentsaretypicallyorganizedasparagraphswithinsectionswithinchapters.Eachdocumentnodehastextualcontentandanassociatedpropertylist.Thepropertiesofanodeaffecttheformattingalgorithmsbysupplyingparametersorhints.wf!~"x$;ff%9w,fxf-vfEfFfG)r^ g  !$?+U/)7:9A\ g #+&,08m AZ gkD. w t*#ZZ* 1_r5VZZ6:g?PXb gtXbXb  rXb'.19?V/ g :"(|,]/48x?? S gk ($'- 6 9L=BQ gK'J /3r8=AO g L  %+^- 48;h@J` g ](.2+9A;FAEH. g !%#'/3:/<3 E g  #'g..5<?vBC g 7 "H)C.14G9f BKA g Lk (,/) 6>?d g $ -1949L=oAD =2 g 2 m#{%*O/2k58?A; g2C# *.T2':9 B/8 g )M &m,+.1e 96 g 3 {!Y)/347?E&1c gp  "y%o1c1c%r1c)S, 46%8x @Dy/0 gr/0$! w+W gT r'}!&(E), 4<>(CT%K gt%K%K%K rE%K%K$-@0 6>6# g  %;,08<? gM &R* -t 567H8<A^ g  & /1TVm$3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-8"3.1ProducingHighQualityIllustrations"(Format,head)"Z"Z"sZ"sZ#Z#Z#Z#Z$Z$Z$Z$Z\\ZZ\ZZ Z ZZ'"T&T&Q'"Q'"T&Q&Q>ZQ>ZQ&Q>7Q>ZQ>ZT>7T>7Q>ZS>ZT&T&S>ZS\\W4W4\W{W4 W4 W{W{"3GraphicalStyle"(Format,chapter)#V`#V`#R#R#V`#S#R#R#S#S#R'"R'"S#S X aX aV= V= X aV` aV=7V=7V` aV`7V=7V=7X7X7V=7X`7X aX aX`7X`)VQ)Q)Nb)VNb)VQ)VN)VNb)Nb)N)N)Nb,Nb,N)N"Thischapteraddressestheproblems..."(Format,paragraph),O,O,Mk,Mk,O,M,MkCMkCM,MCMkCMkCOCOCMkCOCO,O,OCO"Theresearchintographicalstyle..."(Format,paragraph),KI,KI,I,I,KI,I&,ICICI&,I&CICICKICKICICK%CKI,KI,K%CK%)VQ)Q)I)VI)VQ)J@)I,I,J@)J@)VQ)Q)E)VE)VQ)E)E,E,E)E.E.E.E.E/E/E/E/E1E1E0E0E#V`#V`#A(#A(#V`#An#A('"A('"An#An"3.2PreviousWork"(Format,head)'"Bw&Bw&@1'"@1'"Bw&@T&@1>Z@1>Z@T&@T>7@1>Z@1>ZBw>7Bw>7@1>ZBT>ZBw&Bw&BT>ZBT)V@T)@T)<)V<)V@T)V=)V<)<)=)=)<,<,=)="Mostearliercomputer-based..."(Format,paragraph),>,>,;,;,>,;,;C;C;,;C;C;C>C>C;C=C>,>,=C="ThePICTURElanguage..."(Format,paragraph),9,9,7_,7_,9,7,7_C7_C7,7C7_C7_C9C9C7_C9C9,9,9C9)V@T)@T)8V)V8V)V@T)8)8V,8V,8)8)V@T)@T)3)V3)V@T)44)3,3,44)44.44.3.3.44/44/3/3/441441303044\\//\// / //"4TabularComposition"(Format,chapter) 0 a0 a. . 0 a. a.7.7. a.7.7.70707.7070 a0 a070#.#.#+#+#.#+b#+#+#+b#+b#+'"+'"+b#+b)V+b)V+)+)+b*q+b*q+**+**+b++b+++D++D+b(Style,WaterlooThesis)\\&&\&& & &&"&"&"s&"s&#&#&#&#&$&$&$&$&Figure3-2.THETIOGADOCUMENTSTRUCTUREisahierarchicalstructureoftextnodes.Eachnodeisshownasatextphraseenclosedinabox.Thehierarchicalstructureisshownbylinesconnectingboxes:linesdownindicatesiblingrelationships(severalsectionheadingswithinachapter);linestotherightindicatechildren(chapterscontainsectionheadingsthatinturncontainparagraphs).Eachnodehasapropertylistshowninparenthesesontopofthenodebox.Therootofthestructurehasaproperty,(Style,WaterlooThesis),thatdefinesthestyledictionaryappropriateforformattingPhDdissertations.Formattingstylerulepropertiesoneachtextnodeidentifyagroupofformattingattributes.wf!~"x$;ff%9w,fxf-vfEfFfG) g`;#}R(*0D36 T(, W!|#(Y9!|&  N6-049p;V@*@APg-22 I-0p47;>U??K-22  @(*/xC,(,  <-04f v>-22 ~8*-}.I8*8*/06:;P;~; x$_ g{$_$_$_$_$_"nx$_)+j, 49;>rC."s g.[S+%&'+p.I 5;=A;C g Up#' /59?UCw g:t-"'G-;2"6A  g   ( /25 <>AQD( gOd  g;# vTVm$A3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-9TwostandardpropertiesforTioganodesareStyleandFormat.(Propertynamesandvaluesaredistinguishedbyaspecialtypefaceinthischapter).TheStylepropertyidentifiesadictionarythatbindsstylerulenamestoformattingattributes.Theremaybeanynumberofstyledictionaries,correspondingtokindsofformatteddocumentssuchasCedarforprogramsourcecodefiles,orBlueAndWhiteforXeroxPARCTechnicalReports(whichhappentohaveblueandwhitecovers).TheFormatpropertyidentifiesastyleruleinthecurrentstyledictionary.Thestylerulenameforaparticularnodeisusuallychosentorelatetosomesemanticnotioninthedocument,suchasparagraph,head,oritem.FormattingattributesintheTiogastylemachineryaredefinedbyformattingalgorithmswhichregisteranattributenameandadefaultvalue.Stylerulesaresetsofinterpretedinstructionsthatassignvaluestotheformattingattributes.Forinstance,theparagraphstylerulesetsthetypesizefornormaltext,theheadruleincreasesthetypesizeandsetsthefontbold,andtheitemruleincreasestheleftindent.Thehierarchicalpathfromtheroottothenodeformsasearchpathforlocatingattribute-valuebindingssimilartoprogramminglanguagescoping.AStylepropertyestablishestheidentifieddictionaryasacurrentscopeforallnodesinthesubtreespannedbythatnode.Attributesareassignedtheirvaluesbywalkingthesearchpathandexecutingeachstyleruleinturn.Aformattingstyleruleisfoundbysearchingforthestyleruleinthesetofnestedscopes.AnextensivecachingmechanismintheTiogastylemachinerymakesthistraversalefficient.TheexistingTiogastylemechanismdealswithabout50textformattingattributes.TheseformatpropertiesareanalogoustodeclarativetagsinJanusorEtude,andtheformattingattributestheydescribearesimilartopropertiesintheXeroxStar.However,unlikeNLSandTioga,thoseotherdocumentcompositionsystemslackanexplicitstructureddocumentmodel.3.3.2ArtworkClassNodesToextendtheTiogadocumentmodeltoincorporateillustrations,anewnodeproperty,ArtworkClass,wasdefinedtodistinguishtheillustrationnodecontentfromplaintext.TheArtworkClasspropertyisinterpretedbythedocumentformatterwhichtreatsthenodecontentasthespecificationofanillustration.wf!~"x$;ff%9w,fxf-vfEfFfG)r^{5 !$)N.u0^^2r^7Hu:^^;rA^^\ g !$# -0Y17=?Z guQZZzrZ$x +- 48!<@uXb g  #(,j.18:,= V/ g )-'L/3uu5yV/V/6rV/;>S gouSS rS*,t1SS2rS6B=Q g!i$),/u3@QQ4irQ:O g -1! &* 3f6:> BE=Mf g U$&+c-g18=?K4 g\u`K4K4r$K4K4u%K4K4'r*K4K4+u-K4K4.r2NK4K4H. X !$)(,5 7=@9 E g c:!(<,/1c6r?dB!=2 gU.!:, #&*?,D/3@79Y>kB37 g$[)+ 6=D u5 gr5 !$ + 357%<AqD!3 g)-"W$(-A 57>_BN1c g #+J/26[8_=> /0 g;Y6#&)k->0258:?LE, g"-$1' +/7<?* g CO!%.l26V:=E( g  % !$r,&.+ 6q9;@mB#a g  !%,.4I6N >@B!/ gYtj!/!/r!/ $)--19  gf1 %-w# gT"rIK,&+- 6 @Ai gu r%&)/1 :4=  gq#u&j' r4;=g E g@A#'*k.4t6x9Q BD g TVm$3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-10Duringdevelopmentoftheprototype,theTiogaeditorwasnotmodifiedandthusdidnotrecognizethenewArtworkClassproperty.Thecontentoftheseartworknodeswasatextualrepresentationofillustrations.Therefore,theTiogaeditordisplayedthemastextandcouldnotpresenttheimagesinaWYSIWYGfashion.FutureimplementationoutlinedinChapter6willinvolvemodifyingtheeditortoprovideageneralmechanismforWYSIWYGeditingclassesofnontextualnodes,includingillustrations.WenextdefinetherepresentationwithinanArtworkClassillustration.Illustrationshaveanaturalhierarchyforpositioningsubpicturesrelativetootherpicturesasrecognizedintheearliestcomputergraphicssystems[Sutherland,Sketchpad].ThishierarchyismappeddirectlyontotheTiogadocumentmodel,onesubtreeforeachsubpicture.Thepositioninginthehierarchyisaccomplishedbyprovidingastackoftransformationsandactivatinganewpositioningtransformationateachbranchinthetree.Thesearethestandardgraphicaltransformationsoftranslation,scaling,androtation.Theillustrationcontentisformedfromthesetofgraphicalprimitives:lines,curves,areas,scannedrasterimages,andtext.Eachoftheseisdefinedasadistinctclass,describedbelow.Theclassmechanismpermitsrecursiveinclusionofcontent.Thusatextdocumentmaycontainanillustration,andthatillustrationmayinturncontainatextlabel.Furthermore,illustrationsmaycontainanyfutureclassofobject,suchasmathematicalequationsortables.Theartworkclassofnodesisformattedusinganobject-orienteddesign.Eachartworknodeisrepresentedbyanobjectwithtwoassociatedprocedures,oneforlayoutandoneforrendering.Thelayoutprocedureisgiventhedocumentsubtreerootedatthecurrentdocumentnodeandreturnstheboundingboxdimensionsoftheformattedartworkobject.Thedimensionsoftheboxmaybespecifiedasglue[Knuth,TheTEXbook],withappropriatestretchandshrink,sothattheobjectcanbeincludedintheexistingpagelayoutalgorithmsjustasanormalbox,butwithaspecialrenderingprocedure.Therenderingprocedureisgiventhesubtreeandthedimensionsdeterminedbythelayoutprocedure.Itproducesaninstanceoftheobjectatthatsizeontheformattedoutputstream,normallyaprintabledocumentfile.TheTiogaArtworkprototypeimplementationdefinesseveralartworkclasses.Aregistrymechanismpermitsextensionstobeaddedbysupplyingthenecessarylayoutandrenderingproceduresforeachadditionalclass.Objectsofthefirstartworkclass,ArtworkNode,serveastherootsofsubpicturetreesinthedocumentstructureandnormallycontainthetransformationsforpositioningthewf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFbr^s G!Y$1 ,.38k;>\ gI=/ #`u&\\( r\5r=4@Z gx ",' 2]4n >[ Xb g@ $M&Q),1d4W:"<BuDytV/ grV/M ,s24;Y<@S gP)$ %o+93t6SS7rS>rQ g ! (U NoY ).:u0NN1 rN? L g tb k'*f 2 ;AxC}J` g !'g.5Rt;QJ`J`; H. g rH.H.U!U'-1y4R8@E gg %(q 025=!C g  !&( 37 >?A g  !%+U-Y0249Y<#>?d gG!Y )/2:7= =2 gM #D%U,x 49>; gD( k$(*/(068:F@8 g5%,35<@B"3 g (+/8 7~;=!@F1c g  '+n1F4m9e=9?JD/0 gk  " ,*9 #%-/13?J) g| %b'*/25 = ' gKP v (,g1l9<:?b% g"! #)1Z5}8>c#a g !$,C2]8O; D[!/ g@ tV!Zt$!/!/%\*,} -t!/.r2!/!/47 @ g$Cy"d%r'.03j9w=e g  $r's+-,19s BK gk!$*-0 9? AD_e gk C#%c+-057:>@3 gX&'t.~64- %8 16<;BT gC(" *,/ 46f=@ gk- $'L+! 27=?B gu  r# $(*-13 ;?A d gB%<+-9&D>&DBE%>%>)>)>%>drawcurve)?)o?)o=)=)?)o=)o=9=9=)o=9=9=9?9?9=9?9?)o?)o?9?(ArtworkClass,ArtworkNode)setcurvetransformation(ArtworkClass,ArtworkPath),(StyleRule,curve) XR zXR zK K XR zL1 zK$K$L1 zL1 XR zXR zC C XR zC` zC$C$C` zC`$;#;#9P$9P$;#9t#9P4d9P4d9t#9t4A9P4d9P4d;4A;4A9P4d;s4d;#;#;s4d;s&D9t%9t%5&D5&D9t%6%%5)5)6%%6%drawarea)7.)o7.)o4)4)7.)o5 )o49495 )o5 949497.97.9497 97.)o7.)o7 97 (ArtworkClass,ArtworkNode)setareatransformation(ArtworkClass,ArtworkPath),(StyleRule,lightArea) XR zXR z:G :G XR z: z:G$:G$: z:%*3%*3$3$3&D3&D3%3%3'^3'^3'3'3$0#0#.J$.J$0#.m#.J4d.J4d.m#.m4A.J4d.J4d04A04A.J4d0m4d0#0#0m4d0m&D.m%.m%*&D*&D.m%+%*)*)+%+"y"(ArtworkClass,ArtworkNode)setlabeltransformation(StyleRule,yAxisLabel) XR zXR z3 3 XR z3 z3$3$3 z3 XR zXR z/A /A XR z/ z/A$/A$/ z/),')o,')o)))),')o*)o).e).e*)o*.B).e).e,'.B,'.B).e,.e,')o,')o,.e,$'#'#%x$%x$'#%#%x4d%x4d%#%4A%x4d%x4d'4A'4A%x4d'4d'#'#'4d'&D%%%%"&D"&D%%"M%")")"M%"M"x"(ArtworkClass,ArtworkNode)setlabeltransformation(StyleRule,xAxisLabel))#V)o#V)o!)!)#V)o!3)o!.e!.e!3)o!3.B!.e!.e#V.B#V.B!.e#2.e#V)o#V)o#2.e#2$##$$##4d4d#4A4d4d4A4A4d4d##4d&D%%5&D5&D%{%5)5){%{"f(x)"(ArtworkClass,ArtworkNode)setlabeltransformation(StyleRule,caption)))o)o>)>))oa)o>.e>.ea)oa.B>.e>.e.B.B>.ea.e)o)oa.ea XR zXR z&o &o XR z& z&o$&o$& z& XR zXR z  XR z z$$ z%*G%*$$G&DG&D%%G'^G'^''G XR zXR z  XR zG z$$G zGFigure3-3.HIERARCHICALILLUSTRATIONSTRUCTUREofFigure3-1.TheArtworkClasspropertyidentifiesagraphicalobjectandadescriptionisshownasthecontent.Notetheinclusionoftextnodes,withoutanArtworkClassproperty,forthecaptionlabels.wf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFb g`;#}Tv%&( V% , P%*-L.CRX* 2 9/ > t][}Xi # [*i % G;*-LM% , K%&( I* 2 9/ >>i*-L E% , B%&) @* 2 9/ >5*-L  **1F% , .%&)g ,* 0: !*(t% , &(%&)g $ * 0: *% , W%&)g 9* 0:  x g{ 7 &dx-/37 9 Bv g Bvg !T (M)-/27;T=CE/ g %'*T/2 g;#ATVm$3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-12subpicture.AnArtworkPathclassnodecontainsthegeometricdefinitionofapathforalineorcurveobject,describedindetailbelow.AnArtworkImageclassnodedefinesacontinuous-tonescannedimage.Intheprototypeimplementationoftheimageclassthenodecontentisthefilenameofthescannedimage,althoughafutureextensionwouldbetoincludethescannedimagedatadirectlyinthenode.AnArtworkFileNameclassnodecontainsthenameofanotherTiogaArtworkillustrationfileandthusservesasaninclusionmechanismforlargeorsharedillustrations.Theprototypeprovidednoadditionalnamingcapabilityforsharingsubpictures,althoughsuchafacilitycouldbeadded.3.3.3GeometricRepresentationofIllustrationsTheinternalgeometricrepresentationofillustrationsintheTiogaArtworkprototypeisbasedonatextdescriptioninaninterpretivegraphicslanguageinCedar[,JaM].Thelanguageisstack-orientedwithpostfixoperatorsforarithmetic,logical,andgraphicaloperations.Geometricalobjectsaredefinedbyapaththatdeterminesthetrajectoryfollowedbyalineoracurve,ortheboundaryofanareafilledwithcolorortexture.Alloftherenderingparametersforthegeometricobjectsinanillustrationaredefinedbythestylerulesdescribedinthenextsection.Figure3-4containstheplaingeometryofthetrapezoidalruleillustration.ThetextualrepresentationofthisillustrationisshownlaterinFigure3-5.Transformationsinanillustrationcanbecomposedoftranslation,scalingandrotationelementsappropriateforstandardgraphicspackages.Thehierarchicalstructurefortheillustrationistraversedusingastandardtree-walk.Ateachbranchinthetree,thecurrenttransformationisstackedandthenewtransformationconcatenated.Theseoperatorsareusedtospecifythepositioningtransformations:xy.translatetranslatetheorigintosxsy.scalescalebythefactorssxinxandsyinyr.rotaterotateclockwisebyrdegreesThepathsthatdefinestroketrajectoriesorareasarecomposedofstraightlinesandB ezierparametriccubiccurves.Thegraphicspackageprovidesthenotionofacurrentpointthatissetatthebeginningofthepathandupdatedaslinesegmentsandcurvesareaddedtothepath.Asatrajectory,thepathspecifiesthecenterlineofstrokes.Asafilledarea,thepathspecifiestheboundaryofthearea.Notethatnorenderingspecificationsarenecessaryinthewf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFbr^ g uL^^v r^%)-4 6> F \ g D $,D.H28uZ g rZ"(*6EV/ g@!#(/l4q68>A{S gC$u'SS( rS9=AQ g@ &v .148=_?cO go"$*= 4*7?FMf g ) !$L* 32:=?NK4 gIwGZ gTd #% rC: +- 68;i AN gD!Z )+.. 7=Dy? gtQ??r??"$ /828`?< g C$ - 7<?rEr: gy ::r:{ H ! 'y.?025G7e8=?8 g? #(*#0358u? 6R g!#k +.|4|69=4 gW"(:+14b8?A1 g L !%*s 557F:n B/ gY], [ (+.57 @_* g %(H/5=|(P g M0! )+27/8?N & g&* #)T 4r6&;?BB# g  "o'?.|1F5(7-<? ! gu~F r!(g+@02u2r4u4yr5ur/u#q%(u-/(r024gu78r:<u~r>!9(u*r,$ -@/^36X>@,n gG %=+d.5S;BN< g."$@&(+3@5R8+;?5E g !&(+03 4o <1?  g l}& ().7225 8?d g]!$'Q. 8;BEGTVm$3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-13EvwEwEgEvwEEPFl^;GvwEwEgEPFlw^;GvwEgEvEPFlw^;GvwF\F\FwF\FFRGDZ;F#GF\F\FFRGDZ;F#GF\FwFFRGDZ;F#GFM.M=MM.M=E\EC S=0DπM=ME\ECS=0DπMM.E\ECS=0Dπ SSS SSEF_E +\`EO`DFEX@SSEF_E +\`EO`DFEX@S SEFDHEC'+[-DCfD'+['F[ Es EBC~<+\?0CjA`B+\+\+\+\+\FVEB D*'Dƀ6!ZhED@9+\+\FVEB D*'Dƀ6ZxED@9+\+\FVEB D*'Dƀ6ZYED@96!Zh6Zx6ZY6!Zh6ZxC6rZ:0C\@6rZ:6XZIEhC9oX4`EHC(0B6Zx6ZYEwC9UXC EO`CCF6ZY6!ZhEwC9UX% EO`CCF FFF FFEFi SGGp(FFEFiSGGp(F FEFiSGGp( SSS SSEiET `FX0FF+\ FF@pSSEiET `FX0FF+\ FF@pS SEiET `FX0FF+\ FF@p+\+\+\+\+\0E'+FGwF0+\+\0E'+FGwF0+\+\0E'+FGwF0+F+F+F+F+F Ei FFFX0+F+F EiFFFX0+F+F EiFFFX0+F+F+F+F+FE0F0+\Gw'+F+FE0F0+\Gw'+F+FE0F0+\Gw'+\+\+\+\+\Ei DTFX06!ZhE@F EF+\+\Ei DTFX06ZxE@F EF+\+\Ei DTFX06ZYE@F EF6!Zh6Zx6ZY6!Zh6Zx E@06!FGk(F`6Zx6ZY E@06FGk(F`6ZY6!Zh E@06FGk(F`6!F6F6F6!F6F Ei+FFFX06F6F Ei+FFFX06F6!F Ei+FFFX0 FFF FFEFi SGGp(FFEFiSGGp(F FEFiSGGp( SSS SSED0F0E6!Zh8GwFp'0SSED0F0E6Zx8GwFp'0S SED0F0E6ZY8GwFp'06!Zh6Zx6ZY6!Zh6Zx E@06!FGk(F`6Zx6ZY E@06FGk(F`6ZY6!Zh E@06FGk(F`6!F6F6F6!F6F0E' FGwF06F6F0E'FGwF06F6!F0E'FGwF0yxf(x)ab(a+b)/2TrapezoidalRuleforn=1andn=2. FFF FFCT FD@ DFFFCTFD@ DFF FCTED@ DF+F+F+F+F+FCT+FD@ DF+F+FCT+FD@ DF+F+FCT+ED@ DF6!F6F6F6!F6FCT6!FD@ DF6F6FCT6FD@ DF6F6!FCT6ED@ DF FFF FFEFi SGGp(FFEFiSGGp(F FEFiSGGp( SSS SSED0F0E6!Zh8GwFp'0SSED0F0E6Zx8GwFp'0S SED0F0E6ZY8GwFp'06!Zh6Zx6ZY6!Zh6Zx E@06!FGk(F`6Zx6ZY E@06FGk(F`6ZY6!Zh E@06FGk(F`6!F6F6F6!F6F0E' FGwF06F6F0E'FGwF06F6!F0E'FGwF0+F+F+F+F+FE0F0+\Gw'+F+FE0F0+\Gw'+F+FE0F0+\Gw'+\+\+\+\+\Ei DTFX06!ZhE@F EF+\+\Ei DTFX06ZxE@F EF+\+\Ei DTFX06ZYE@F EF6!Zh6Zx6ZY6!Zh6Zx E@06!FGk(F`6Zx6ZY E@06FGk(F`6ZY6!Zh E@06FGk(F`6!F6F6F6!F6F Ei+FFFX06F6F Ei+FFFX06F6!F Ei+FFFX0 FFF FFEFi SGGp(FFEFiSGGp(F FEFiSGGp( SSS SSEiET `FX0FF+\ FF@pSSEiET `FX0FF+\ FF@pS SEiET `FX0FF+\ FF@p+\+\+\+\+\0E'+FGwF0+\+\0E'+FGwF0+\+\0E'+FGwF0+F+F+F+F+F Ei FFFX0+F+F EiFFFX0+F+F EiFFFX0Figure3-4.SKETCHOFTHEILLUSTRATIONforFigure3-1representsthebasicgeometryofthepicture.ThesameTiogaArtworkrepresentationwasusedforthisillustrationasforFigure3-1,howeveralloftherenderingattributeshavebeenreducedtodrawingonlythinlinesandusingatypewriter-liketypeface.geometricalspecification,becausetheyareavailablethroughthestylemachinery.Theseoperatorsareusedtodefinegeometricalpathsforeachsyntheticgraphicalobject:xy.movetoestablishthecurrentpathpositionaswithrespecttothecurrenttransformationxy.linetoextendthepathwithastraightlinefromthecurrentpathpositionto,andupdatethecurrentpathpositiontobex1y1x2y2x3y3.curvetoextendthepathwithacurvewhichhasthefourB eziercontrolpoints,,,and,andupdatethecurrentpathpositiontobewf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFb g`;# ### ### ### #### ### #### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ###~^BEEt:VK9DD5D(A $P'),i ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ###x?. g{?.?.?.?.9?.( x?.'U)-04 69<BD/=B g5 ),/14 ;=^?C;V g\ #'$*_/t1-6L9O<&?aBE9k gh g78;#r42 g ?  %H(+28;? 2 g6s> !$&6 / 3t6$9@/ gu,,~,Fr,L%'-1e7u8,,9r:,u,;Dr=,,? A uA,r,C uCt,r,D*S !$*@ u''~'Fr'L#&*N./m5S8<?%]S ju!=%]%]"gr#%]u%]#r&M%]%]')u*%]r%]+u,*%]r%]-T/02r7:@#*Suv#*#*r#*u#* 2r"#*#*#%(Pu)##*r#**Mu*#*r#*+u $ $ $ $ ${ $m $!^r $+G-259=I>C/SF$*t/ku0?1hr2u2r5N6"7*u79'r:Pu:r= =>u?@rBuByrDESuiru&rx L!T$*,26s<u=>r?u@RrBDFSu'Pryur6!KTVm$3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-14%TiogaArtworkfigureforTrapezoidRule%Cluster100.translate11.scale0.rotate%y-axis1131.translate11.scale0.rotate11.moveto1185.lineto%x-axis339.translate11.scale0.rotate11.moveto2491.lineto%curve2787.translate11.scale0.rotate11.moveto81715332549.curveto437871106105113.curveto13111816111018597.curveto194922018720981.curveto%areafromato(a+b)/25139.translate11.scale0.rotate11.moveto197.lineto81161.lineto811.lineto11.lineto%areafrom(a+b)/2to...%y-axislabel8216.translate11.scale0.rotatey%x-axislabel24736.translate11.scale0.rotatex...Figure3-5.GEOMETRICREPRESENTATIONofFigure3-1inatextualformconsistsoftransformationsandpathdefinitions.TheTrapezoidalRuleillustrationwasfirstdrawnwiththeGriffinillustratorandthenautomaticallyconvertedintoaTiogaArtworkrepresentation.ThenodestructurecorrespondstoGriffinclustersandthenodepropertiescorrespondtogroupsofGriffinstyleattributes.Here,theindentationindicatesthenodestructure.Thestylepropertiesarenotshown.Comments,whichbeginwithpercentsigns,wereaddedforexpositionpurposesonlybymanuallyeditingthetext.wf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFb g`;#^/^ '!%G-\CPZXV v!"(*?XlSVSM $m&'-/6TJ#%?(RSPSy #%B&,.bNJ#&(LSJSM $m&'-/6I JG"J!$k&)eE6p!&)e,CJ!$k(+._A^ E#&*9,?sS" G!$m=SM $m&'-/6;J#%?'9p&(*97J5S" G&3S2S0SM $m&'-/6.),=S*QS" %B&(.b0 (e&ySx$ g{$$$~ x$&(-,.0|16W9>" g7 #y&R -1 8:=AD g @ %+./ 8BZ g #C(M*-K0 6 =?D g  !T (.>03 :=r@  g9B]!H$',0379 @ gjD g;#!TVm$K3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-153.3.4GraphicalStyleAttributesExtendingthestylemachineryfortheTiogaArtworkprototyperequireddefiningadditionalstyleattributestoprovideparametersforthevariousgraphicalrenderingalgorithms.Someoftheseattributesspecifystraightforwardparameters,suchaslinethicknessorareacolor.Otherattributesspecifyhowthegeometryoftheillustrationshouldbetreated,forinstance,whetherthepathdefinesanoutlineoranareaorboth.Secondaryattributesarenecessarytodescribehowoutlinesaretobedrawn.Forinstance,apenmetaphor,similartotheoneinMETAFONT[Knuth,METAFONT],isusedtodrawlinesthatprovidesdifferentshapesofpensspecifiedbyvariousparameters.ThefollowingattributesareprovidedintheTiogaArtworkprototypeforsimplelinedrawings.Somevaluesarekeywordsandothersarenumeric.Laterinthischapter,Figure3-7containsseveralexamplesofgraphicalstylerules.pathTypethechoiceofpathtreatmentasanareaoroutlineorboth:filled,outlined,filled+outlinedlineWeightthelinethickness(ameasurement)penTypethechoiceofpenshape:round,square,rectangular,elliptical,italicpenHeightthepenheightasaproportion[0..1]oflineWeightpenWidththepenwidthasaproportion[0..1]oflineWeightpenAngletherotationofthepen,indegreesclockwisefromhorizontalareaColorthecoloroffilledareasashue,saturation,brightnessvaluesintherange[0..1]outlineColorthecolorofoutlinesashue,saturation,brightnessvaluesintherange[0..1]Additionalattributesdefinehowtextualcaptionsandlabelsshouldbehandledwithinillustrations.SeveralattributescomedirectlyfromtheexistingTiogastyleattributes,whileotherswereaddedtodistinguishamongthevarietyofcaptionalignments:familythenameofatypefamily,suchas"Helvetica"or"TimesRoman"sizethetypesize(ameasurement)wf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFbw^ gT* r[xL&]) + 6~=X g  %'- 6M8;V g $0(*/ 6f;T g ?Y%p'+0W5 RA+P gks"$") 1 8];(BrM g}}!#)-"35O8@nEK g@ttxKKKI"mr+KK, -137;?I g.ug%H'-g 6:FGW g ~z~"W ,4o7A) gxQ u#r#Lk "$a(-1j3o Su r @ " vTVm$!3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-16facethechoiceoftypestyle:regular,italic,bold,andbold+italiccaptionFormatthechoiceoftextjustificationformat:flushLeft,flushRight,centered,orjustifiedcaptionAlignthechoiceofthetextalignmentpoint:flushTop,centered,baseline,orflushBottomlineLengththelengthofcaptionlines(fromTioga)leftIndenttheleftindentforcaptions(fromTioga)rightIndenttherightindentforcaptions(fromTioga)leadingthespacingbetweenlinesoftext(fromTioga)textRotationtherotationofthetextline,indegreesclockwisefromhorizontaltextColorthecolorofcaptiontext:hue,saturation,brightnessvaluesintherange[0..1]3.3.5TiogaArtworkRenderingAlgorithmsRecallthatartworkclassobjectshavetwoprocedures,oneforlayoutandoneforrenderingtheillustration.Thelayoutprocedurereturnstheboundingboxfortheillustration,andtherenderingprocedurecreatesanimageeitheronadisplayscreenorinaprintablefile.Infact,boththeseobjectproceduresdependontherenderingalgorithm.Theboundingboxinformationforlayoutiscollectedbyrenderingtheillustrationthroughaspecialimagingdevicethatcomputestheboundingboxofallthegraphicalobjectsitsees.Thedocumentformattingalgorithmacceptstheillustrationasaboxwiththosedimensionsandpositionstheillustrationboxwithinapage.Withthepositiondetermined,theformatterinvokestheobjectrenderingproceduretocreatetheviewableillustration.Therenderingtechniqueistowalktheillustrationsubtreeinprefixtree-order,andforeachchildofthesubtreerootrepresentingasubpicture,stackthecurrenttransformation,renderthesubpictureandpopthetransformationstack.Thesubpicturenodeclassdeterminesthelayoutandrenderingprocedurestouseforanobjectofthatclass.wf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFbu^r^@8!I$u)[^^*r1}^^u2^^3r9}^^u:^^;r?+^^@3u\S Y rYn!$)+/ 7uWSr WWu!WW"r-mWWu.uWW/r7WW8u:WW<T rTD #c(*-m08du=NTT>xrFTTuRVSrRVRVu RVRV!r)RVRV*u-RVRV.A OP rOP8!&#(4. 16uLJ rLJ8!$)0+2X6uID rIDa":&6+b.491uF>rF>v#z)-/337uC8 rC8D #c)+.15p7t=gASh u=r=$&(,/3 ; Cq;SW0w7 gT " r4%?"'+. 7:=|B1 gK %)\.`60;>/ gY2 !$#+}3M8;?DG- g :>#*}c" *03O6(= (J gD #&B+F,36>=& g V!(-$07:B5Ew# g@$L'/l 7? D! g Y#k , /P6=9 A] g%: .b1;8>A^O g"%d,7 I";#%), 5:< g xL"p$'Z-&0 :;y C g@ %( 037Y:2  g !3% -u0N5R8@  gk^bL^ 7TVm$ 3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-17AlgorithmA(RenderArtwork)A1[Traversetheillustrationsubtree]Giventherootoftheillustrationsubtree,walkthetree.Foreachchildnodeoftheroot:A1.1[StackCurrentTransformation]Requestthegraphicspackagetorememberthecurrenttransformationonitsstack.A1.2[InvokeNodeRenderProcedure]Selecttheobjectrenderingproceduredependingontheclassofobjectfound.Commonclassesarelistedhereforconvenience.A1.2.1[ArtworkNode]ConcatenatethetransformationandinvokeAlgorithmAonthisnodeastherootofasubpicture.A1.2.2[ArtworkPath]Renderthepathaccordingtothegraphicalstyleattributesusingthegeometrydefinedbythisnodeasneeded.A1.2.3[ArtworkImage]Rendertherasterimagestoredinthefilenamedinthenodecontents.A1.2.4[Text]Formatthetextcaptionusingthetextclasslayoutprocedureandgraphicalstyleattributestopositionthecaption.A1.3[PopTransformation]Popthetransformationstackinthegraphicspackagetoreturntothetransformationoftheparentnode.Thepathrenderingalgorithmusesthegraphicalstyleattributestodeterminehowtousethegeometricalpathinformation.GiventheseparatespecificationofgeometryfromstyleinaTiogaArtworkillustration,onecanmakemultipleusesofthegeometrytocreatespecialeffects.Multipleusehasalreadybeendiscussedforareasthatarebothoutlinedandfilledwherethepathservesonceastheboundaryofthefilledareaandasecondtimeasthecenterlineoftheoutline.Otherspecialeffects,suchasshadows,arrowdesigns,andborderpatterns,wereconsideredfortheprototype.OnlyshadowswereimplementedinTiogaArtwork,althoughtechniquesforrenderingarrowandborderdesignsalongpathgeometrieswerediscussedintheGraphicalStylepaper[Beach&Stone,GraphicalStyle].Twotypesofshadowswereimplementedtosimulateapparentdepth:adropshadow,wheretheobjectisdrawnwithaslantedshadow,andanoffsetshadow,wf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFby^o?jt[r[S [ (/47_:<? YS v#O'*.269;tVrV$17:AOT#&h,' 7E9;tQ}rQ}$2* 3 7:?OK!r)+.249?M!& ),t tJSrJ ) 2k5D @bG"P*F,".157:><@ME tBSrB (C.)14NA'@t (,v/O6<>BF8>Bt;;Sr;; )r/X216;@BEn9 "_$c'<+_t6Sr6"Q(5+.Q4*8;h>B3$(/'2 :G@$ g  $u .36f< FG" g ) 2>5s8<C gxQb$*147=oc gV $+.W27:d>,C0 gkD!%}(*%/3g5k8D ?A g("&(/4G:{= g! c"$ -t18(<# F g iK &)505i8> Cg g/ to#%(0@4dt9 gg9o 5 gr%55.{ i$d .`0d6=C D gq!%&7)+V07V:<AyTVm$3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-18wheretheobjectisdrawnrepositionedslightlyfromtheoriginalandinadifferentcolor.Asimilarschemewasusedforhighlightingtextinaninteractivepaintprogrampreviouslydevelopedbytheauthorofthisthesis[Beach,Paint].Theshadowstyleattributesdefinedwerethefollowing:shadowTypethechoiceofshadoweffect:droporoffsetshadowAngletheangleoftheshadowfromtheobject,indegreesclockwisefromthehorizontalshadowDirectionthedirectionoftheshadowfromtheobject:upLeft,upRight,downLeft,downRightshadowPathTypethechoiceofoffsetshadowtreatment:filled,outlined,filled+outlinedshadowOffsetAmountthedistancethattheoffsetshadowisplacedatshadowAngleshadowWeightthethicknessofthedropshadowortheoutlineoftheoffsetshadowshadowAreaColorthecolorofthedropshadoworoffsetshadowareashadowOutlineColorthecoloroftheoffsetshadowoutline3.4ResultsToexperimentwiththegraphicalstyleprototype,linedrawingillustrationswerecreatedwiththeGriffinillustratorandconvertedintotheTiogaArtworkdocumentstructure.TheconversionprogramunderstandstheGriffinfileformatandextractsthegeometricdefinitionofobjectsfromthefiles.GriffinillustrationscanbebuiltwithclustersofgraphicalobjectsandtheclustersarepreservedasasubpicturetreeinthehierarchicalTiogaArtworkdocumentstructure.Thecoordinateoriginforeachclusterissettothelowerleftcornerofitsboundingboxandanappropriatetransformationisinsertedintotherootofthesubpicturetree.GriffinstyleattributesforeachobjectarecollectedintoTiogaArtworkstylerulesandastyledictionaryisbuiltautomaticallyforeachillustration.Genericnamesforthestylerulesandstyledictionaryaresynthesizedbytheconversionprogram.Thesenamescanbeeditedbyhandtoreflectmoremeaningfulnames,andthestylesforseveralillustrationscollectedintoasinglestyledictionary.Thisprocesssimulatestheoperationofanwf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFbr^ gQ* )D/35;?>AB\ g.eA%(,/M 8;=@ Z gQ G'1),k136t;yZZ;@MrCZZXb g &*- uU[ rU[8!&0(A.4u3TU[U[4}rU[8u:U[U[;RU rRUa":&(+1|58j=?P#S!$ uMrM!$&-/28<?uJSrKJJuTJJ}r&uJJu'}JJ(r0JJu1JJ2G rG "%*,1t7f u?lGG@rFcGGuESrEEu EE! BrB%<'*[046;}AoC$@ySu=@y@yg =r r=rD #c*z,/d3`9R;q>JC;@S,u8:r8:!$&+- /39<@6Su3r3%<'*[.03u8=q+ gr'K !(,x 4b7> % gb!"V )-48: # g q '.b 7:q@B!g g  ')/E3Z63:4 g LZ"W(=*N1q6:==B gP d"$' 0v ; g Q $'X+-0t2)469>AF: gU ' 24:>CADk g@ T!M%! ,m/27:A9 g "#'V /04 >A g !"#&*.15 =` g %_ "*W/'4E7R9>A E> gy s#'=*.196 ? o g6 "&A, 3<6=z?TVm$53GRAPHICALSTYLE3-19interactiveWYSIWYG-styleuserinterfaceforanillustratorprogram(onethatwasnotbuiltaspartoftheprototypeexperiment).Thetrapezoidalrulefiguresinthischapter,Figure3-1,Figure3-4,andFigure3-6wereallcreatedthisway.Existingscannedimages,newimagesscannedusingservicesonthenetwork,orrasterimagescomputedbyimagesynthesisalgorithmsmayalsobeincludedasillustrations.TiogaArtworknodesreferencingimagefilesorillustrationfileswereinsertedintotestdocuments`byhand'fortheprototypeusingtheTiogaeditor.TheclassmechanismforartworkillustrationsprovedtobeaverysuccessfulextensionstrategyforTiogadocuments.SeveraladditionalArtworkClasspropertieshavebeenimplementedthroughthismechanism,includingtablesdiscussedinChapter5.TheTiogaArtworkschemewassuccessfulincreatingpicturesmorecomplexthanpreviousinteractiveillustratorsatPARC.Inparticular,theconceptoftransformationsandnamedsubpictureelementsstoredinahierarchicalfashionwasnotavailableintheGriffinillustrator.TheinclusionofsimpletextissupportedbyGriffin,butthegeneralformattingcapabilitiesofTiogaareonlyaccessiblethroughtheTiogaArtworkscheme.Thecombinationofsyntheticlinedrawingswithimagesandformattedtextwithinadocumentwasnotavailable,exceptthrougha`paste-up'programforcombiningprinterformatfiles.TheTiogaArtworkprototypewassuccessfulinseparatingthegraphicalattributesfromtheillustrationrenderingalgorithms.Thegraphicalstyleconceptthusprovidedtheenforcementmechanismtoensurethatasetofillustrationsinadocumenthaveaconsistentappearance.Reusingthesameillustrationfordifferentmediawasalsomadepossiblebychangingthegraphicalattributesinalternateversionsofthestylerules.Figure3-6containsthesametrapezoidalruleillustrationasFigure3-1,butwithastylesuitablefora35mmcolorslidepresentation.Figure3-7containsthetwosetsofstylerulesforthetypesetillustration,Figure3-1,andthe35mmslideillustration,Figure3-6.Unfortunately,thestyleconceptisnotsufficienttocaptureallthenotionsofchangingillustrationsacrossmedia.Unlesstheillustrationanditsstyleattributesarecarefullydesigned,suchascarefullychoosingthetextalignmentandanchorpoints,unfortunateresultsmayoccurwhenchangingthestylewithoutchangingthecontent.Whenanillustrationispreparedasaprojectedslidethereislessroomfordetail.Suppressingdetailisachangesupportedbysomegraphicsystems,suchasinCrow'ssceneassembler[Crow,ImageEnvironment],whichtheprototypegraphicalstylesystemdoesnotaccommodate.Textsizeisastylewf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFbr^ g tl^^r^^D #*p- /t 6=AeD\ gZIM%/ /l2 ;Q>D)Z g3u#' *L/2v6q8>AWa"F%+D15<>tAMUQ g C"'.n 6:+=?S gk X "' 0T508: CP gb%q(<,/2`9>EAN gK"F(` 1E68;3<@D I g!/ *0V u8II9B rGO g ) &,_/ 8?E gB #& .`0d6<A&? g.  &t(??)r,??.n0 8x;QAl= g$f (/468) A; gnrK# ,u/68>?A9M g+"r(< 0[ 8:?Bf7 g * '.{1 ;j={Dj4 gb's*/1;8<%? 2 g< 'i*2D7=!/ %8(l 02 9<-} g  "*h 36>A+K g #`,.3N68:< E) g q "q ,25_9 A& g.%Y#5)+25< D7$ g.s"G'W,/58= " g n"%)k*.47o8;>B O g %n(G+|.048;@> g j #& )w-W 6;[ !')Q,D 3u5z;a=@Fd gp U!1'0,/i 7:=+@  g2C!#)036>A g #(,36i:=@KM g@.l %'f.c0g19 <A)B g{ "F&()/7G9= g 5$t,A ,04 r= >C g $?(+ 6t:G={?0@ ETVm$3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-20c?==H?==H_c_c?=GDD^G^GD-FD-E;E;FD-FDLMfLfLL{LME\EC 4S[=0DπMfLE\EC S=0DπfLfLE\ECS=0DπfLL{E\ECS2=0DπL{LE\EC S=0Dπ 4S[ SSS2 S 4S[ SEF_E +;\-`EO`DFEX@ SSE0FW Em ))\@?EE`CEB )\)w\DCA<@+ \p-<A4@SS2EF_E *\V`EO`DFEX@S2 SEF_E *\`EO`DFEX@ S 4S[DDB!T6@BA@!T!GTEFQ@E]7$ + [DCD+;\-+ \p*\V*\+ [+;\-+ \pFVEB D*'Dƀ6AYED@9+ \p*\VFVEB D*'Dƀ6Z<ED@9*\V*\FVEB D*'Dƀ5Z"ED@9*\+ [E@DD] C22[W EL&@C-22[W2[=Ew2@$BX5Y`D8Bh+ [+;\-FVEB D*'Dƀ6YED@96AY6Z<5Z"5Y6Y6AY6Z<EwC9W EO`CCF6Z<5Z"EwC9_X EO`CCF5Z"5YEwC9W EO`CCF5Y6YEwC9W EO`CCF6Y6AYEwC9_W EO`CCFF S[*\-*F F *F *\-5Y5F *F F S[5Y5F F yxf(x)ab(a+b)/2TrapezoidalRuleforn=1andn=2. FDFDEp Ep FD+FD*FD*Ep+Ep+FD6FD5FD5Ep6Ep6FDE E S~S~ESsS/6&Y6Z$Ss6Z5Z5E6E6Z6E6FDFDE6E*E+E+\P*\P*E*\V*\6Y6$Z*\V6Z5Z5E6E6Z6E6FD*FD*E6EE E S~S~ESaS*+&\'*\_Sa+\P*\P*E+E+\P+E+FDFDE+EFigure3-6.TRAPEZOIDALRULESLIDEusesthesamepicturefileasFigure3-1,butwithastyleappropriateforaprojected35mmcolorslide.Theimagehasthe`preferred'formatwithlightdetailonadarkbackground,thickerlinesinwhite,alarger,bolderandsimplertypeface.(UsedwithpermissionfromRestonPublishingCo.)parameter,buttransformationscalingofthegraphicalobjectsisnot.Forinstance,thegraphicalboxsurroundingatextphrasewouldnotchangesizewhenthetextwasmadelarger.Constraintswouldbeanassetinchangingthegraphicalobjectswithrespecttosurroundingmaterial.IncorporatingtheconstraintaspectsofNelson'sJUNOillustrator[Nelson,Juno]intotheillustrationartworkrenderingsystemmightalleviatetheseproblems.ThisisdiscussedinChapter6.ManipulatingstylesintheTiogaArtworkprototypestressesthetoolsavailableinTioga.Moreinteractivetools,suchaspropertysheetsfromtheXeroxStar,wouldbeaboontoselectingattributesandnamingformatrules.Newstyletoolsshouldlistthesetofstyledictionariesavailable,listtheformattingstylerulesinaselecteddictionary,andlistthevaluesofformattingattributesdefinedinaselectedstylerule.Stylerulescouldthenbedefinedtobethe`sameasbutdifferent'fromotherstylerulesbynamingonestyleruleandsettingspecificattributevaluestobedifferent.Layoutparametersmightbemoreeasilyspecifiedthroughaninteractivedesigntoolforstyles.Thegoalofthegraphicalstyleresearchwastoprovideanewtoolforthegraphicartisttobemoreeffectivewhenmixingillustrationswithinelectronicwf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFb g`;# #######################(TVm$gp]D:OUK8DiC5bC'O@ #z'+ /3Y TVm$Gx= g{== == @x=$.'1)- 145:#<?9B<Cq;, g  !%) +/2y4 ;X?B9@ g1,` :"&'+,1A5o8<C7T gk 7}# $ g5";#r2 g  "(-*>-4;9;y?s/ g.* l )+!.d38;A8- g*$f -24n6:<C+ g"d$i -5) ?)R g It")R)R#r)R' t/)R)R/j4xr)R8];> ' ga$#*.7:<C$ g! f j#C -5[;&= gGKx '}+/18u=RAg g]?C":$?* 2D5;y@P gY-( :#%'+ 4K ;>F g Ybf& .-1o46;>  g #S'&+/38R<>mDn g.23 "d&y*.25;>5B  g!&(* 28R @ET g="b$ ,15B7 N"&- 0=2B8O9=8@CD  gMqu%*%/ 8=  xtTVm$Y3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-21%TrapezoidBook.Style%TrapezoidSlide.StyleBeginStyleBeginStyle(BasicGraphics)AttachStyle(BasicGraphics)AttachStyle(BasicText)AttachStyle(BasicText)AttachStyle(axis)"x,yaxes"{(axis)"x,yaxes"{blackoutlineColorwhiteoutlineColoroutlinedpathTypeoutlinedpathType1ptlineWeight2ptlineWeight}StyleRule}StyleRule(darkArea)"darkareas"{(darkArea)"darkareas"{greyareaColororangeareaColorfilledpathTypefilledpathType}StyleRule}StyleRule(lightArea)"lightareas"{(lightArea)"lightareas"{lightGreyareaColorlightYellowareaColorfilledpathTypefilledpathType}StyleRule}StyleRule(curve)"functionline"{(curve)"functionline"{blackoutlineColorwhiteoutlineColoroutlinedpathTypeoutlinedpathType2ptlineWeight4ptlineWeight}StyleRule}StyleRule(caption)"textcaption"{(caption)"textcaption"{"TimesRoman"family"Helvetica"family8bpsize12bpsizeitalicfaceboldfaceflushLeftcaptionFormatflushLeftcaptionFormatflushTopcaptionAlignflushTopcaptionAlign0leftIndent0leftIndentblacktextColorwhitetextColor}StyleRule}StyleRule(xAxisLabel)"textlabel"{(xAxisLabel)"textlabel"{captioncaptioncentercaptionFormatcentercaptionFormat}StyleRulewhitetextColor(yAxisLabel)"textlabel"{(yAxisLabel)"textlabel"{captioncaptionflushRightcaptionFormatflushRightcaptionFormat}StyleRulewhitetextColorEndStyleEndStyleFigure3-7.GRAPHICALSTYLESHEETSforthetwoTrapezoidalRuleillustrationsinFigure3-1andFigure3-6demonstratethestylelanguageandthegraphicalstyleattributes.Thestyleontheleftproducesatypesetbookqualityillustrationandthestyleontherightproducesacolored35mmslideform.Notethatthestylesdifferinthechoiceoflineweights,colorselections,andtypographyparameters,andthatthecaptionrulesdependonacommondefinitionwithdifferentalignment.Thestylerulesarenamedfortheobviouspartsofamathematicalgraph.wf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFb g`;#TVm$2q^/ g %&[ g % Y> g %0= V g ^ % - TM g ^Y$),0Se` '+ Qe^'-Pe '(* O[e&'L g U$ ,B0=4Ke',BJje ',BI.e&'F g ^$ ,167Eye' /D<e ',BCe&'@ gYU$*D04?Ke` '+ >e^'-<e '(* ;e&'9 g $+/57e ' /6e')+5ie '*4,e '.@ 2e^ '- 1e '( 0we`'+/;e&', g $ -167+e'*Je ',B )e&*& g $ -167%Ye'$e  ' . "e&* g g$TVm$x| g{|||.|Zx|$c&(+ 36Y =?C g` t#(+r-36 >@DF gq"] )V+.U13599>@(E gBd"&(!*.0|3'8h; B g l i L"'*/1y281 >MAP g pe#%(N-B02b3 < g;#TVm$3GRAPHICALSTYLE3-22documents.Justascarefuldocumentdesignpermitsamanuscripttobepublishedinseveraldifferentforms,thecarefuldesignofillustrationsandtheirstylesleadstotheabilitytoreuseillustrationsforseveralpurposesandtocontroltheproductionofhigh-qualityillustrationsmoreefficiently.wf!"x#ff$w+fxf,vfE#fEfFbr^ g % ',24I <>\ g"H'f*?/46 ?CZ g  %U .:06e=S@BXb g@  # +03 TVm$ XEROXBOOK HELVETICAY XEROXBOOKGACHA TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN TIMESROMANY TIMESROMAN TIMESROMANY HELVETICA XEROXBOOK TIMESROMAN HELVETICAY TIMESROMANY TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN   +(&#.6= F2N zW kai~` j/ []<>Beach>Thesis>Chapter3.Tioga Sunday, May 5, 1985 10:59 am PDT