2DocumentCompositionThischaptersurveysexistingtechniquesforproducingdocuments,beginningwiththetraditionalgraphicartsprocessforturningamanuscriptintoafinishedbook.Thechapterinvestigatestheconceptofdocumentstylethatarisesfromthegraphicdesigndisciplineandwhichpervadesmodernelectroniccompositionsystems.Theuseofcomputersandelectronicsindocumentcompositionissurveyednext,firstexaminingtheearlytypesettingsystems,thendocumentcompilerssuchastroff,Scribe,andTEX,andfinallyintegrateddocumentcompositionsystemssuchasEtude,Janus,andtheXeroxStar.Thesurveyofdocumentcompositiontechniquesconcludeswithadiscussionofseveralissuesconcerningthestructureofinformationindocumentsandadescriptionofsomemodelsofstructureddocuments.2.1TraditionalDocumentProductionTechniquesResearchersmakesubstantialuseofbooksandjournalsintheireverydaywork.However,fewpeopleunderstandhowthosedocumentsareproduced.Onlywhentheydecidetowritetheirownbookortoeditascholarlyjournaldotheybecomeinvolvedinthemysteriousworldofthegraphicarts.Thissurveyisintendedtohelpthereadertounderstanddocumentproduction,toappreciatethemanydiverserolesandskillsnecessary,andtorealizethevastnumberofdetailsanddecisionsinvolvedinproducinghigh-qualitydocuments.2-1p\d gWn g$E g>a;#q;ZoU-%: -u0%8 @9( g!  #),z2R3 ` 2 gn#'# /B1F8 BK0^ gUk"%) 28D) g l %-B02a :1, g8! *1-2(:|=G g$(+/137G8?EJ g.! * .039=AwF gIM # +3P <*>. b g@oj $ ,/179=7Cl 0 g"$,x 5 u)()*hTVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-22.1.1Howdobooksgetproduced?AninterestingreviewofhowbooksareproducediscontainedintheanthologyOneBook/FiveWays[AAUP,OneBook/FiveWays].Thisreportsonacomparativepublishingexperimentinwhichfiveuniversitypressespreparedthesamebookforpublication:theUniversityofChicagoPress,theMITPress,theUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,theUniversityofTexasPress,andtheUniversityofTorontoPress.Theproceduresusedineachpresswereremarkablycommon.Althoughtheapproachesvariedsomewhat,allinvolvedthestagesofacquisition,marketandpreliminarycostestimation,editorialrevision,design,production,sales,andpromotion.Eachpressdocumentedtheirprocedures,theirforms,andtheguidelinestheyappliedtothevariousprocesses.OneBook/FiveWayscontainsarichcollectionofrawmaterialforanyoneinterestedinthepublishingprocess.Inparticular,thereportincludesthestyleguidelinesfromeachofthepresses.Theseguidelinesestablishthepublisher'shousestyle,andgoverneditorial,graphicdesign,illustration,composition,andtypesettingdecisions.Perhapsthemostwell-knownstyleguidelineforscholarlydocumentsisTheChicagoManualofStyle,whichwasreferencedbyseveralpressesinthisexperiment,althoughmosthavetheirownrefinementsandspecialinstructions.Animportantfeatureofthetraditionalbookproductionprocessistheparallelismachievedthroughseveralgroupsworkingondistinctaspectsofabook.Whenamanuscriptarrivesatthepressforconsideration,itisquicklycopiedandsentoutfortwoormoreindependentreviewstodecidewhethertopublishthework.Oncethedecisiontopublishismadeandthecompletedmanuscriptarrivesfromtheauthor,copiesaresentsimultaneouslyto(1)theproductioneditor,whoestablishesajobdockettotrackallofthesubsequentstagesofthepublication,(2)thecopyeditor,whomakeseditorialrevisions,and(3)thegraphicdesigner,whodesignsthebookanditsillustrations.ThisparallelismisshowninFigure2-1forasimplifiedandhypotheticalpublicationprocess.vfcw! ff"@vf)5w*Yff+yufEfFfG)v^ gTOc-q[ !%*U- 4z6.=?X gxXXYs$4XX$)u,y3gq7XX8l@}< g &\)5 y1<<26q:_<<;h>: g U; ' 194| < 8 g "o&B-r0"7?exA88B/6O gq_6O6Oh$E'y /17t= ?4 g tV ^$M(;+ 48=| 1(!$ ,0 9?? @. g !'Y,3/5;jAC, g w%'*.1m ;=?I* guh!M#k' 1;79$>^D(M gM&^!')/169Z<3& g CY!2&+.2) =b?fA# g  %y'3##'*2q#0 2 618:=n ! g): !!$(-1d6t< D4 g"U( */)2k4 >R g {"%() 14 >@  g1TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-3-5R4MR4MK-5K-5R-5R4MRD@D@-5RD@@D`4mR4mKD@C4-RD@D`4MJ-5JD@@D`4MK'D@D@-K-RD@D`-UKD@D@,R 3R 3JR,JR,R ,R@3R@D@D@@,RD@@D`3R 3JRCD@3xR CD`3J2,J2D@@D`3JrD@D@,_JR,_R CD`@,JRCD@ Composition o^1'^1'Vb oVb o^1 o^Q'^QD@D@@ o^D@D`'^1'VbCD@ 'g^1CD`@'VB oVBD@D`'VD@D@ OVb O^1CD`  VbCD@ProductionEditor ^G"\&Cڂ%}CڂCځ X^%}CڂDq#@CZ%}@%}"\0%f\0D@D@"[D@D`%P\&'q^GCڃCڂCZ%}Cڃ%}[%}%~Dq"Cڂ%}#]#]D@ D#\?D D@#[#[D@ D#[?D D@$\$CD@#\D@D`!$R(=R(=K!$K!$R!$R(=RD@@D@!$RD@D`(]R(]KD@C(RD@D`(=J!$JD@D`(=K'D@@D@!K!RD@D`!DKD@D@ oR 'R 'JR oJR oR oR@'R@D@D@@ oRD@D`'R 'JRCD@ 'gR CD`@'J2 oJ2D@D`'JrD@D@ OJR OR CD`  JRCD@Copy Editor!$F(=F(=?!$?!$F!$F(=FD@@D@!$FD@D`(]F(]?D@C(FD@D`(=>!$>D@D`(=?'D@@D@!?!FD@D`!D?D@D@ oF 'F '>R o>R oF oF@'F@D@D@ oFD@D`'F '>RD@D@ 'gF D@D`@'>2 o>2D@D`'>rD@D@ O>R OF D@D`  >RD@D@GraphicDesignR,R,KKRR,RD@D@R@CD`LRLKD@D@ RD@D` ,JJ@CD`,K'D@D@KRD@D`4KD@C^R wR wJR^JR^R ^R@wR@CD@@^RD@D`R JRCD@WR CD`wJ2^J2D@D`wJrCD@>JR>R CD`~JRCD@Author'sManuscript,F3F3>A,>A,F,F03F0D@D@ ,ED@@D`@3F3>AD@D@3xFD@D`3>!,>!D@@D`3>aD@C,_>A,_FD@D`@,>AD@D@ Illustration9ER@^R@^K9EK9ER9ER@^RD@D@9ERD@D`@~R@~KD@D@@>RD@D`@^J9EJD@D`@^K'D@D@9%K9%RD@D`9eKD@C8R ?R ?JR8JR8R 8R@?R@D@D@@8RD@D`?R ?JRCD@?R CD`?J28J2D@D`?JrD@D@8pJR8pR CD`@8JRCD@ PrintingPageAssembly(NF*NF*N+M*M*Mv(Mv(NF5NF7 NF7 N7M7 M7 Mv5Mv5NF(B*B*CS+B*A*B(B(BSUDUUThT,SBS)_G*I3*I}+I}+HW+aH)G1)_G5oG6I36I}7I}7HW7qH6G15oG,IHvHGGGIS,INFNFNMMMvMvNFFigure2-1.TRADITIONALGRAPHICARTSPROCESSESinvolveconsiderableparallelismintheproceduresforpublishingamanuscript.Theauthor'smanuscriptiscopiedandsenttotheproductioneditor,thecopyeditor,andthedesign/illustrationdepartment.Editedpagesaretypesetbythecompositionstaffwhoareguidedbythedesignofthedocument.Thetypesetmanuscriptandtheillustrationsarethenassembledintopagesinpreparationforprinting.Otherpartsofthedocumentpublicationprocessalsoinvolveparallelism.Ifthebookistohaveajacketorcoverillustration,thatillustrationisundertakenwhiletheinsidesofthebookareprepared.ThetableofcontentsandLibraryofCongresssubmissionformsarepreparedassoonasthebookentersproductiontoensurethattheimprintpageandthefrontmatterofthebookarereadyforprinting.Theindexisoftenonthecriticalpathneartheendofthedocumentproductioncycle.Sinceindexentriesmusthavethecorrectpagenumbers,theindexcannotbefullycompleteduntilallofthepageshavebeenassembled.Typicallytheindexentriesarecompiledinparallelwiththebookcomposition.Afterthepagenumbersareassignedonthereproductionpages(orpagerepros)theindexmanuscriptiscompletedinparallelwiththefinalproofreadingofthebookpages.Evenwiththeuseofelectroniccompositiontools,preparationofbackmatterisonthecriticalpathandinconsistentpagenumberingoccasionallyresults.SuchproblemsappearintheappendicesofthesecondeditionofNewmanandSproull'sPrinciplesofInteractiveComputerGraphicsvfcw! ff"@vf)5w*Yff+yufEfFfG) g`;#zx ########,Ow ####!(Yg "sW######x######## Ow x########!Cg"5Ax ########OwN ####-[A x########:K:Ow9N w; g{;; ;w;"8;%w;,1 9c @RA: g K} 1 %'-7 4;5:<?AF8' g ?'!u$&t1 9>"A6; gG  "%J)+~-236 =;@4O g k j "Q%j+.24# ;j= g2;#q/xy%/ -36< F+, g@p$)y|,,q,!#(E 04S <>N * g 1 ":%- 0r46=@bFT( g|  #u*q,u0c2g5@9p>L &M gky&M&MSq&M$Z'y*u&M&M*.q&M4G6X91=a@+D$ g!a "(T,/258: g u#(V,l0Z338<C gH)%.)+p-0Z48< ~ gp P#*L,P2458< L gZ!$'*#y,LL- 7qL<y?}LL@x gq^g "~$2,8.<4 7:>  gxQx ' 0Y4 =y?@ gqY" %c .c2Q: | g#l%p(I 025;+@ J gtx J J%' /,6TVm$T2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-4[Newman&Sproull,ComputerGraphics],inwhichthereferencecitationsallrefertoapreliminarydraftversion,becausetheauthorsforgottomake`onelastrevisionpass'overthereferencecitationsintheappendices.ThesecondeditionwastypesetbytheauthorsusingfacilitiesatXeroxPARCbecausetheycouldcompleterevisionsuptothelastminuteandcontroltheaccuracyofcomputerprogramscontainedinthetext.Inanormalproductionprocess,therearemorepeoplecheckingthingsandhencelesschanceofoversights,suchaswhatactuallyhappenedintheappendices.Anareaofgreatconcerntothepublisherisadministrationoftheproductionprocess.Publishersusuallyhaveseveralprojectsunderwayatthesametimebecauseofthedelaysinvolvingrevisionsandapprovalsfromtheauthorofasingleproject.Theproductioneditorcontrolsthedocumentpublicationprocessforthepublisher,determiningtimeandcostestimatesforthepublication,selectingandcontractingwithsuppliers,trackingtheparallelstagesofthecompositionprocess,andkeepingrecordsofdeadlinesandexpenses.Inajournalpublishingsituation,theproblemiscompoundedbythedualpressuresofmultipleauthorsandfrequentpublicationdeadlinesforeachissue.Theseprocesscontrolfunctionsarethemostimportantcontributionsofpublishers.Somepublishingcompaniesemploylittlemorethanproductionandmarketingeditorsinhouse,subcontractingmostoftheskilledjobssuchascopyediting,design,illustration,composition,printing.Intheelectronicpublishingorself-publishingprocess,thesesubcontractedjobsareperformedbythemanuscriptauthorandelectronicdocumentproductiontoolswillhavetohandlethemsuccessfully.Thetraditionaldocumentproductionprocessinthegraphicartsroutinelyaccommodatesdifficultmanuscripts.Typicallytables,mathematicalnotation,illustrations,andpagelayoutareaspectsofdocumentproductionthatareconsidereddifficultbytraditionalpublishers.Thefollowingsectionsdiscusshoweachoneoftheseareaswashandledinthecomparativepublishingexperiment.TablesTherewereonlyasmallnumberoftablesintheOneBook/FiveWaysexperiment,buttheywerealwaystreatedseparatelyfromthemainbodyoftext.Manypublishersrelyontheskillofthecompositorortypesettertohandletables:vfcw! ff"@vf)5w*Yff+yufEfFfG)s^ gqq$^^%',/6==?CE\ g KU{%(|.c3L5P9=`@`Z gb$$&) 3 6t;AXb g_8! ')s.XbXb/qXb3Z9=/V/ g}P!$*M-326 <>S g?C $f&'- 67BAO g L"E"z$'X.0X ;B=SJ` g  #)C-228@oBYH. g]p$t+25=7ALE g% jy#EE$,qE18%:C g   _ ( 1W58_;BEA g u.q '+ 39v5 FT/0 g! ,{/2:=J, g 8z $, 5 9% g l '/4. >R#a g !$*L,^4 <?!/ g R %I .<18?D g;p!$'),^ 5 = x# gqI8!(**;.0x3II57U?uq g tu" %b* 269=AD g) b!%,'=* 24 <>>B gTVm$72DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-5``Agoodcomposingroomcantranslatealmostanytabularcopyinareasonablyclearandpresentableexampleoftabularcomposition.''[Williamson,BookDesign,p160]TheChicagoManualofStyleprovidesauthorswiththe``dosanddon'ts''forpreparingtablesinmanuscripts.Inparticular,authorsareexpectedtopreparetablesonseparatepagesbecausethetableswillbecomposedseparatelyfromthetext.Therearesomecautionsalso.Forinstance,theUniversityofChicagoPressnolongerprefersverticalrulesintablesbecauseMonotypecomposition(usingmoltenmetalcastingofindividualletters),whichcouldinsertaverticalruleeasily,isnolongereconomical.Withphototypesettercomposition,verticalrulesaredifficultandexpensive:``Inlinewithanearlyuniversaltrendamongscholarlyandcommercialpublishers,theUniversityofChicagoPresshasgivenupverticalrulesasastandardfeatureoftablesinthebooksandjournalsthatitpublishes.Thehandworknecessitatedbyincludingverticalrulesiscostlynomatterwhatmodeofcompositionisused,andinthePress'sviewtheexpenseofitcannolongerbejustifiedbytheadditionalrefinementitbrings.''[,TheChicagoManualofStyle,1982,p325-326]MathematicsAlthoughtherewerenomathematicsinthisexperiment,publisherstreatmathematicalnotationverydifferentlythantextualmaterial.KernighanandCherrynotethisdifficultyintheirpaperoncomputertypesettingofmathematics[Kernighan&Cherry,eqn]wheretheyquotethefollowingfromTheChicagoManualofStyle:``Mathematicsisknowninthetradeasdifficult,orpenalty,copybecauseitisslower,moredifficultandmoreexpensivetosetintypethananyotherkindofcopynormallyoccurringinbooksandjournals.''[,AManualofStyle,1969,p295]Somepublishersspecializeinmathematicalandscientificdocuments.Theyutilizebothskilledcopyeditorsandspecialsupplierstohandlethedifficultmathematicalmaterial.OtherNorthAmericanpublisherssendmathematicscopytotheFarEast,wherehotmetalcompositionprovidesthequalityandcheaplaborratesreducethecost.vfcw! ff"@vf)5w*Yff+yufEfFfG)q^;3N"%j+039p=A?@U \ u%'-~ s7\\8Y ?CtZxWd!xqW%,I2/58<?EU\ g $& .47>l@qS) g$',8/l19 A7ELP gK# 'q*1k4D YN g0#').E4my@ LL@J` gqJ`. ', 7 AgH. gp:} E(*"b).4;? B 11 #[%,#0389:@DG(@M#[%(-q07J:< E$> !#+01;57w<^? D<^EJ !7%w(*-u269R?ACF :,U $ ," 46s=/:,:,=@ C7P9x4 g q0FLG! +:->0g 9s A^. g  (,29sA+ g !%*,4d <> s) g5q)j!S%),3x7))8;1A'} g^q'}'}$w G!o#w&S*x,$w$w-pq2$w$w3x50$w$w6q:9$w$wx;E$w$w;q$w?E;F"EP#/'~/1359c=0@\D $2&>+.] s5  6S8:)?EADqP : #% /2 9 C: g^@xt#'%,35:=u g "'/9 7$; DC gkD^gyPCCL jqC%F .5@8=@ g;TVm$G2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-6IllustrationsThetreatmentofillustrationsvariedwidelyinthepublishingexperimentdescribedinOneBook/FiveWays.Inoneinstance,apublisherchosetohaveanartistpreparelinedrawingsratherthanincludehalftonephotographsbecausetherewerenoconvenientlocalsupplierstocreatehalftonescreensforthephotographs.Incontrast,anotherpublisherplannedphotographsfortheopeningpageofeachchapteraswellasformostoftheillustrations.Generally,illustrationsarepreparedseparatelywhilethebookisbeingcopy-edited,andarethenmanuallyassembledontothecompletedpages.PageLayoutExaminingthebookdesignandpagelayoutusedbymostpublishersrevealsmainlytheresultsratherthanthedesignprocessitself.Pagedummiesandsamplepagesaretheusualproductsofthedesignprocess.Pagedummiesaresketchesofthepagelayoutspreparedbythegraphicdesignerforapproval.Samplepagesarepagestypesetandassembledbythecompositionsupplier.Bothtechniquesmayrequireseveraliterationsbetweendesigner,supplier,andpublishertomakecertainthatthepublisherissatisfiedandthatallthestyleguidelinesarefollowed.Unfortunately,suchaniterativedesignprocessgenerallymeansthatthepublisher'sguidelineshaveneverbeencompletelyspecified,frustratingthoseattemptingtobecomeasupplierwithnewtechnology.2.1.2RolesinvolvedinproducingabookThedocumentproductionprocessiscomplex.Tohelpunderstandtheprocessbetter,thissectionexaminestheindividualrolesofpeopleinvolvedinproducingapublisheddocument.Anthropomorphism,ortheattributionofhumanbehaviortosomeproblem,hasprovenbeneficialinmakingcomplexparallelprocessesmoreeasilyunderstood[Dyment,Corkscrew][Booth&Gentleman,Anthropomorphism].Aninteractivepaintprogram[Beach,Paint]wasimplementedusingmultipleprocesses,whereanthropomorphismservedtoclarifyandsimplifytherelationshipsoftheparallelprocesses.Throughcataloguingtherolesinvolvedindocumentproduction,thestructureoftheproblembecomesapparentasasetofintegratedprocesses.vfcw! ff"@vf)5w*Yff+yufEfFfG)x^ g q[ %*/14 < X gxXXY!yq%YXX&)+,`3'4;@eBiV g-#((+y1VV2qV8 AT g o#]*Y,]y1-TT2)8 qT>AfRR g %- 3h <?P g"~$(* ,025 ? M g L &+:.2C38 AE$K g.^H#%-xG g}qD$='+m0r4S6: BA g"%d*0[y5kAA6t9qAAy? gq?v!(*-29=zD=q g!Z(V*-3w:<;> gM1#' .1U4. =}9 gp I"' .56<1B6 g)"%-.5+8n;>@4 g 6 )-06r;Ai2u g  '+0Z4c < 0C g l ! #)+*048+ v,i gTI?$&Iq( #E)*2k58 AQ&] g2_ '?* 157=UD $+ gDE&577V:/ B\! g &(). 6084> gL|"R s*+Y1 81 gq@ %)Ms/4q8; a g^ #267a9f>wA/ g@ # +2 ;w>P g# %(/n14Y: gIM;L # DTVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-7AuthorTypistAcquisition EditorMarket ReviewerTechnical ReviewerProduction EditorCopy EditorGraphic DesignerIllustratorCompositorIndexerPaste-up Artist^_qD^_qD@D@^_1D@D`^AqD^AqD@D@^A1D@D`Camera OperatorPrinterBinder~_Q~AQD@D@>_QD@D`^]aD^]aC@ C^]A@CC@^[aD^[aC@ C^[A@CC@^YaD^YaC@ C^YA@CC@^WaD^WaC@ C^WA@CC@^UaD^UaC@ C^UA@CC@^SaD^SaC@ C^SA@CC@^QaD^QaC@ C^QA@CC@^OaD^OaC@ C^OA@CC@^MaD^MaC@ C^MA@CC@^KaD^KaC@ C^KA@CC@^IaD^IaC@ C^IA@CC@^GaD^GaC@ C^GA@CC@^EaD^EaC@ C^EA@CC@^CaD^CaC@ C^CA@CC@^]^^'^^'^]^]>]>^D@D`~]D@D@^^'^^D@D@^^D@D`'~^'~]D@D@'>^D@D`'^]^]D@D`'^]D@D@^[^\"^\"^[^[>[>\D@D`~[D@D@^\"^\D@D@^\D@D`"~\"~[D@D@">\D@D`"^[^[D@D`"^[D@D@$^[$^\'^\'^[$^[$>[$>\D@D`$~[D@D@$^\'^\D@D@$^\D@D`'~\'~[D@D@'>\D@D`'^[$^[D@D`'^[D@D@.^].^^/^^/^].^].>].>^D@D`.~]D@D@.^^/^^D@D@.^^D@D`/~^/~]D@D@/>^D@D`/^].^]D@D`/^]D@D@'^Y'^Z*^Z*^Y'^Y'>Y'>ZD@D`'~YD@D@'^Z*^ZD@D@'^ZD@D`*~Z*~YD@D@*>ZD@D`*^Y'^YD@D`*^YD@D@'^W'^X(^X(^W'^W'>W'>XD@D`'~WD@D@'^X(^XD@D@'^XD@D`(~X(~WD@D@(>XD@D`(^W'^WD@D`(^WD@D@)^U)^V*^V*^U)^U)>U)>VD@D`)~UD@D@)^V*^VD@D@)^VD@D`*~V*~UD@D@*>VD@D`*^U)^UD@D`*^UD@D@*^S*^TC^TC^S*^S*>S*>TD@D`*~SD@D@*^TC^TD@D@*^TD@D`C~TC~SD@D@C>TD@D`C^S*^SD@D`C^SD@D@*^Q*^R.^R.^Q*^Q*>Q*>RD@D`*~QD@D@*^R.^RD@D@*^RD@D`.~R.~QD@D@.>RD@D`.^Q*^QD@D`.^QD@D@*^M*^N,^N,^M*^M*>M*>ND@D`*~MD@D@*^N,^ND@D@*^ND@D`,~N,~MD@D@,>ND@D`,^M*^MD@D`,^MD@D@,^K,^L.^L.^K,^K,>K,>LD@D`,~KD@D@,^L.^LD@D@,^LD@D`.~L.~KD@D@.>LD@D`.^K,^KD@D`.^KD@D@0^I0^J6^J6^I0^I0>I0>JD@D`0~ID@D@0^J6^JD@D@0^JD@D`6~J6~ID@D@6>JD@D`6^I0^ID@D`6^ID@D@.^O.^P3^P3^O.^O.>O.>PD@D`.~OD@D@.^P3^PD@D@.^PD@D`3~P3~OD@D@3>PD@D`3^O.^OD@D`3^OD@D@7^G7^H:^H:^G7^G7>G7>HD@D`7~GD@D@7^H:^HD@D@7^HD@D`:~H:~GD@D@:>HD@D`:^G7^GD@D`:^GD@D@:^E:^F<^F<^E:^E:>E:>FD@D`:~ED@D@:^F<^FD@D@:^FD@D`<~F<~ED@D@<>FD@D`<^E:^ED@D`<^ED@D@?^C?^DB^DB^C?^C?>C?>DD@D`?~CD@D@?^DB^DD@D@?^DD@D`B~DB~CD@D@B>DD@D`B^C?^CD@D`B^CD@D@B^AB^BC^BC^AB^AB>AB>BD@D`B~AD@D@B^BC^BD@D@B^BD@D`C~BC~AD@D@C>BD@D`C^AB^AD@D`C^AD@D@:^O:^P;^P;^O:^O:>O:>PD@D`:~OD@D@:^P;^PD@D@:^PD@D`;~P;~OD@D@;>PD@D`;^O:^OD@D`;^OD@D@;^I;^J<^J<^I;^I;>I;>JD@D`;~ID@D@;^J<^JD@D@;^JD@D`<~J<~ID@D@<>JD@D`<^I;^ID@D`<^ID@D@<^G<^H=^H=^G<^G<>G<>HD@D`<~GD@D@<^H=^HD@D@<^HD@D`=~H=~GD@D@=>HD@D`=^G<^GD@D`=^GD@D@=^E=^F>^F>^E=^E=>E=>FD@D`=~ED@D@=^F>^FD@D@=^FD@D`>~F>~ED@D@>>FD@D`>^E=^ED@D`>^ED@D@3^]3^^4^^4^]3^]3>]3>^D@D`3~]D@D@3^^4^^D@D@3^^D@D`4~^4~]D@D@4>^D@D`4^]3^]D@D`4^]D@D@6^]6^^7^^7^]6^]6>]6>^D@D`6~]D@D@6^^7^^D@D@6^^D@D`7~^7~]D@D@7>^D@D`7^]6^]D@D`7^]D@D@>^]>^^?^^?^]>^]>>]>>^D@D`>~]D@D@>^^?^^D@D@>^^D@D`?~^?~]D@D@?>^D@D`?^]>^]D@D`?^]D@D@'n^Q'nXQ@ CC'N^QCC@@*nZQ*nNQ@ CC*NZQCC@@,nNQ,nLQ@ CC,NNQCC@@3NPQ3N^QCC@@3nPQ@ CC:nPQ:nFQ@ CC:NPQCC@@>NFQ>N^QCC@@>nFQ@ CC?n^Q?nDQ@ CC?N^QCC@@BnDQBnBQ@ CCBNDQCC@@;nPQ;nJQ@ CC;NPQCC@@Q/>RD@D`/~QD@D@/^R0^RD@D@/^RD@D`0~R0~QD@D@0>RD@D`0^Q/^QD@D`0^QD@D@/n^Q/nRQ@ CC/N^QCC@@0nRQ0nJQ@ CC0NRQCC@@4^O4^P5^P5^O4^O4>O4>PD@D`4~OD@D@4^P5^PD@D@4^PD@D`5~P5~OD@D@5>PD@D`5^O4^OD@D`5^OD@D@4n^Q4nPQ@ CC4N^QCC@@.NLQ.N^QCC@@.nLQ@ CCCNBQCNTQCC@@CnBQ@ CCFigure2-2.AHYPOTHETICALPUBLISHINGPROCESSindicatingtherolesandtheirinteractionsatvariousstages.Thehorizontalaxisrepresentselapsedtimeandthethinverticallinesjoinactivitiesthatbeginorendatthesametime.Delaysorinactivityarenotshown,butmayexistatmanyplacesintheprocess.(Aside:AnexampleofthelackofintegrationinelectronictoolsoccurredwhenpreparingFigure2-2.Thereare15textlabelsandthefirstversionoftheillustrationcontainedtwospellingmistakes.Becausetheillustrationwaspreparedwithaseparateillustrationtoolandwasnotintegratedwiththedocument,thespellingtoolusedonthetextofthischapterwasunabletofindthemistakesintheillustration.)Animportantthingtorememberwhilereadingthiscategorizationofrolesisthatthedescriptionsrelatetoactivitiesandnotpeople.Sometimespeoplemayfillseveralrolesatonce,suchasanauthorwhotypesandcomposesthemanuscript,oragraphicdesignerwhodoesthelayout,illustration,andpaste-up.Theuseofdocumentcompositiontoolsinuniversitiesandresearchlabshastendedtoencourage(orforce)authorstotakeonmultipleroles.Fromthisexperience,peoplemayfalselyconcludethateachjoblookseasierthanitis,especiallywhentheyarenotawareofwhattheyaredoingwrong.Concentratingoneachroleseparatelyhelpsustounderstandtheprocessandtorealizetheskillsnecessarytoaccomplishallaspectsofthatspecialist'sjob.vfcw! ff"@vf)5w*Yff+yufEfFfG) g`;#z^^^\^Z^X^V^T^R ^N^L ^J ^P^H##^F^D^B###############x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x####x#################x######x#######w> g{> w> {7> > & >  > &w> ,m 258z;>` E<" g#" {"] (-03j58=~@:6 g ,|!$(-. 47)9>"@Cy8J g g6;#q3J #'<)M 13 ;%? 0 gZ!&[)&+l.3V69q<BD. g ;p%-=36e >,{ gc '3*-13 ;?u*H g`y $'%)-A/R2z8a;AC ( g@ %(s x(a,25 @mB~Fy" g  F"J ),S/F5>Cq gwq\"$&,'/47T>y g [y%U(,/5 =AG g %)+ 4{7>5A gu#6)+!.1 7<AN g  k #'*$-1V4;8=9AB g L!&x(,0?3 7= } g "$?&C .17~:<AK g "a$*K,\/ 7.TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-8AuthorofthemanuscriptTheauthorcreatestheoriginalmanuscript.Generally,themanuscriptistextualmaterial,althoughforsomesubjectareastherewillbevastquantitiesofmathematicalnotation,computerprograms,tables,linedrawings,orphotographs.Theauthormayproduceseveraldraftmanuscriptswiththeassistanceofatypist.Someauthorsnowdotheirowntypingwithwordprocessorsortexteditors.Sophisticatededitorialtools,suchasthedictionandwritingstyleanalysistoolsofferedintheUNIXWriter'sWorkbench[Cherry,WritingTools][Macdonald,Writer'sWorkbench]andinothercommercialeditingsystems[Alexander,EditorAids],maybeusedbyanauthortoimprovethequalityofthewriting.Adraftmanuscriptissubmittedbyanauthortoanacquisitioneditororjournaleditorforconsideration.Afterafavorablepublishingdecision,theauthorcompletesthemanuscriptandaddsfrontmatterthatmayincludeapreface,anintroduction,acknowledgements,etc.Ifthedocumentistobeindexedorhaveotherreferencematerial,theauthormayneedtopreparethismaterialalso.Thecompletedmanuscriptissenttotheproductioneditor,whobeginsthepublicationprocess.Somepublisherswillnowacceptmanuscriptsubmissioninelectronicform,suchaswordprocessordiskettesormagnetictape.Theauthormaybeinvolvedinreviewingdecisionsmadebythepublisher.Thecopyeditorwillmarkthemanuscriptwithsuggestedchangesandquestionstobedealtwithbytheauthor.Thegraphicdesignerorillustratormaysenddraftsofthebookdesignandillustrationartworkforreviewandapproval.Theremayalsobeanindexerinvolved,whomaysendthepreliminaryindexentriestotheauthorforreview.Theauthormustalsocheckthecompositionprocessbyfirstlookingatthegalleysandlateratproofsoftheassembledpages.TypistThetypistpreparesthedraftmanuscriptfortheauthorusingatypewriter,wordprocessor,ortexteditorprogram.Typewritercompositioninvolvesonlysimpletypography,typicallywithonlyasmallnumberoftypestyles.Technicaltypingwithmanymathematicalsymbolsismuchmoredifficultandtimeconsuming;sometypistsresorttohandprintingsymbolsthatareunavailableonthetypewriter.Thelayoutoftypewrittenmaterialisfreeformandrequirementsarequiterelaxed.Tablesareeasilylaidoutwithfixed-widthcharactersonatypewriter.vfcw! ff"@vf)5w*Yff+yufEfFfG)x^ g g^ q[g & 0K 8\;5 CX g";&,0L47:=o DV g y$,14w T g!$( 158` ?AyCITTCqG^TTRR g $)-Y1 9;>P g !h%='A*/28<\BuM g$(sMM qMo!s*MM+05(9U ACK g qKY &,Ys2XKK2 9=qAKKBEI gIEI"%+/-@0F %'),D13y5FF6 >qFCyDQ gYqDQj %D)+2> :^A1B gc< $(+0 5G8@= g$?+-326:<B; g4" +,,0X2]y56;;61>4qB;;C9U gl #(} 0g37:S  g Yw"*< 2 ;Ba g !g%!(*>.46:@ g@ #*L,04;)>lr g L#]%a)/6>9'  g2pC"S&*!-0 9 APC g (TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-9Thehumantypistfrequentlyactsasabuilt-inspellingcheckerandcopy-editingservicewhiletranscribingthemanuscript.Thereareseveraldraftspreparedduringthecreationofamanuscript.Ifeachdraftisretypedtoincorporatechanges,thereisastrongtendencytoreducethenumberofdraftsbecauseoftheeffortrequired.Often,thecompletedmanuscriptcontainspartialpageinsertspastedorstapledtogether.AcquisitionEditororJournalEditorTheacquisitionseditorsolicitsandreviewsnewmanuscriptsfromauthors.Opinionsofreviewersaresoughttodetermineifthemanuscriptshouldbepublished.Thepublishingdecisionismadebyapublicationboardoracommitteeofjournaleditorsandisconcludedbythesigningofapublicationcontractoragreementbetweenthepublisherandtheauthor.ReviewerorRefereeAmanuscriptreviewermaybeaskedbyapublishertogiveoneofseveralopinions.Bookpublishersrefertothesepeopleasreviewers,andjournaleditorsrefertothemasreferees.Reviewsmadeearlyintheprocessseektoestablishthemarketabilityofamanuscriptortheappropriatenessofajournalarticle.Later,morecomprehensivereviewsseektoassessthesubjectcoverage,researchcontributions,andtechnicalaccuracyofthemanuscript.Reviewersaregenerallymostconcernedwithdocumentcontent,althoughinsomespecialcasestheymayalsoconsidertheformatorstyleofamanuscript.Somereviewersoftechnicalmaterialmayusetheirowntypesettingcapabilitiestocapturetheircommentsinthecomplexnotationofthesubjectarea,suchasmathematicsorcomputerprogramming.Insomecases,suchascomputersciencejournals,thereviewsmayevenbetransmittedelectronicallyviaelectronicmailnetworks.ProductionEditorTheproductioneditorcontrolsthedocumentproductionprocess.Initiallytheproductioneditordealswiththeauthortoensurethatthemanuscripthasallnecessaryillustrations,thatallthesectionsofthemanuscriptarefinished,andthatpermissionisobtainedtoreproduceitemsfromothersources.Copiesofthecompletedmanuscriptaresentinparalleltothecopyeditorforeditorialrevisionsandtothegraphicdesignerforbookdesignandillustration.vfcw! ff"@vf)5w*Yff+yufEfFfG)q^7 %.(q*u+17=\ g L (+ YO!r(n-068:a CW g;E &-[13N49@BU\ g@u."W$h'A+38;zS) g h $).06xOP g [ar#OqKv  &C)/i2 <@+ID gyIDID:qID [%'/1*4 <AG g  t &(-2/0 9>_@}D gy:!$&.039t;< B g#_&8-03x> g q:  $d&+R-/6e8i;?!A28 g'~ h$c&h*02 9=B6 gbfy66Hq66 ' +/14:^> @ 4b g@ HZ %H'g*@6 89?120 g6 &*V,[139r@/ g ! '), 6B>+@- gpZ#*037J<@D{+ gT- $&' (P$+.159! &a g  (*-4":<?$. gb7; !)E 46; ?Cn! gq )#(,0s2 ;x E g x g &q  ^&)y1/ 9@q g@  $i'B,.372: BE g  ^"%+-0 9&;B g  "*u.27H>CEM gl #8%<+!-%/38;y  g9|Y!?'*.37 TVm$,2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-10Productioneditorscontactandselectappropriatesuppliersforgraphicartsserviceswhenthoseservicesarenotavailablewithinthepublisher.Tohelpmanageandtrackthevariousstagesofseveralpublicationsgoingonsimultaneously,theproductioneditormaintainsaproductiondatabaserecordingtheexpectedservices,thedateandtimeeachservicebeganandfinished,theestimatedandactualcostsincurred,andthecurrentstatusofongoingservices.Thisdatabaseexistseitheronpaperasthejobdocket(alargeenvelopethatcontainsallthepartiallycompletedresults)orinacomputerfile.GraphicDesignerThegraphicdesignerprovidesthebookdesignandlayoutguidelines.Thisdesigncanonlybedoneeffectivelywhentheentiremanuscriptisavailable,althoughsomedesignsareattemptedwithincompleteinformationandlaterrevisedduringpublication.Thedesignguidelinesarewritteninaspecificationsheetorinastylesheettobesenttothecompositorwiththecopy-editedmanuscript(seetheexampleinthenextsection).Asdifficulttypographicsituationsarise,graphicdesignersmaydesignspecialguidelinesforthosenotcoveredinthegeneralscheme,suchasdesigningthelayoutfortables,andspecifyingthetypographyfornestedlistsofmaterialorforforeignlanguageextracts.Artworkfortheillustrationsmayormaynotbetheresponsibilityofagraphicdesigner,dependingonthedesigner'sagreement,talents,orinterests.Jacketorcoverdesignsmayalsobethegraphicdesigner'sresponsibility.CopyEditorThecopyeditorensuresthatthemanuscriptmeetsthepublisher'shousestyleforlanguageusage,grammar,spelling,citations,references,illustrationcaptions,tablearrangements,headings,listsofitems,foreignlanguagephrases,etc.Thecopyeditordealswithalltheirksomedetailsthatwouldannoythereaderiftheywerenottreatedconsistently.Forexample,thecopyeditorcheckscrossreferencesfromonesectiontoanotherforcompletenessandverifiesthatcaptions,footnotes,andcitationsarenumberedsequentially.Missinginformationorreferencesandquestionablecorrectionsaresenttotheauthorforaction.Obviouslyelectroniceditingtoolsgreatlyassistthecopyeditortoaccomplishtheseconsistencychecks.Displayingboththecrossreferenceanditsreferentthroughmultipleviews(orwindows)ofamanuscripthelptocheckcrossvfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g Q #F' 07:K@1\ gt?!K$' -35 YKa#&],028h AW gwP %*23t ;U\ g#&*v-15T:?S) g _ %r)n0w36 >H gq>H5SWy>H>Hq>H!$'|),Y 48;u < g M&!#&*@90s ! (-$3 ::=C6 g 6>1$Y&])6/5B9;B4 gk:} $?' /2y7:=CoE2y g/sF $(R*p.13V6/ @QBb-@ gMH!g#& .H 6w + gl!f$')/ 7nx'4 g q#Z!%.( 05E8 @s!( g;&A, 3 ;  gH_ !)C,.3s9"@ g}xH x$2&)^/48)=-B$ g-#Q ->0r7m:F>BC_ g} La%'#-0/ 9=+B, gH %$'t/_ 9 g s `" ,B 47n:<?E  g $(.2A59=? g I '+.29=!?Z ] g< k')+F 379>71TVm$T2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-11references;pattern-matchingsearchoperationspermitquickglobalchecks;styleanddictionanalysistoolsmaybeofassistanceincheckingthegrammar,spellingandlanguageusage.Thecopyeditormarksthemanuscriptforthecompositorbyidentifyingthelogicalpartsofthedocument,suchaschapteropenings,variouslevelsofsectionheadings,typesoflistsofitems,andcaptionsfortablesandillustrations.Selectingthetypographictreatmentofthoselogicalpartsistheresponsibilityofthegraphicdesigner,whospecifiestothecompositorthetypographyforeachpartinthestyleguidelines.IndexerTheindexerpreparestheindexentriesforamanuscript,assignspageorreferencenumberstoeachentry,sortsthem,andcreatesanindexmanuscript.Theindexingjobmayormaynotbedonebytheauthor,althoughtheauthorusuallymustapprovetheindexmanuscript.Theindexerworkswiththemanuscriptintwostages:thecopy-editedmanuscriptpriortocompositiontodeterminetheindexentries,andthepageproofstoassignthecorrectpagenumberstothesortedindexentries.Therequirementforcorrectpagenumbersplacestheindexonthecriticalpathforpublicationandsomepublicationsomittheindextoreducethedelay.Electronicaidsforindexinghavenotproventobeapanacea.WinogradandPaxtoncreatedageneralsetofindexingtools[Winograd&Paxton,TEXIndexing],yettheindexstillrequiredhandeditingandfinetuning.Thedifficultyinpreparinganindexistheproperselectionandcrossreferencingofindexentrytermsorphrases.Skilledindexersstillproducebetterindicesthanmostcomputer-generatedonesbecausetheyindexonmeaning,notonaprecisephrasefoundinthemanuscript.Illustrator,Draftsman,GraphicArtistTheillustrationsforapublicationarepreparedfrominitialartworkprovidedbytheauthor.Therangeofillustrationsfoundintechnicaldocumentsspansfinehand-drawnillustrationsproducedbyagraphicartist,engineeringdrawingspreparedbyadraftsman,andphotographssuppliedbytheauthororaphotographicservice.Oftenillustrationsareproducedbytracingtheauthor'ssketches,whichresultsinrevisioncyclesastheauthormoreclearlyindicateshisintentions.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g !& .48=Cd\ g3LG"%9'J .07:|AZ gW # ,6.1 :H< DU\ g"&(.5;@.B?S) g^o$>'-05]8 P gpI W&(-52m688; E4N g@&!&Q(V+/ 36 ?AAL g xH g qD"'$,w/'0 9>BB gkp D$(-0638= @z g|9"%(,A.1{7,>@>H g !}V# -u06;?Y< g *}"V +J 379 CJ9 g6!Z$'u+c027b:;?7 g;?!'+b 47o<@5 gQ*%#`'') 2|5: CK3L g@3 0F $e(S+F02546=. g2V" $&-s1{..1=A)qF..+ g% _$*-[06:c Ay) g:|U$+|.2 ;w=B'} g&)@/4o9=%K gN!%I(-/7:D7 g TVm$+2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-12Thegraphicdesignermayproduceillustrationartworkpersonallyormayestablishartworkguidelinesfororiginalsize,reductionfactors,lineweight,typography,shadingtextures,materials,andsoon.Reducingtheoriginalartworkimprovesthequalityofthelinedrawingsbymakingthelineweightsappearmoreconsistent(smallvariationsarelessnoticeable)andbysharpeningthecontrastintheimage.Carefulcoordinationofdimensionsandtextsizeontheoriginalartworkisnecessarytoensurethatthereducedartworksuitsthesurroundingtypographywhenassembledonthepage.Keyboarder,Coder,orInputterThecompositionofadocumentisaccomplishedintwostages:enteringthemarked-upmanuscriptintoatypesettablefile,andthenoutputtingthefileonatypesettingdevice.Typicallythereisoneformatcodeforeachlogicalpartofthedocumentmarkedbythecopyeditor.Forexample,theremightbeacodeforthechapteropening,foreachlevelofsectionheading,forbeginninganindentedlistofitems,andforalineofatable.Thejobofenteringthemarked-upmanuscriptmaybefurthersubdividedintoseveralphases:assigningformatcodestothecopyeditor'smarks,designingthetypesettercodesforeachformat,andinputtingthemanuscriptcodesandtext.Thestylesheetprovidedbythegraphicdesignerdeterminestheappearanceofmarkeduppartsofthemanuscriptandhencethetypesettercodesrequired.Thetypesettablefilesmayeitherbeentereddirectly,onlessexpensiveslowtypesettingdevices,orkeptonsomestoragemedium(perhapspapertape,floppydiskettes,rigiddisksormagnetictape)formoreexpensivehigh-speedtypesetters.Correctionstothetypesetgalleyproofsaremostoftenmadebytypesettingcorrectedpiecesofthemanuscript,ratherthancorrectingthefilesandretypesettingtheentiregalley.Inthecaseoflargedocuments,managementofthecorrectionsisaconcernandposesdifficultiesforsubsequentusesofthedocument.Compositor,TypesetterThecompositorproducestheactualtypesetoutput.Thispersonmayalsodothekeyboarding,butacompositormusthavetheskilltoenterspecifictypographiccodesforunusualordifficulttypesettingjobs,suchasformathematics,tables,illustrationlabels,copyfittextthatmustfitcertaindimensions,andsoon.Thecompositorrunsthetypesettablefilethroughthetypesettingdeviceandproducesthetypesetgalleysorpages.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^#5) 18 ?B\ g!: ! #)-c4:=Z g "< ),/29<Xb g|"$&*11,39q S g@vzS 6&( /1 :z=AD4Q g@Le$d&i+/ 187>PBO g  g"*-20 xK g 0qG n')O 358>DE g _ ". +=.15 =@CgEC g "&Q(+:0479; @FCAN g@W"0&+,/761:p?2AB? g!M%!)+ 07U:A< gI  "$1's)*03q6V8g>: g _ #R( 1X4:<@y8 g q8NS, (&+R25 =ADO6R g2tq ',/47;S?4 g &)_ 24:<@B1 g 3 'P+. .#P(*Y0L69<1C, g  #)'s-3:b? C* g x$(+/7z ? (Q g ?C$t),]0e490; & gm &`+=/ 69=# g !#x%(|,.2' : D! g@ U $2( 03t < ?A gx g  q "%*[/6O:?iC g  (},03[68=!o g u"%+J 37;a=e= g Vu #y(==)-$q=/42w59< g sI! *<-0 9<C g $'',14CTVm$m2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-13Paste-upArtistMostdocumentsaretypesetingalleyformandlatercutandpastedintopageassemblies.Thepaste-upartistcollectsallthepiecesofthemanuscriptintheirfinalform:typesettext,runningheadswithpagenumbers,mechanicalartworkfortheillustrations,andphotographs.Pagesareassembledbycuttingapartthegalleysintopiecesthatwillfitoneachindividualpageandpastingthepiecesontopagelayoutforms.Theselayoutformsaretypicallyprintedwithlightbluelinesthatwillnotreproduceonphotographicnegativesforprinting.Thepaste-upprocessrequiresasharpknifeandawaxingmachine,whichcoatsthebackofphotopaperlightlywithwaxthathelpsthepaperadheretothelayoutformswhenthetwoarepressedtogether.Thewaxadhesiveispliablesothatthepiecescanbesafelyseparatedifthelayoutneedstochange.Paste-uponlyappliestophotocompositionsystemsthatproducepaperorfilmoriginaltype.Withmetalfoundrytype,theassemblyprocessinvolvesmovingmetaltypeslugsintoplaceandperformingcraftoperations,likesurroundingtypeslugswithfurnituretoprovidethespacingforpagelayout,orkerningindividualletterslugsbycuttingoffthecornerstomakethemfittogetherbetter.Somelegalorganizationshaverequiredmetaltypeforlegaldocumentstoavoidpotentialerrorsinelectroniccompositionsystemsusingphototypesetters[Leith,Metaltype];theywantedtoseeandverifythefinaltype.Thegraphicdesignermaypaste-upadocument,especiallyifthemanuscriptrequiresfrequentdesigndecisions.Insuchcasesitisquitedifficultafterwardtodeterminetherulesandlogicthatwereappliedtoaccomplishsomeofthecreativelayouts.ProcessCameraOperator,StripperAfterthepageassemblystage,completedpagesarereadyforprinting.Dependingontheprintingprocess,itmaybenecessarytousealarge-formatgraphicartsprocesscameratopreparephotographicnegativesofeachpage.Thenegativesareinturnusedtoexposeprintingplates.Textandlineartillustrationsarephotographeddirectlyonveryhighcontrastnegativefilm,whereasphotographsarescreenedorhalftonedtoprovidethetonalvariationsonhighcontrastfilm.Iftheprinteriscapableofprintingseveralpagesinonepass,thenthestrippermustprepareanimpositionofseveralpagesintooneprintingsignature.Thegraphicartsprocessofproducingprintingplatesfromassembledpages(masterimages)hasbeenimitatedbytheconceptofrenderingvfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbx_ g q[,H$&+n/269Y<AX gU n#'-t/279i@Rc g~H!2$'),^02 8;?3DP0 gQ%#(-2[5%;AM gy;MM6(qMX!), 6%=G?K g~I"$ (,0 1p7>BI g@/@  #+&*N-249>@Gg gkk #k)P0497>\@EE5 g!(*-j2n79B/p(!/6558>C? gy#h??#)q--??.618== gX"&]) 2B6 >; g cyy!2;;!q;(b*f0s3L92;?E>y9e gq9e #%b*-0h6287<@73 gD!1 +8/'5:`> @5 g@"!&( 0g 9?2 gs22!q#22%&(.03`6;W>0B/#5)+G3g :<?Z - gq &(,02k48^>F+c g6Z"U%)/1 :">l@})1 gx%W g !q!} !&j.o25:S=K g^7 &(V+.H57:;  gMu@ ") 3 :/<@@E  gTX!'L-3X7,:n= g L "(+.2y8?2 g .%y'(q/17:> O g],"')5/61G7=AC gb*!4'By))q2*4;9>CA gyq -!$ +266;By gq  ')j,C2^4oxTVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-14device-independentimagemastersthroughpagedescriptionlanguageslikeInterpressfromXerox[,Interpress]andPostScriptfromAdobeSystems[,PostScript].PrinterTheprintingprocessselectedbythepublisherdependsonthenumberofcopiesorimpressionsrequired.Short-runprinting(upto50copies)canbeprintedcost-effectivelywithaphotocopierfromapaperoriginal.Medium-runprinting(from50to1,000copies)canbeprintedwithanoffsetduplicatorusinganinexpensivepaper-basedprintingplate.Long-runprinting(from1,000to10,000copies)aregenerallyprintedwithhigh-speedoffsetprintingpressesinsignaturescontainingseveralpagesandusingmetalprintingplates.Ifthedocumentrequirescolor,thentheremustbeseparateimpressionsmadeforeachprintinginkcolor.Eachimpressionrequiresaseparatemasterimage,oneforeachcolorofink.Toprintimageswithafullrangeofcolors,separationsmaybepreparedbyanoutsidesupplierworkingfromaslidetransparencyofthecoloredimage.Forasmallnumberofflatcolors(typicallyblackplusoneortwocolors)theseparationsmaybemadebytheprocesscameraoperatorfromcolor-keyedpartsoftheoriginaldocument.BinderTheprintedpagesmustbecollatedandboundtogethertoformacompleteddocument.Thebinderyspecializesintakingthebulkpages,possiblyinsignatureform,foldingthem,collatingtheminthecorrectsequence,sewingorotherwisefasteningthepagestogether,andtrimmingthepagestofinishedsize.Thecover,whetheracloth-coveredhard-cardboardcaseorastrongpaperback,isattachedaroundthedocument.Anyprintingonthecoverorjacketmustbedesignedandprintedintimeforbinding.Theresultisacompletedpublicationreadyfordistribution.2.2TheConceptofStyleItisimportanttoobservethatthereareanincrediblenumberofchoicesinthedesignparametersthatgointoproducingadocument.Howdopeoplemakethechoices?Whatcontrolsthechoices?Howarethechoicescommunicatedwhentheyaremade?vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g%,/ 8z@\ g $s\\ Y q\'8*z 2K6`;sZ g qZZxV g qRo:%o'*18{:=CP gk {$/+2 579e>B Nz g3l!&" +/1.5< LG g]%(*04|6;] C;J g  '?,]3:>CG g(!&* 27|=CayE g qE "'!*d.3V9B^"p' */3&5z; @w gk %) 2M8:@y>E ge!%((,?15s69>r@y< g q<"%F'-X3:>2?9 g % &)+`/57:? 7 g_"F% -1F38:{=T5| g %)+.4x1 g q-x!#* -M28;?@~+ g% &(-04T9K?)a g}"T)->/B27?D'/ g";),^36t;=CU$ g p & 2S579[>_C" g`9%)/2R5+9;@~D gHVZ"!$+/]357? f g t< giqax-"&D*-L/ 7U=?EZ/ g@l  8"%-/77;>mC g@I! #*.14:X gQTVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-152.2.1StyleasaSeriesofDesignChoicesManydesignchoicesareinvolvedintheprocessofproducingadocument.Forexample,thecopyeditorchoosesnamesforthelogicalpartsofthedocumentandcommunicatesthemtothegraphicdesignerandcompositoronthemarked-upmanuscript.Thegraphicdesignerchoosesthetypographicalparametersforthesemarkedpartsofthemanuscriptandcommunicatesthemtothecompositorontype-specificationsheets,suchastheoneshowninFigure2-3.Thecompositoractsonthemark-upcodes,usingthetypespecifications,andenterstypographicalformattingcodesinthetypesettablefile.ContentTitlemainsubtitleHeading1stlevel2ndlevel3rdlevel4thlevelTextnormalquotesfootnotescaptionsTablescaptionsNumberingfoliosfiguresfootnotesParametersTypeface1.2.3.Typesize1.2.Type-weightlightmediumboldsemi-boldextra-boldSloperegularitalicLeadingsolidpointsLetteringall-capsall-lowerinitial-capColorblackColumn-widthpicaAlignmentjustifiedunjustifiedcentredflush-rightIndentpoints'9b'9-C9-C9b'9b77C7C7755C5C55'4['4&C4&C4['4[22C2C2200C0C00/G/,C/,C/G/G'-'-rC-rC-'-++C+C++*@*%C*%C*@*@((xC(xC(('&'&C&C&'&%9%C%C%9%9##qC#qC##'!'!C!C!'! 2 C C 2 2''CC'jCjC H H   H CH CH CCCH >\>\>\X>\=>\=XX>\H H H >\ >\   >\"lH "6H "6"l"lH $ >\#>\#$ $ >\%>\%>\%%%>\'f>\'K>\'K'f'f>\)>\(>\())>\*H *H ***H ,m>\,R>\,R,m,m>\.'H -H -.'.'H />\/>\///>\1H 1KH 1K11H 3 >\3>\33 3 >\6H 6RH 6R66H 8'>\8 >\8 8'8'>\4>\4>\444>\9H 9H 999H ;H ;YH ;Y;;H =.>\=>\==.=.>\>>\>>\>>>>\@>\@m>\@m@@>\BCH B H B BCBCH Figure2-3.TYPOGRAPHICSTYLESHEETtypicalofthespecificationsthatgraphicdesignersprovidecompositorstocontroltheparametersoftypesetdocuments.Allofthesechoicesinfluencethepublishingstyleoftheorganization.TheAmericanHeritageDictionary'sdefinitionsof`style'and`stylebook'helpclarifywhatstylemeansandhowitcanbeused:vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbv^ gT"$q[wa",(*-35={>X gok":(G-e028'<=>NV g_ ""&`(e+>1$7: CT g@ !@$*1!7.: RR g !%'* 3M6 AREP g@ 6'M,0i2m5F8{=?DM g Y  ',037~AK gD  #(;*?- 6' gI;#w:nB{8B|8 6Z{3B|31ST/-{,OB|*,w('c{%B|%{ B| 7}?y ~?999V~? 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(*T. g;#q%( 0469t CR g # ,.26:F>B gpDb C!$'? TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-16``stylen.1.Thewaysomethingissaidordone,asdistinguishedfromitssubstance...7.Acustomarymannerofpresentingprintedmaterial,includingusage,punctuation,spelling,typography,andarrangement.''[,Dictionary]``stylebookn.1.Abookgivingrulesandexamplesofusage,punctuation,andtypography,usedinthepreparationofcopyforpublication.''[,Dictionary]Eachpublishinghousedevelopsitsownhousestyle,awayofdoingthingsthatwilldistinguishdocumentsfromthatpublisher.InthepublishingexperimentdescribedinOneBook/FiveWays,theUniversityofTorontoPressprovidedthemostconcisesetofcompositionstyleguidelines,coveringthefollowingtopics:textcomposition:wordspacing,worddivision(hyphenation),letterspacing,paragraphs,leading,smallcapitals,figures(numerals).punctuation:dashes,periods,apostrophes,colons,semi-colons,exclamations,questionmarks,ellipses,quotations.specialsettings:capitals,tables(avoidverticalrules),footnotes,extracts,quotations.pagemakeup:facingpages,widows.Peopleatdifferentlevelscontributetoapublisher'sdistinctivestyle.Theeditorialstaffestablishestheguidelinesforauthorsandcopyeditors,suchasrecommendedformsofpresentation,spelling,languageusage,ortheavoidanceofverticalrulesintables.Graphicdesignersselectthetypographyandlayoutforbookdesigns.Thecompositionstaffdeterminesthefinaltypesettingchoicesthroughinterpretingthetypographicspecifications.Apublisher'sstyleisdevelopedthroughaniterativeprocess.Thehighlevelplanisestablishedbythepublisherandtheeditorialstaff;theyrequestacertain`look'or`feel'forapublication.Thegraphicdesignerreducesthathighlevelplanintomorespecificguidelines,butthecompositorstillhassomefreedomtointerprettypographicchoices.Theresultissamplepages.Thesepagesarepassedupthechainforapprovalandarereturnedforcorrection.Thechangesiterateamongpublisher,graphicdesigner,andcompositoruntilthepublishingstafffinally`sees'whattheywant.Forlargedocuments,thisleadstoinconsistenciesinhowvariationsnotcoveredinthesamplepagesarehandled,orevendifferencesduetodifferentpeopleworkingonthemanuscript.Thesolutionhastraditionallybeen``Tryitagainuntilyougetitright.''Forautomatedcompositionsystemsthatrelyonalgorithmstocarryoutrepetitiveactions,thetraditionaldesignprocessmakesithardtoextractthevfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^TVm$4p^^TVm$x^ TVm$p^"TVm$q^^!)@+.057 BFT\$?TVm$1p\dTVm$q\o%5+- 4:ABZ @$ -1! s;ZZ qWf}TVm$;pWWc TVm$xWJTVm$pW9TVm$q[WWe C$u)m-x07:> U\ !\$ ,.2~5 s>U\U\?$AA qRV  ')-f2)6f7;5=FAP# g M#'+ 3i58m M g  pxuMM!*q-MM/1 9;B[K gc<D "$ -1 9@I gvF qFF!'o+1 < DTS +%`)05u vAN q!ANANQ%D .4Q = ?S"R(y v<#q<<"&+16 >?9S v6q66@*$!3#"a *L,P- 6 =B1 g ! )^,15692? B/r g ) '.95&:<;?-@ gxCLP &-245 =A+ gG &*~ 259 A( g  '% n'X-/6K=@DO# g  D~&* ,3i7;TAB!p g. $(D.*4:>A> g  %(+ 4V7}:p>EK g. <#&l*,2D7<A4 g*v&$(<+14q =;@ gy $+}. 7H;6> t g1nw!$&5)i-~ 6<9e=B gx| $'-/28'<?FF gU $*%025 ?f g "&(,0468w  $X*X-13r ;=A g ~ $u)/l4}69;A_TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-17formattingalgorithmsfromstyleguidelines.Theguidelinesareexpressedintermsofwhatpeoplearedoing,ratherthantheprocessofdoingit,orthecauseandeffectdecisionsthatleadtotheresult.Therefore,ittakesseveraliterationswithsamplepagesthatcoveralltheexpectedsituationsbeforeacreativeprogrammercanexpressthestylerulesasanalgorithm.2.2.2WhatDoStylesAffect?Stylemayseemtoaffectorcontrolmorethanjusttheappearanceofadocument.Forinstance,considerthechoicebetweenCanadianandAmericanspelling,somethingthatmightbetreatedasastylechoice.Clearlydifferentspellingscontaindifferentletters,asin`colour'versus`color',`labelling'versus`labeling',butthesamelettersmayappearinadifferentorder,asin`centre'versus`center'.Theconceptofstylemustaccommodatetheseapparentchangesinsubstance.Weneedtorealizethatstylecanaccomplishchangesatmanydifferentlevels.Thechangeinspellingdoesnotaffectthemeaningofthesentencecontainingthosewords,andthereforethesubstanceofthemeaningremainsconstantwhilethespellingvaries.Infact,manyCanadianandAmericanreaderseasilypassoverthesedifferentspellings.Thestylemayhavechangedthecharactersbutnotthemeaningofthewords.Considerthelanguageprocessingtricotomyoflexical,syntactic,andsemanticanalysis.Stylecanbeseentoaffectprimarilythefirsttwostagesofanalysis.Styleatthelexicallevelaffectsatoken'sappearance,suchasthechoiceofspelling.Morecommonlexicalstylechangesaretheuseofdistinctivetypefacesforsectionheadings,theinclusionofwhitespaceaboveandbelowsectionheadings,etc.Infact,mosttypographicparametersfallintothislexicalcategoryofstyle.Styleatthesyntacticlevelaffectstheorderofinformationinthedocument.Oneexampleistheorderofnamesinabibliographiccitation;onestyleplacesthesurnamebeforeinitials,whileanotherstyleplacesinitialsbeforethesurname.Anotherexampleofsyntacticstyleistheplacementruleforpartsofadocumentduringpagelayout,suchaslocatingfiguresatthetoporbottomofapageandcollectingallfootnotesatthebottomofeachcolumn.Styleisalsopossibleatthesemanticlevelbyprovidingdifferentreaderswithdifferentviewsofthedocument.Forinstance,adocumentonhowtousetheCedarmailsystemonanewkindoffileserver[vanLeunen,OneDocument]waspreparedforreaderswithdifferentbackgrounds.Thedocumentcontainedvfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g   $ -c0 8;gB\ gp:$K)(,/57P@oCHZ g7@"/$4' , 46M:}? Xb g!C"$g'@." 5{:< V/ g !%a)j+n- vRU gTqN{x":$X).E2 558 @BLI g%Y %(-4.;>J g?#%V*,.I28C>G g%')x/ GG/qG39L x@GGAqE g "&x+-/P6:<>xC gqC8 u!#'v+ 5:0AAM gk >G!f%9(G 078=|< ge#&).m1F7:<9 g x!Y(o+H247>_7 g_8 Q& (9+0e7; B5} g={#B +.l2@59@R3K g #%(0E (/2 7 >. g;\!#').,5\85;>C+ gxo++!q+%c*+1 :>z@~CW) gx & )0258: '{ g;#%,/ 7V<%?g%I g;"& / 87;>A# g  x  ;Qq # (7+/1 :<?} gK$!&(*/ 48:=A g@ %G+T/(49e>Ajy g|"H&'*258<>@:G g '%,.}1V4I6h<&>7?C g  P:"')-9!#x#$*q.k08K?D g.%U(/P08k:>w@|Co gQ j=!%'*s/f /2j7:q B w gc&Q 14o<%TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-18writtenmodulesofinformationforoneofthreekindsofaudiences:thosewhohadneverusedthemailsystem,thosewhohadusedthemailsystembutstoredtheirfileslocally,andthosewhohadusedthemailsystemandhadsomeexperiencewiththenewfileserver.Amapofwhichmodulesappliedtowhichexperiencecategorieswasusedtocompilethreeversionsofthedocumentfromthevariousmodules.Cargillpresentssimilarideasformanagingdifferentviewsofsoftwaresourcecode[Cargill,Views].Inhisscheme,multiplesoftwareversionsfordifferentlyconfigurablesystemsweremaintainedinthesamefilestructure.Dependingontheconfigurationdesired,differentsoftwareversionswouldbeextracted.2.2.3StylesforSpecificMediaAnotherstyledimensionisdifferentiationinmedia.Traditionalprintingprocessesprovidesomevariationincolorsandpapers,butotherreproductiontechnologyandelectronicdocumentsspanabroaderrangeofpossibilities.Documentsthatbecomeprojectionslides,posters,orvideodisplaysrepresentsomeofthese.Thenotionofdeviceindependenceincomputergraphicscanbeappliedtodocumentformatting.Thesurveyarticleondocumentformatting[Furuta,Survey]presentsthenotionofa`view'ofadocumentasthedevice-independentpost-processingofaformatteddocumentforaparticulardevice.However,mediaanddevicecapabilitiesmayinfluencetheappearanceandreadabilityofinformationinadocument.Inthiscase,deviceindependenceislessdesirable.Rather,wewishtoreformatthedocumenttotakeadvantageofdevicecharacteristicsor,putanotherway,tochangethestyletosuitthemediuminwhichtheinformationwillbepresented.Low-resolutiondeviceswithoutcolormustobviouslyusedifferenttechniquesthanhigh-resolutioncolorlaserprinters.Typefamiliesarehardtodistinguishonlow-resolutiondevices:8-pointTimesRomanonadisplayscreenisdifficulttodistinguishfromanyotherseriftypeface(suchasGaramondorBaskerville)becausetherearesofew`bits'availabletodisplaysubtledifferences.Acolorimagemayloseagreatdealwhenviewedinblackandwhite,especiallyonlow-resolutiondevicesthatdisplayonlyafew,ifany,greylevels.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g  #&v)+/4m6~ >B\ g6$t(,k/36i:!?BZ gV|!$'+.2k7;>QXb g Z3!')[-/&4:@BV/ g  :o#P%U+/608A;BS g@"(z-245C9K4 g vGZ gT= qC: "#.06 ?AN g$&+.47; ? g  '+-&3M79 < g& &m+W1W3u7>6: g7Xi * ,3t9=?ZE@5 g C %*-K5 s= 55=Bmq3L gY# %&.:0>31 gf#*-g. 6@&B,(/P 7=@X g y} $ )-~2u45=R V g|x]VV! sV*06 q=VV>TM g}!Ps:TMTMqTM!$x(.4 ; xR g i sR(1 -4n qRU g >x 4>U>U!X' s>U1S5T q>U=D<# g}  "%)+- 6 ;=@~E%9 g $ ,/]2679;6"&,/49@F4 g DH!%,^.p6M; 2 gs?22g q2&O*0s- 22-q20j3s5n226q8/229`s?22@ 0S g q0S &A,/2[s40S0S53q0S8<?g.! g 2 &6'-Y0s 9=@B0sC.!.!q+ g)sX++#,q(L++).6'=r) g ua%'-3O5`6 @Dm' g $(-g4J <A%W g!d{ #%(+y-%W%W.r q6%W%Wy7 %W%W7 q%W?D#% gyU#%#%Pq#%ey#%#%q#%#i'#,.265j9 B g] {"& .08: D  g  #')1! 88=@Cs gqx % -o 69b?D7U gnqUU=!$s+bUU+6q;)UU<# glg x&*-1 :IB g 5!>%G&*/18x;Q> g  x$1%*J.`14|8 @ g l&-1:79AC Y gV TVm$ 2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-20Anotherclassofdocumentcompositionsystemsevolvedfromthetextformattingprogramsdevelopedongeneralpurposecomputersystems.TheevolutionofsuchformattersfromSaltzer'sRUNOFFdocumentformatter[Saltzer,RUNOFF]ischronicledinBrader'sMastersthesis,AnIncrementalTextFormatter[Brader,IncrementalFormatter],andlaterintheComputingSurveysarticlebyFurutaetal.,``DocumentFormattingSystems''[Furuta,Survey].Documentsforsuchformatterswerepresentedasastreamofcharactersthatincludedembeddedcontrolcodes.TheearliestRUNOFFsystemsusedaperiodatthebeginningofalineofinput,anunlikelyoccurrenceinnormalwrittenmaterial,toindicatethepresenceofaformattingcommand.Latersystemsescapedfromthe`lineofinputpercommand'restrictionbydesignatingcommanddelimitersasinfrequentlyusedcharacterslikebraces[Beach,Typeset],backslashes[Ossanna,troff]orat-signs[,SCRIBE].Macroandconditionalexecutionfacilitiesforcommandsextendtherangeofdocumentformattingpossibilities.Onetenetofdocumentationfolkloreatthattimewasthatifyoucouldmakewritingadocumentmorelikeprogramming,thenprogrammerswouldtakethetimetopreparedocumentationfortheirwork,somethingwhichproveddifficulttoensure.Unfortunatelythiswasthewrongparadigm.Itdidnotmakewritingadocumenteasyanditdidnotgetprogrammerstowritebetterdocumentation.Themodelofadocumentasastreamoftextwithembeddedcommandssurvivestodayasaprevalentdocumentformattingmodel.Oneconsequenceofthestreamdocumentmodelinboththeearlygraphicartssystemsandtheearlydocumentformattersistheneedtoacceptthedocumentstreamasanabstractionoftheformatteddocument.AnearlysystembyEngelbartprovidedanalternativedocumentmodelandseveralalternativeviewsofthedocument.TheeditingandformattingpartofEngelbart'saugmentedhumanintellectsystem,NLS[Engelbart,NLS],providedaconcreteviewofformatteddocumentsastheywouldappearwhenprinted,withouttheintrusionofformattingcommands.TheNLSsystemwastheoriginal`whatyouseeiswhatyouget'documentformattingsystemandEngelbartcoinedthephraseWYSIWYG(pronouncedwhizy-wig)todescribeit.Duetothelimitationsofthedisplayandprintingdevices,NLSwasexactlyaWYSIWYGsystem.ManylatersystemsalsoclaimtobeWYSIWYG,butcannotclaimtorenderprintedoutputexactlyonthedisplay,mainlybecauseofdifferencesinfontsandcharacterwidthsbetweenthedisplayandtheprintingdevices.Inafurtherdeparturefromthestreamoftextandembeddedcommandsmodel,theNLSsystemrepresentedthedocumentcontentsinatree-structuredhierarchyoftextblocks,suchasthecommonhierarchyofchapters,sections,vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^: # -#3#9<=R@+\ g #&(+2B9@Z g !%s, ZZ-qZ2:sAZZB=Xb gqXbJ \`%+x0XbXb2&3 <@sV/ g I qV/V/ #')x,V/V/-4qV/:?BOxS gFqSS  "s)SS* / q3SS5,=@Q g QL!#6(* 2P5BI g #% .6M =F g  ![$s)FF*.uq3uFF4~ s=;FF=CoqD gsxDDqDDB#{& /T6 ==?Bj g.?" + 48<@8 g #&*-u/2_6;_A> gg &O* 4*9/<?C`; gt  l$[(05;^A9 g j #&+458;@+E7o g"~%< /Q1U5:I 4h1B#]%a&,.+1n5(=:26 gCG!) 17;v E0 g@J![#_'A*./47==<@~CW- g  $&+.6D;=? + gxQ!$t(-0K7>)m g x.!@$) 268;w&f $ ') 2(:@:$4 gs2$4$4T$4 q$4$4 ')E/35=dE" g%/+=.57# ?A gsqA$).,p/:048:;b g )$* ,TVm$jq2)3iTVm$q9u k g C#%(o 025x;>]8 gs88q83s !88!q8(.o316<@RD gsq  m#%++06L;>CA g  "|$(+28D>A gG _$t'M,.157=J i gs i iq i+ &q)J179: 6 g"d$h'A.5_7p>`TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-21subsections,andparagraphs.Areaderoftheon-linedocumentcoulddisplayoneofseveralviews.Forexample,oneviewingparametercontrolledwhetherthestructurelabellingwasvisibleornot,anotherparametercontrolledthenumberofhierarchylevelsdisplayed,andyetanothercontrolledthenumberoflinesdisplayedineachtextblock.NLScouldalsoincorporatelinedrawingswithindocumentsbyallowingagraphicalobjecttotaketheplaceofaparagraph.Sadly,theseideaswerenotwidelyacceptedatthetimewhentheywerefirstintroducedinthelate1960's.AlmostagenerationpassedbeforeEngelbartbegantoreceivetheappropriatecreditfortheideasofthemousepointingdevice,multiplewindows,andWYSIWYGformattingsystems.Manyearlygraphicartstypesettingsystemsdidnotattempttodealwithpagelayoutbutonlyproducedtypesetgalleystobepasted-upmanuallyinthenormalway.TheRUNOFF-styleformattersprovidedsomelimitedpagebreakingcapabilitiesandtheycouldprintrunningheadsandfootnotes.Suchformattersreliedonthesimpleandeasily-handleddimensionsoffixed-widthcharactersonalineprinterorteletypepagetomakethealgorithmsworkable.TypesettingdocumentformattersbasedonextensionstotheRUNOFFmodelcouldproduceoutputfortypesetters.Theyproducedtypesetpagesbyexecutingpagebreakingalgorithmscodedasmacros.SomeearlytypesettingworkwithPROFF[Beach,PROFF],aRUNOFF-likeformatterfortheUniversityofWaterloo'sPhotonEconosetter,usedsimplepagedepthmeasurementstobreaklargedocumentsintopages.Thiswasdonemainlytoavoidthemanualpaste-upstageduetoalackofavailablemanpowertohandlethenumberofpagesproduced.Seybold[Seybold,Fundamentals]outlinesmanyoftheconcernsanddifficultieswithpagelayoutorareacompositionaddressedbycommercialtypesettingsuppliers.Morecomplextypesettingsystemsforhighspeedtypesetters,likethePage-1compositionlanguage[Pierson,PAGE-1]fortheRCAVideocomp,permittedmorecomplexpagebreakinglogictoutilizethetypesetterforverylargedocumentsbetter.Page-1isoneofthefewearlycompositionsystemswithwidelyavailablepublisheddocumentation.AprogrammercouldwriteapagebreakingalgorithmandstylehandlingroutinesinthePage-1language,havethatcompiled,andthenexecutetheresultingcompositionprogramagainstthedocumentinputdata.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g u "-$ )(+9.3;j?\ g'&*0*7 ?Z g@# %;'Y*08 @bXb g (G+.G4U <$>E2V/ gGx s&CV/V/'eqV/).@1 :Z=S g<"$?+b0M2Q58=?Q g N!$ )O0248=@DL g "({) 17E g 3 m$*/n2 :? <^ g|U ) 2\4m =9 D:, g "$)B, 497&  Q (;,/Q 7G9Ls<%7&7&=.q7&B4 g`e (,4$9>H@2 gU( G$$&(,1m5 =Bs0 g0q00s$00-q$Q00$(/b24 <> .] g% c$(-N 8:>,* g&!s$(.E0J47=D5) g|')/ 18:,>' gs''' q'"B(v-/18< D#% gUZx $X+.T 7, ? "5 #()'+/4F <@B [ g s [ ["Hq [(_+s- [ [.q [1 :BX) g!#(+ 359s= g2G{!e$( 17;@ g R". +024b59@ g}^ "%*2O6>9A6Dy_ g[4 %I+1}4V< @r7TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-222.4DocumentCompilersAsignificantstageintheevolutionofdocumentformattersoccurredwhentheembeddedformattingcommandsinthedocumentbegantodescribethelogicalcontentofthedocument.Theselogicalcommands,orformattingtags,requireanadditionallevelofindirectiontoassociatethedetailedformattingattributeswitheachtag.Initiallythisassociationwasprovidedbyamacroprocessor.Eachtagwastreatedasamacroname.Expandingthemacroproducedtheprimitiveformattingcommandsnecessarytoformatthatpartofthedocument.Forexample,withlogicalcommandsonecouldspecifythatapartofadocumentwasaheading.Byincludingataglike.heading,onecouldreplaceasequenceofdetailedcommandslike``leave24pointsofwhitespace,selectTimesRomanboldtypeface,use14pointtypesize,andproduceunjustifiedlineendings.''LatersystemslikeReid'sScribeintroducedthenotionofcompilingadocument[Reid,Scribethesis].ThetagsinaScribedocumentidentifythedocumentpartsthatarecompiledusingatagdefinitiondatabasetosupplytheformattingattributesforasuiteofbuilt-informattingalgorithms.Sincemoreprocessingisrequiredtointerpretmacrosorcompileadocument,thedevelopmentofdocumentcompilerswasrestrictedtolargegeneralpurposecomputersystems,typicallyinuniversitiesandindustrialresearchlaboratories.Mostcommercialgraphicartssystemsremainedonlessexpensiveandsmallermini-computersandchosenottoprovidethese`moreexpensive'features.Thisintroductionofdocumentcompilerscoincideswithincreasingsupportfordocumentstyle.Theindirectionfromtagstodetailedformattinginstructionsemulatesthestylesheetconceptusedbygraphicdesigners.Designingtagmacrosorformattingdatabasesisseparatedfromthemarkingupofamanuscript.Adocumentstylecanbesharedamongasetofdocuments,forexample,amongthechaptersofabook,thetheseswrittenatauniversity,orjournalarticlessubmittedtoaparticularjournal.Withsuchtools,authorswholacktheskillsfordocumentdesigncanstillproducegood-lookingdocumentsbychoosingadocumentstyledatabaseandinsertingtheappropriatetagswithintheirdocument.Theseparationofdocumentdesignandmarkupenablesthedocumentcontenttobereusedindifferentsituationsbychangingthestyledefinitionsvfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbt^ gqZ {"{)+3 ;wBKX g@S q'),4K9';,AV gp%.)/57: yB"VVBqEcVVTM g%x ; ("9 *,3X61O g $Y&]',2M:=zM g %.5_7c<@"CEK gH}"+.R28h;=,@BFK gQ ")+:-r1+FKFK2Uq:vFKFK;>D g}"+..b3s5:< A g&x)k+0 37T:? g  <N"`'r /279A:{ gs:{:{5oq :{:{!%)(*+18>8H g3\%)y+W8H8H+.c q8H6$<>D76 g  #%+ 3 3)s w"+(*17F9e?0 g` !4#E*2z5 <>. g1&Q,. 7: ,y g ! )/28@DB*F g6 (, 035;?( g ]% o &. 5D8 @" g 'f+{.07 ?> gH!3$O(0*0w 8@~v g ( G#%T,03:<>D g #^&k(.3t47b9s B2 gb".$?%*>-179: B gc!h" *A05)8=cCI g!?&j)x,3 =Ef{ gHc 7&*303 <@H gVB  y$BB%qB*y-BB/BqB4F:+=  gMR$ ,.q5z8S<' TVm$u2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-23associatedwiththeformattingtags,withoutchangingthemanuscriptorthetagsthemselves.AtBellLaboratories,wheretroffwasdeveloped,amanuscriptcouldbepublishedinthreeforms:firstasaninternalmemorandumcirculatedwithinthelab,secondasatechnicalreportclearedforexternalreview,andfinallyasapublishedjournalarticle.Asinglesetoftagswithinthedocumentsufficedbysubstitutingdifferentstyleparametersforeachofthethreeforms.Thenotionofcompilingadocumentimpliesamassiveundertaking.Indeed,problemswithcompilingmonolithicdocumentsoccurfrequently.Largedocumentsoftenevolvefromsmalleronesratherthanbeingplanned,requiringmorecomputingresourcestoformat,longerturnaroundtime,andintroducinglongerdelaysinproducingdraftsofthedocument.Thereisaconstanttensionbetweenthesimplicityofmakingthedocumentoutofsmallermodulesandthecomplexityofmanagingthepieces.Simpleproblemslikenumberingpagessequentiallybetweenpiecescanbeaproblemwithsomedocumentcompilers.Documentcompilersexhibitsimilardebuggingproblemstothosefoundincompilersforprogramminglanguages.Anexampleofabuginacompileddocumentistheproductionoffiftytypesetpageswithacolumnwidthof1.5inchesbecausethelogicofamacrofailedtoresetatemporarychangeinlinewidth.Debuggingtoolsfordocumentcompilershavemodeledprogramdebuggerssuchassyntaxcheckers,simulatorsofthefinaloutputdeviceonlessexpensiveorfasterdevices,andinteractivepreviewerstodisplaythetypesetdocumentonagraphicsdisplay.Thecomplexityofwritingdocumentformatdesignsinthelanguageofthedocumentcompilerleadstotheneedfor`gurus,'`experts,'and`wizards,'justasforcomplexprogramminglanguages.Certainly,documentcompilersmakesomekindsofchangesmucheasier.Forexample,correctingachapterheadinginoneplacecanautomaticallyaffectthechapteropening,thetableofcontents,andtherunningheadsforthatchapter.Someaspectsofdocumentsmaynotbehandledverywelloratallbyaparticularcompiler.Difficultcompositionfeaturesaresometimesleftforfuturedevelopment,suchasmathematicalandtabularcomposition,theincorporationoflinedrawingsandscannedimages,orcomplexpagelayoutdesigns.Theinabilitytointegrateallaspectsofthedocumentleadstospecialhandlingoftheunintegratedpartsofthepublication,resultinginpastingupartworkforillustrationsorspecialnotationtypesetseparately.Othertypographicproblemsmayrequirespecificcommandstooverridetheautomaticcompiledalgorithms,suchasforcingpagebreakstoavoidone-linewidows,andinsertingexplicitlinebreakstoavoidriversofwhitespaceorawkwardhyphenationproblems.Finalvfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g  "&,36 ?A,D\ g # %r*p\\+q\04 Xb g_ y'h,`24;@V/ g":(9*.1Q3c6;>S g $( 037r9<\@PXi"#+902[8u N gg^% -Y5:/ C.L g2"G(+04{9?J` g " '- 59=, H. g j%'#)279>:A(E g EV%:(/24:A)DkC g r!K'=,47E?A g  #&R'.V26Z> >U$*K2]9;?D<^ g )t,>246F9;<:, g !#+&,S046;@B7 gyzu !&+-1}2:@oBs5 g!>(0s4b;(3 gD;&R .;0L3%6/0 gu% ( 03 8@b, g26 "*1}57:>AD* g U  "%,B 6 ' O&*/A35;@% g K%+-15]8k B#a g@'"$+/18:<?!/ g)P$M'*-237::<>AC{ g "p +14<?Br g z~ &)/ 9A< FW g 6&(8.27>B_ gk?);")-/5`R- g . (.069 ?' g Lj#P( 16f ?t g#%,w/P6> g<@! #'-4E7>ND d g$ ')40/ 9A }TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-24correctionsandrevisionsarefrequentlydonebymanualcutandpastemethodsbecauserecompilingthecorrecteddocumentwouldtaketoolongorwouldcreatenewproblems,especiallywithpagebreaks.Ofcourse,variousdocumentcompilersdobetterthanotherswiththeseproblems.Thefollowingsectionsdescribeaspectsofthreedocumentcompilersinwidespreaduse,troffonUNIX,theScribeportabledocumentcompiler,andKnuth'sTEX.Ofspecialinterestwillbethewaythesesystemshandledocumentstyle,mathematicscomposition,illustrations,tableformatting,andpagelayout.Thesurveyarticlesmentionedabove[Brader,IncrementalFormatter][Furuta,Survey]discussadditionalaspectsofdocumentcompilers.2.4.1troffThetroffdocumentformattinglanguagedevelopedbyOssanna[Ossanna,troff]anddistributedforUNIXsystemsisperhapsthemostwidelyuseddocumentcompiler.TheearliestUNIXapplicationwaspreparingpatentapplicationswithtroff[Ritchie,TuringLecture,p758].troffencompassesafamilyofdocumentcompilers.Allacceptthesameformattingcommandsbutdifferintheirformattingalgorithms,whicharesensitivetooutputdevicecharacteristics:nroffformatsfortypewriterandline-printerdeviceswithfixedwidthcharacters;troffformatsfortypesettingdeviceswithmultiplefontsandvariablewidthcharacters.Portingtrofftoothertypesettingdeviceswasverydifficult.Anoutputdeviceindependentversion,ditroff[Kernighan,ditroff],wascreatedbyKernighantohandleawidevarietyoftypesettingdevicesandlaserprinters,althoughtheformattingalgorithmswereessentiallyunchangedfromtroff.Thetroffformattinglanguagehasremainedessentiallyconstantsincethelate1970's.Thereareprimitivefunctionsforcontrollingtheformattingalgorithmsandtheoutputdevice,establishingparametervalues,selectingtypefontsandsizes,positioningcharacters,anddrawinglines.Additionalprimitivesprovideprogrammingsupportforwritingmacrosandbuildingdatastructures,suchasstringsanddiversionsofformattedtext.Thecommandnamespaceisseverelylimitedtotwo-charactertags.Generallylowercaselettertagsarereservedbyconventionfortroffprimitivecommandsandcombinationsofuppercaselettersandgraphicsymbolsareusedformacrocommands.Commandsareembeddedinthedocument,eitheroccupyinganentirelineofinputbeginningwithacommandcharacter,orincludedwithinlinesofinputdelimitedbyabackslashcharacter.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g  ! )-0#68<@U\ g %-j2n68<>Z g7b #'+|1489?Xb gU#'+U[i ',.2:B$S) g  rgS)S)qS)s!BS)S)"aq%S)S)&(.4<@CP gsPPPPqPP8$( *t-M04:@cN g * # -11H 9=AL g "s'LL( , 4 L;@qJ_ g I![) vF grTFF~qBrBBIqB!C )a0O89:sA+BBA@w gq@w L sR@w@wqq@w"(*s037<@>E gOs\>E>E{q>E! *E-z4: C'r< gs<Y"N#q&<<r'<<(q<.! 792>P@a9 g # +497:;=7 g  !$+T-X27r5{ gq5{ #a& /S58<3I g r3I3Iq3I!# , 15<*@M1 gQ r%11'q1,T.X2 ;@C. g | *vr0..1s.9] @qE".., gZ!'i(,284I <B\* gG ( 04 <(M gr|(M(MqK(M(M%Fr%F%FIq%F !(+2 :A7EZ# g\&$<+m. 6p9I g % .r6A;Bh g (+2O78 ?p } gt "%|+04:>5 K g<@y "|$,(0s3;@Dw gX] $)0538=@_ gY r !q&.6N9 C g7")*+/27 g$ "$,19;@CO g<%H ,.5:>@  g! TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-25Thestrengthofthetroffdocumentformattingsystemisthecollectionoftoolsimplementedaspreprocessors.Thesepreprocessorsincludetblforformattingtables[Lesk,tbl],eqnfortypesettingmathematicsnotation[Kernighan&Cherry,eqn],pic[Kernighan,pic]andideal[vanWyk,ideal]fordrawingillustrations,andrefer[Lesk,refer]forproducingbibliographicreferences.Thefilter/pipemodelfromUNIXhasdeterminedthearchitectureofthetroffdocumentformattingsystem.Thefiltermodelforcesthedocumentfiletobealinearstreamofcharacters.Eachtoolreadstheentiredocumentfileandproducesamodifiedversionforthenexttoolinthepipeline.Therecommendedprocessingorderisrefer,pic,tbl,eqn,thentroff,aconvenientorderforthemajorityofdocuments.Occasionally,whenitisnotpossibletoestablishasequentialprocessingorder,thisschemebreaksdownandelaboratetechniquestobreakcirculardependenciesareneeded.Otherwise,thematerialcannotbeformattedbytroff.Nonetheless,collectingseveraltypesofdiversecontentinacompletedocumentmanuscriptismoreconvenientfortheauthorthanmanagingtheseparatepieces.Eachtooldistinguishesitscommandsinsomeuniqueway.Forinstance,eqnprocessesembeddedmathematicalnotationbyrecognizingitsowndelimitersdifferentfromotherformattingcommands.Thisleadstoahidingofinformationamongvarioustools.Forexample,thespellingcheckerdoesnotinvestigateanymisspelledwordsinsideeqnortblcommandseveniftheyareEnglishphrases.Somedocumentcommandsaretreateddifferentlyatdifferentstagesinthepipeline.Forexample,.TSand.EQaretblandeqncommandsrespectivelytobeginformattingtablesanddisplayedequations.Later,thesecommandsarepassedontotroff,whichtreatsthemasordinarymacrocommandstolayoutaparticulartableordisplayedequation.Anunfortunateconsequenceofexecutingthemacroprocessorlastinthetroffpipelineisthepreclusionofstylefacilitiesorindirectdefinitionsofformatsfortables,mathematicalnotation,illustrations,oranyotherpreprocessortotroff.Somepreprocessorsfurnishtheirownsimpleanddifferentmacrolanguageswhilesomeusersinvoketheirownpreprocessortoprovidethemissingmacrofacilities.Yettheunifyingconceptofthepipemechanismprovidesthetroffdocumentformattingsystemwithitssimplicity.Shouldtheneedarise,itiseasytocreateyourowntoolstosolvedifficultdocumentcontentproblems.Theubiquitousdocumentmodelofastreamofcharacterswithembeddedcommandsmakesthispossible.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^}rg^^q^$, 4: ;> F \ gb ^b ',v 6r<\\=q\@Z g s;ZZGqCZZr KZZ!uqZ$f' /k 8sXb g5qXbXbrXbXbsXb (qXb+Lr.XbXb/sXb48;qXb?V/ g rTV/V/ ~sV/%)qV/-0M8* S g P  (s$=PP%\qP(+ 4[74 @6BGrN gqN "),{05:d==DL gk%0 &+.n25:TB DJ` gq!$K'$*.,003 :nH. g ) -#r%TH.H.&}q+#H.H.r,+H.H.-Tq/H.H.r0H.H.1q4,H.H.r54H.H.6^q8H.H.9r=H.H.>qCOH.H.DWE g :%T'e 0 :?/@B~C gt $ ,14:?DPA g "d(W 25S< DR?d g2"!r$?d?d%q*Q?d?d+ 5 = B=2 gxk$,7 46u: C ; g@O")75 #(+o-s17T;>r5 gq5 )0m2 ;=3 g #C +a48h<>@E/1c g s %(/28>B/0 g  $r)i/0/0*q/0-r//0/00q/03<?AEE, gYF%-061 >C@-* g)-j r'**(q*+r.**0 q*3r5**7q*9r=9**>bq( g $1 ,P14H; &g g6t %(:r*>&g&g+hq0 &g&g15:f>@$5 gk " )-/7 !/  %!'2.1q6u=@Br gq1 %'+ 24/:= Bi gf5 $Y+G 469>5  grkq:{ $*i.W17<:~AEe gf &@*/- 7l9p?}BV3 gk -G"c$t'M+3:Vr=.-->Xq g <!%V' 058<@BDD gk; $+,28A g X!i#z$*3,D 37? d gxTVm$X2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-26Documentstyleintroffisprovidedbyitsmacropackages.Twofrequentlyusedpackagesarethe-msand-mepackages,theformercreatedbyMikeLeskatBellLabs[Lesk,-ms]andthelatterbyEricAllmanatUCBerkeley[Allman,-me].Macropackagesprovidetwoalternativetechniquesfordefiningdifferentdocumentstyles:onecaneitherparameterizethebehaviorofthemacrosorreplacethemacropackagewithanotherthatdefinesthesamecommandswithdifferenteffects.Asanexample,theBellLabs-mspackagecanformattitlepagesindifferentwaysbyinitializingparametersfromthe.RPcommand(releasedpaperformat)ratherthan.TMcommand(BellLabstechnicalmemorandumformat).Also,severalvariantsofthe-mspackageexistforformattingdocumentsinstylessuitablefortheJournaloftheACM,CommunicationsoftheACM,andACMconferencepapers[Johnson,CACM].Mathematicscompositionisprovidedwithintroffbytheeqnpreprocessor.Thismathematicstypesettingsystemhasbecomewidelyemulatedandvariationshaveappearedatotherresearchcenters[Gruhn,YFL]andincommercialtypesettingsystems[Alexander,Micros].Thebasictechniqueistodefineanotationlanguagethatexpressesvarioustwo-dimensionalrelationshipsamongboxes.Theserelationshipsmayaffectthesizeofboxes,suchasmakingbracketslargeraroundlargefractions,ortheirrelativearrangement,suchaspositioningsuperscriptsandsubscripts.eqnknowsnothingaboutmathematicalconceptsortheactualdimensionsoftheboxes.Itreliesontheauthortoprovidetheprecisespacingorlinebreakingofmathematicalnotation,andontrofftodotheactualpositioningandformattingoftheboxes.Unfortunately,eqnguessesaboutsomesizerelationshipsanditmustbetoldthecurrenttypesizeexplicitly.eqnprovidesbuilt-inrelationshipsforcommonmathematicalnotation,butthesetofnotationsisnotextensible.However,theeqnmacrofacility(separatefromtroff)andsomelow-levelpositioningprimitivesdoprovideanescapemechanismforcreatingnewnotationasmacros.Astherearedifferentversionsoftrofffordifferentdeviceclasses,therearealsotwoversionsofthemathematicaltypesettingsystem:neqnfortypewriterdevicesandeqnfortypesetting.Thislackofknowledgeofmathematicalconceptsineqnisbothastrengthandaweakness.Withoutanyknowledgeinthemathematicalformatter,oneisforcedtosupplyintediousdetailallthenecessaryspacingforoperators.Ontheotherhand,theabsenceofbuilt-inknowledgeavoidshavingtocircumventinadequateruleswhentheymustbebroken.Thetwoillustrationpreprocessors,picandideal,provideelementaryfacilitiesforincludinglinedrawingswithindocuments.Thetwodifferinthevfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^r^^q^$%,/,1e6i>_\ g _@.!r$\\%q\(r,/\\-Xq\0J7:{?EZ g sZZx"!qZ%J(+e/25;z=d@sXb g qXbXb]"(+ 3 <>V/ g.#&** 47~>Q@bS g (!(+15*:=Q gg.%b'*11+47mr;vQQ<qQ?O gt2%)+ 4 <@rCmOODqMf g%*tr.;MfMf/dqMf2V9=K4 gV $)4.46r9K4K4:qK4=D*I g 5!&,.x1II2^79y<:q@3IIxF g ~q!wFF"%*i 2s8FF8g>-qBFFC p "$s+or0CC1qC69\r<5CC=_qA g   $K ,24;@T?d g (";$%(}.s4?d?d49q?d=@=2 g ? s#=2=2# *q/k=2=214{8@;A: gyb P#*0= 8 gR %).04*6;;L?!A%6 gC!Y (|*.4` >[B04h g  !2 r)4h4h*q4h-39)= 26 g"@ %'*v0%16>8;@0 gtM "&,/ 9#@CTr- gq-G  'x* 247+ g r++q+!k&*^- 70:s< @$Bx)m g@ r#)m)m%&q)m(.4 >H@': g y z#S%'/03 ? g%rg??q?2 8o!<#M -q4,r60887Yq8:K;?AF gF"+8-<0 :9 AE" g %/'*[17:; BEX g[3\ m&S.39; o g R %'i iT  r)B i i*kq i-\r0 i i1q6m i i7v= 6 g  ',5 58<0@B TTVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-27mechanismsfordefiningthelinedrawings:picusesalineandcurveparadigmwhileidealusesnonlinearconstraintstodefineboundariesandconnectedlines.Theillustrationtoolshaveonlyrudimentarystylefacilitiesforsolidanddashedlinesandforarrowheads.Moreelaboratestyles,suchasvariouslineweights,fancierarrows,textures,andshadowsarenotprovided.Throughthepreprocessorarchitecture,andsubjecttothepipelineorderofpreprocessors,itispossibletoincludeanytroffmaterialintheillustrations,includingequationsandformattedtext.Thetbltableformatterisaverycomprehensivefacilitycapableofformattingalmostanytabledesign.Evidenceofitspowerisshownbyoneauthorwhocreatedboxedillustrationsforhispaperwithtblwhenalinedrawingtoolwasunavailable[Rosenthal,GraphicalResources].Evenwithitsflexibilityandgeneralityfortableformatting,itisawkwardtoachieveconsistenttablestylesintbl.Theuseroftblmustcarefullyspecifyallthelayoutparametersinaconsistentfashion.Therearenoseparatemacrofacilitieswithintbltohelp,andthetroffmacroprocessorexecuteslaterinthepipeline,aftertblhasprocessedallofthetableinformation.Thereisnointeractivedesigntoolfortablestoassistwiththespecification.AnextensivesearchforsuchtoolsfoundonlyaprototypebuiltbyBiggerstaffaspartofanexperimentinobject-orientedprogramdesign[Biggerstaff,TABLE],describedmorefullyinChapter4.Thepagelayoutmechanismsintroffdependontwopowerfulideas:trapsanddiversions[Witten,Traps].Atrapisamacrotobeexecutedatameasureddistancefromthemostrecentpagebreakintheoutputstream.Thetrapmacromight,forexample,emitthefootnotesatthebottomofapageoftext.Adiversionisanalternateoutputstream,distinctfromthenormalstreamwhichisdirectedtotheoutputdeviceorfile.Internaldiversionsareusedtocaptureformattedinformation,suchasfootnotes,forlaterinclusiononapage.Floatingatableorillustrationfromwhereitoccursinthemanuscripttowhereitwillnextfitonapageisaccomplishedwithdiversionsintroff.Whenatableisfirstencountered,anewdiversionisstartedtocapturetheformattedtable.Afterthetablehasbeenformatted,thediversionisclosedandthemacropackagecancheckforsufficientspaceonthecurrentpagetoholdthedivertedtable.Ifthereisroomthenthediversioniscopiedimmediatelyontothenormalstream,otherwiseitishelduntilthebeginningofthenextpage.(Complicationsariseifthetableislargerthanthepagebuttheyneednotbeconsideredhere.)Implementationrestrictionswithintroffhavepersistedforadecade.troffisanoldprogram,originallycodedinassemblylanguagefortheDECvfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g Y!$r,^^-q^04058<@\ gr\\q\G"= *v,{1 :=JZ gO  $( 2 5 @H. gM   (+.;2r6H.H.7qH.:?*@E gT s"EE"t )D/ q6EEB !K$ ,'.2 ;u=>E@ gM "pr$t@@%q'@@)-0r2@@3q@6:A> g ! "o * 058v:AN<^ g r<^<^&q<^"@%r([<^<^)q<^.3;AEp:, g@r:,rq:,!)+S-d0=4T >gC7D7 g l$Y&]*.U1. ;>w5 gy) $%-t1c3 < >AC3 g  "p)s.G33. 5q:33;C_1c gHL.] %T'X+13s6=Be,* g sj,*,*q w,*,*"#'q)&*/13:<>) g"&+;-?05n;?3B' gC>!)*-357:=AP% g>X#)k/73M6&;A)F#a g"$5(".d 6%8<>!/ g x!M#Q *-1a8j:<=A3 g  G ]%F&,.0 9g;l@UA g? %) 1or3s4q9A:?A7EM g  %'e,.47?'e g &)02^7c:=~3 gl $M(+/.379=@f gTG!s$L+n-"2w ;?B g$$ $'Z/1 37<  gGG#%),0479 B   $r)5 *_q /3:s=">r d gq d (-- /6=?sB d dC bTVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-28PDP-11,subsequentlytranslatedintoC.Ithaschangedlittlesince.Thefaceliftfordeviceindependenttroffconcentratedmainlyonfontdatastructuresandgeneralizingtheoutputdevicemodel.Themostnotoriousrestrictionisthetwo-characternamelimitation.Macropackagesfortroffhaveusedelaborateconventionstoavoidcatastropheduetonameconflicts.Eachpreprocessorrequiressomesetofmacroandregisternamestosupportitsoperationsandthereforeeachreservessomesetoftwo-characternames.Usersoftroffmusttreadgentlywhencreatingtheirownmacrosorextendingtheexistingpackagestoavoidnameconflictsbecausethenamespaceissolimited.Limitedinternaldatastructuresareanotherannoyance,restrictingthecomplexityoflinesoftext,thenumberofcolumnsinatable,orhowmanyentriesmayexistwithinamatrix.Theauthorofthisthesisledthedevelopmentofadocumentcompiler,TYPESET[Beach,Typeset],toalleviatemanyoftheshortcomingsoftroff.Asmalltypesettingbusiness,WATTYPE,usedTYPESETextensivelytocreatetechnicalandscholarlypublicationsforavarietyofpublishers,mainlyinmathematicsandcomputerscience.TYPESETwasbuiltwithfullknowledgeofthetroffsystemandattemptedtoeliminatemanyofitslimitations.ThemacroprocessorhasasimilarsyntaxandflavortoGPM[Strachey,GPM].Conditionalexecutionandcontrolstructureswereaddedtothemacrolanguage,providingdocumentlayoutprogrammerswithmorefreedominexpressingtheirdesigns.Registernamesofanylengthwerestoredinahashedsymboltable.Mostdatastructuresweredynamicandcouldgrowasnecessary.Mathtypesettingwasbasedontheeqndesign[Kernighan&Cherry,eqn]buttheimplementationincorporatedmanyenhancementstoimprovethequalityofformattedequationsandtofacilitatemoreoptionsforaligningequationsandhandlingmatrices.Atableformattingpackagewasbuiltusingthemacrolanguageandprovidedseveraladditionaltypographicfacilitiessuitableforstylecontroloverthetabledesign.PaginationandlayoutalgorithmswerebasedontrapanddiversionparadigmssimilartoPage-1[Pierson,PAGE-1]andtroff.TYPESETwasnotfullyexploitedbecauseitrequiredsignificantprogrammingskilltodesignnewdocumentsanditlackedsufficientdocumentation.Nonetheless,itdidservewelltoexpressdifficultbookdesignsandproducecompetitivegraphicartsqualitytypesetting.TYPESETservesasaninterestingcontrastingoalswithScribe,describednext.troffisinwidespreaduseandcontinuestohaveasignificantimpactontechnicaldocumentproduction.Itsstrengthsarethesimpledocumentmodelandthelargenumberofpreprocessorsandtoolsthatcanmanipulatedocuments.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbs^ gq)^^k M #s'E^q^(B)+.5#8>"A\ g6 r\\q\$) -3^59Q< DrZ g s"),j0s7 ?AAXb g % #(/r2XbXb3qXb8<@V/ g  $').~ 6 :. S g #).0690 A4Q g}Q!$f&w 06;ur=QQ>qQCO g Q$@'-/7::@Mf gkj$&+p/13:a@K4 g S ` ( 03 ;>ACI g@u !&( +0K59==B/F gCgx"-$' 135<sA gADqAA  %&+(-90 :r<,AA=UqAAAC?d g s ?d?d!bq&?d?d(s+?d?d,q?d2 ;/=3=2 gV &)z*0M2^ :@-: g / s'@::((q:.1R5A8<DM8 gr@88iq8P&(/I358 AF6 gk"{'*/s166265 ;q?664h g s )% -N1I6A8E;@"26 g *.o29J;N CR0 g9 $)-2 45t; @- gD &m).=2_4c <+ g r!++#q+%s+&+++7q+;(>))l g ? !&x 1.329<B': gu 'h+14;:A% gH (/42i6X:=" gU# * 3 :U@pC  g " +.S3X ;v?qDq g!C":')s/ qq/o4qq:r> qq?2qCqqs> gq>DykL$}*,@2 :  g"&6', 4-  g "f$j*50x4:r= g M3[# s-A.(q48:=Q u g")mroqo# "%r(026 7r ?\D< gV $&-038@ g ),^0Y36 ?Z  VTVm$:2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-29Itprovidesthebroadestrangeoffunctionalcapabilitiesformathematics,tables,andillustrations.Thereareseveraldifficultiesthatlimititseffectiveness:implementationlimitations,expensiveandresourceintensivecomputation,andrestrictionsontheinclusionofmathematics,illustrations,andtables.2.4.2ScribeTheseconddocumentformattingsysteminwidespreaduseisScribe[Reid,Scribethesis],whichwasthefirsttousetheterm`documentcompiler.'ThegoalforScribewastoformatdocumentsinaportablefashionacrossdocumentstyles,acrossoutputdevices,andacrossvariouscomputersysteminstallations.ScribeiswidelyusedamongtheARPANETcommunityandisdistributedcommercially[,SCRIBE].Thenotionoftheformofadocument,oritsstyle,asopposedtothecontentofadocumentormarkedupmanuscriptwasmadeexplicitlyseparateinScribe.Styleinformationismaintainedinadatabaseunderthecontrolofadatabaseadministrator.Thedatabasecontainsvariousformattingenvironments,eachspecifyingavastnumberofformattingattributes.Normalusersofthedocumentcompilercannotcreatenewenvironmentsorattributes.Thecompilationprocesstakesinamarkedupmanuscriptfileandcreatesaformatteddocumentfilesuitableforprinting.Unliketroffwithitsmacropackages,Scribeprovidesonlybuilt-informattingalgorithmsthatareparameterizedbytheenvironmentattributes.TheScribedocumentformattinglanguageisdeclarativeonly.Reiddefendstheabsenceofproceduralfacilitiesinthedatabaselanguagebecause1)aprocedurallanguagewouldreducethefeedbackfromuserswhentheywereunabletodosomethinginScribe,and2)withoutenforcementorusertraining,``programmabilityinvariablyleadstoadiversityofstyle''[Reid,Scribethesis,p108-109].Reidconcedesthatanalgorithmiclanguagewouldincreasetheusabilityofthecompiler(thegoalofthisauthor'sTYPESETsystem).Reidconcludesthat:``Furthermore,aprogrammedsystemimplementedbyadiversevarietyofpeoplewithoutcentralcontrol,namelytheunionoftheproceduralextensionswiththebasicsystem,willinvariablybemoreobtuseanddifficulttounderstandandusethanaunifiedone.''[Reid,Scribethesis,p109]TheScribesystemprovidesmanyservicesfordocumentwritersandReidcoinedthephrase`writer'sworkbench'[Reid,Scribethesis,p71]todescribethecollection.Includedamongthesefacilitiesaretheautomaticcollectionofentriesvfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g)["$ , 5R8 A\ g e!0& .2(68O Z g ? (S+2'9 CXb g 6!#( - 6f9vT gTqP Q (p-/ 8x;k=sB2PPBN{ gqKN{N{T1e >#%(+x/g7 ?CCLI g)^b')*16;CbJ gC $*27c AwFG gsGGqG%P.1C2 ;M sEoGGEE gqEEBXixBBBqB!&#7$,.15R7V=?xBBBCq@y gx"- *-2k 9?A>G g K #%'J.25;Q=b>< g !(-- 6 @9 g ) !1 )P 17;>7 g _%/( 25 =p5} g t?o!s"(+T 36:?t@3K g0Er00E0EYq0EW!&-29=c. g   " -/2 jD) g  #^%b(;.5< >?u '{ gUY '+/4I7;A_Cc%I g^b !$'3 026g# g !r%') /1s6p##6:> gq- "6$ -:4(9,?{ g";%'+s1U2=q82?- gy  &,V 69;:@F}G d&a,.358` @ `"e&% .d1D6;?F M"I#)_s-.416#:Fq2$>(.19=>A g  s) )e-1T5wq 8:A w g !>%} +.192 @B{TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-30fortablesofcontents,indices,andglossaries,theautomaticcrossreferencingwithinadocumentthroughsymboliclabels,thecollectionandsortingofindexentries,themanagementoflargedocumentscomposedofmanycomponentfiles,andtheextractionofbibliographiccitationsfromadatabaseofreferenceentries.Thelackofanalgorithmicformattinglanguagehaspreventedtheproliferationofspecialpurposeformattingpreprocessorslikethosefortroff.Therearesomemathematicalformattingcapabilities,buttheyareoflimitedcapacity,sufficientforsometechnicaldocumentationbutlimitedformoreconcentratedmathematicaldocuments.ThelackofrecursioninScribehasbeenaseriousimpedimenttobuildingamathematicalformatter;overprintingistheonlyreadilyavailabletechniquethatcanhandletherecursivenatureofmathematicalexpressions[Monier,Scribemath].TableformattinginScribeissimpletouse,butagainlimitedinfunctionality.Theschemeisbasedonextendingthenotionoftypewritertabstopsthatdefinecolumnboundaries.Scribeprovidesseveraltypographiccapabilities,suchascenteringwithintabstopsandfillingwithleaders,butmoregeneralfacilitiessuchascenteringheadingsoverseveralcolumnsrequireschangestothetabstopsettings.Scribedoesprovideanonportablecapabilityforscannedillustrations.Imagefilesscannedforaparticularclassofoutputdevicemaybeincorporatedintoadocument.Scribewillmanagethewhitespacelayoutdescribedfortheimage,butexpectsthedevicetooutputtheimagefile.ThemajoraccomplishmentofScribewasitssuccessfulseparationofformfromcontentinadocument.Thedatabaseofformattingenvironmentstakesadvantageofthespecialskillsofdocumentdesignersandsharesthedesignamongdocumentcreators.Therangeofdocumentcontentbeyondtextislimited,andtherearefewoptionsforbuildingspecialpurposeformattersorpreprocessorsduetothelackofaformattinglanguage.Thenextdocumentcompilerdealsdirectlywithformattingalgorithms.2.4.3TEXDonaldKnuthhasmadedocumentformattingalegitimatetopicforstudyincomputersciencebyhisworkonTEX[Knuth,TheTEXbook].Theboxes-and-gluemodelservesasthebasisforalgorithmicresearchintodocumentformatting.Threealgorithmshaveresultedfromthiswork:optimallinebreaking[Knuth,LineBreaking],hyphenation[Liang,Hyphenation],andoptimalpagebreaking[Plass,pagination].TheTEXdocumentcompilerincorporatesthismodelandthesevfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g"& -08)<> \ g ',/ 7/:q?AZ g$  $-147;D(Xb g *< &E,02D8;B@U[ # +25=`S) g ]# + 69<=r@ES)S)AnqFS)S)P g6K "o * 36:.<? N g/ `!Z(I 36<5>L g " F )- 029;@CJ` g T % & 0 8 ACH- g {$'u*/29>E g  s:EE$)q,EEB] {#%F*,/27S<@ g x P"&)038: B> g (}-4;9 <^ g Z/3"d'*\.16:W@VCW:+ g1 }%,0K5S &*,27 := 0 g6":(T+- 38?B.\ gzS"r$v),1+U $ &+,.a0 86 @B0)# g|cg"%,. 6 A'& g):u"$,^36;>$ g $$(*2w8^>CA" gt%(o/4b: B Z g ";$M% -590<' gHxk!% )C vM gwTMHM0qs"e* 293 ;9?]B F@ gqu"s%@%@&@(-0|1ls@2%q6@@81;  gxTX19! *14z<0  g6 TB#'*/58s?@D gq  s !K q)q *z-37s> > w g q w ws w 1 1 wq w#G*' 36;?TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-31algorithmstoprovideacomprehensivedocumentformattingsystemthatextendsbeyondtexttomathematics,tabularmatterandcomplextypography.TypesettingmathematicswasaprimarygoalofKnuth'sworkonTEX[Knuth,AMSlecture].Thenotionofcomposingmathematicalexpressionsfromboxessurroundingeachcharacterandcomposingequationboxesforthearrangementofotherboxesappliesdirectlytomathematicalnotation.TEXreliesonbothalargefontlibrarytorepresentmathematicalsymbols,andasetofpositioningoperators.TheTEXtypesettinglanguageisalinearexpressionoftheboxes-and-gluemodelforformattingtwo-dimensionalnotation.RelatedworkonMETAFONT[Knuth,METAFONT]resultedinafontdesigntoolcapableofproducingthemanymathematicalsymbolsandalphabetsusedinTEX.METAFONTreliesonlinearoptimizationandequationsolverstodeterminetheoutlineshapeofcharacterdesignsspecifiedbysmallMETAFONTprograms.TEXprovidesamacrodefinitioncapabilitywhichpermitstheintroductionofshorthandinclusionofcomplexformattingcommandsandrepeatedtext.TherehavebeenasmallnumberofmacropackagesdevelopedforTEX.PerhapsthemostwidelydistributedisLamport'sLaTEXpackage[Lamport,LaTEX].DocumentlayoutisexpressedthroughimplicitcontrolsinTEX.TEXusesoneglobalalgorithmformanylayoutsituations.Thuswhenbreakinglines,thereisnoexplicitnotionofcentering.Insteadonesurroundscenteredtextwithtwogobs(atechnicalterminTEX)ofgluewithlargebutequalstretchinessvalues.Thejustification(glue-setting)algorithmfixesthegluesizetoaccommodatealltheboxeswithinthegivenlinemeasure.Similarly,pagejustificationalgorithmsareinfluencedindirectlybygobsofgluebetweenlinesoftextorpartsofapagetoaccomplishtheverticallayout.Plass'sworkwithdynamicprogrammingoptimizationalgorithmsleadtothedevelopmentofline-andpage-breakingalgorithmsforTEX[Knuth,LineBreaking][Plass,pagination].Theoptimizationgoalistominimizesomebadnesscriteria,suchasthesumofpenaltiesforbreakingalineinsomeway.Examplesofline-breakingpenaltiesareinsertingahyphenbetweensyllablesinaword,hyphenatingveryshortsyllables,andintroducinghyphensintwoormoresuccessivelinesinaparagraph.Giventhesetofboxesandthesetofpenalties,theoptimizationalgorithmdeterminestheoptimalbreakpoints.Theline-breakingalgorithmispartofthecurrentTEX82release,butthepage-breakingalgorithmisnotbecauseitistooresource-intensiveand/ortooslow.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g  )B0 9>wA\ gM !'',a/6B Y  " %U&,028=s?YYzYz@uYA\YCW gqvWW ) 3; ;?U\ g  #,*27:V=/ S) gxx#% /)s6S)RR7S)8qS):,>@DP g|TX" ,3r68:< N g sNN~N~NqN #*,-2 :<L g  '4IsnIII%?*bqI39;=B@GZ g"' 1<7:B3FsE( gD NE(6q?E(E(sE(E(;qE(  {%" .18>7@;B g@~"(q/S1s6 BB7aqB>s???q?,= A ' /O4,:< Fc= g*3D# ,4G7>DB; gU^ P"a'e.S6=s8;;D;D9;:q;;;=lC9X gp  s'9X99(9X))9*9X*q9X,s29X9X3R9Z|9:Bs9X:|9;s9XU g<@!$M+ ,/16:B# g oP &(E.94;N=R> g  $' 07c9g<> g f $=)A,.05[8;w>@  g@  P (+16?<>Y g o#%+(s-Y.Y/q0YY1n28;' g  O#B)j+,/=B gTVm$Z2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-32SometimesthealgorithmsinTEXproducebeautifulresults,buttheyrequireverycleverdesigners.Inthisregard,thefollowingsummarycommentappearedintheSeyboldReportonPublishingSystemswhendiscussingTyxset,thefirstimplementationofTEXavailablecommerciallyonamicrocomputer:`Thereare,however,someseriousflaws.ThegreatestoftheseistheneedforaccesstoXenixandTEX`gurus.'Thiswouldbenecessary,wethink,forallbutthemosttrivialwork.''[Alexander,Tyxset,p14]ManysituationsthatcanbehandledbyTEXarecollectedintothe`DirtyTricks'appendixofTheTEXbook.OneexampleofboththepowerofTEXandtheexcessiveclevernessrequiredtomasterTEXistheinclusionofleadersinanindexentry[Knuth,TheTEXbook,p392-394].TheexampleinFigure2-4providestheTEXcodesneededtoformatthegiveninputforvariouslinemeasures.TablescanbehandledwithinTEX.However,TEXtablesrelyonhorizontalandverticaljustificationprimitivesthataligninonedirectionortheotherbutnotbothsimultaneously.TheTEXbookdemonstratestheabilityofTEXtoreproducesomeofthesampletablesfromthetblmanualasevidenceofthefunctionalityofTEX.TEXisvaluableforthealgorithmicfoundationsitbringstodocumentformatting.Theinterfacetothosealgorithmsremainsastreamdocumentmodelwithoutanystructure.NoWYSIWYGinteractivecompositionsystemisyetbasedonTEX.2.5IntegratedCompositionSystemsAnintegrateddocumentcompositionsystemprovidesamoredirectwayofworkingwithdocuments.Oneaspectofintegrationisthecombiningoftheeditingandformattingtasks.Documentcompilersrequireonetofirstcreateoreditaseparatemanuscriptfile,thentoaskthecompilertoturnitintoaformatteddocument.Inanintegratedsystem,changestothedocumentbecomevisibleastheyaremade.Anotheraspectofintegrationistheintegrationofavarietyofdocumentcontentbeyondsimpletext,suchaslinedrawings,scannedimages,mathematicsandtables.ThefirstintegratedcompositionsystemwasEngelbart'sNLS,developedduringthelate1960's.TheNLSsystemintroducedthenotionof`whatyouseeiswhatyouget,'presentedavisualinterfacetoacceleratehumanunderstandingofthedocument,accepteddirectmanipulationofthedocumentstructureandappearance,separatedtheformofthedocumentfromitscontent,andintegratedmanyabstractobjectsintoauniformrepresentation.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ # s%^^^%^&q^(.5;>B3\ g E"m(*2%9U@Z gkxDZZM^ 'qZ-M1 9?2B Xb g ?sPXbXX8XbqXb$ .172 U\#>(-1=7=9@=q?AES)sS)RRS) qS)"y),14A <>C{F;PZs#PP$) +$/1,qMw .";$*s-NMMM.5M/qM03:q=@K gxKK,TVm$CrgKKxKxOK BTVm$x!@KK"q$KK&P)026r9K>Os@`KKxKxAHKB/qKCI g@H  $&s,IIFIF,I-qI/194;=,BDGZ gs?GZGZb;|G"sGZ#%q*GZGZ+/57<?E( gs@E(DD'E(qE(D$g'@+028;B! ] s%B!AA&B!'q(B!B!*Xs1B!AA2B!3qB!5A9=E? ? gt g &)z-/29;>C= gZ<x|== TVm$r"==v=v#=$TVm$x%==&yq=) 36;s===v=v>=?tq=A; g7l#'+r.;;/q;28:A|C9X g s9X999Xq9X9Xs6R6 6Rq6R,r" ) 24S9W;\4 g !& .94m5;&B1 gu s c11!q1(I 0N 9>@Cp/ gs//t/t/q//v+ g  q( C! +G07T8=AE% g #(|* 247n?A# g2 Q"a*27:<@aE1!p g #_'&)*,.57;m=@q> g!? ).579A gC&+-" 5v7*: BWDh g!'h,0[40649u@ gK  L ',00 s89q;<n gs!#nn"Fqn$) 2I5":[=w&=wTVm$s:(+79y;8 1&(24469a;7  $*w,037;5!%+-d1518<"35e "(P).X0471I%l+^,1f37;/^ ;&u+^7Y8;#-r$* 24t7+ N13P9C);'J% ) #$. !0'# &($ ,<  "w g{    "{ $ ** +~w ,.C 57Y9;>A gNTVm$tuz3tq` TVm$(wu!$z&*l0]36-9=]@2 gk& #z%(-W 3:A<<AfCF g~)!=${% wF%'E*0D1579 g;#jTVm$z2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-34Inthefollowingsurvey,severalmorerecentintegrateddocumentcompositionsystemsarereviewed.Thefirsttwo,EtudeandJanus,areresearchprojectsanddealmainlywithdocumentstructureandinteractionissues.TheXeroxStarsystemtackledtheintegrationofvariousdocumentcontentsfromtheperspectiveofanofficeinformationsystemratherthanatypesettingsystem.EvolvingresearchatXeroxPARCintodocumentstructureandintegratedcompositionwillbehighlightedbriefly.2.5.1EtudeTheEtudeprojectatMIT[Ilson,Etude][Hammer,Etude]waspartofalargerofficeautomationresearchproject.Etude(easytousedisplayeditor)concentratedontheintegrationofdocumenteditingandformatting.ThedocumentformattingfunctionalitywassimilartoScribewhiletheinternalformattingmodelwasbasedonTEX'sboxes-and-gluemodel.Etudeoperatedon`highleveltypographicalobjects,'suchasachapter,section,paragraph,oritalicphrase.Adocumentdesigndatabasemappedtheseobjectsintoformattingattributes.Thesystemwasdesignedtobea`whatyouseeiswhatyouget'documentcompositionsystemwithahighstandardoftypographicquality,orientedtowardsthe`professionaluser.'UserinterfaceissuesandminimizingtrainingweremajorgoalsoftheresearcheffortinEtude[Good,Etudeinterface].DocumentsinEtudearehierarchicalstructures.Adocumentexistsastwostructures,onefortheinternalrepresentationofthecontentandanotherfortherepresentationoftheformatteddocumentbrokenintolines,columnsandpages.Thedocumentstructurehasthepotentialforaccommodatingnontextualcontentbutthishasnotbeendescribedinpublishedpapers.Supportformathematicsandtablesappearstohavebeendeferred.Etudesupportsthenotionofadocumentstylebyprovidingformattingenvironmentsforeachhighleveltypographicalobject.Theseenvironmentssupplyattributevaluesforformattingparameters.Relativevaluesarepermittedandthecurrentattributevalueisdeterminedbyaninheritanceschemethattraversesthepathfromtheroottothecurrentnodeinthehierarchicalstructure.TheEtudeformatterdisplayschangesastheyareenteredintothedocument.Anincrementalformattingalgorithmminimizestherecomputationnecessarytodisplaythechanges.Extrastateinformationismaintainedintheformatteddocumentstructuretosupporttheincrementaldisplayer.Theincrementalalgorithmsprovidethebasisfordevelopingformattersanddisplayersformoregeneraldocumentobjectsrepresentedasboxesandglue.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^!'!+k0c 8%\ g &)-V059>@Z gc"*M104r <B[Xb g]6" +-%2:AE2V/ g c ' ,i1F56s >S gS %)[17;6 Q g > #vM gTqJps#^JJ#'J,2qJ7$:Y=?AGG g  )&+/14:bE g "i #%-3 6O ?uC g < %).|05:<AL g !ss#ALAA$AL%q&ALAL'#(` 39>E? g %.)+,l28 @C< gG!s(-.28R; : g % ')+-Y1579=@8 g l"&'+2m4~ =6Q g %|*.z5A9=+ 4 gJz!$d*/h1ls6J446:> qD441txV" + 35k=!AC. g R7#* -/28;B D, g ):#+d14q8?LB* gj!\$5+- 9 A(N ghv#%-3:2< & g_lp _$h#@#R%c&.~2R4<3 g a5 $ /55(9  gim  (< 18(=,?~ gA#T% -0(2| ;@L g- $@&D).257 @ EH%+-1p4::-= g% ) 08g;@  gY2%o)- 68v A C g"$*- 6 >| g g #&k*s-# 5 ={@ J ga+ &j /P1T59>TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-352.5.2JanusTheJanusprojectatIBMResearch[Chamberlin,JANUS]tookaslightlydifferentapproachtointegratingdocumentcomposition.TheJanusworkstationusestwodifferentdisplaysofthedocument,onetheabstractmanuscriptfileandtheothertheformatteddocument.Editingchangesaremadetothemanuscriptfileandperiodicallytheformatteddocumentviewisupdated.JanusisadeclarativeformatterlikeScribe,ratherthanaproceduraldocumentcompilerliketrofforTEXthatreliesonmacropackagestoexecuteprimitiveformattingoperations.Adeclarativetagonpartofthedocumentannotatestheintentionofanauthortocomposeaheadingoranitemizedlist.Thedocumentmaycontainimagesaswellastextsincethetagmayinterpretthedocumentcontentasitwishes,perhapsaswordsoftext,orasalinedrawingorscannedimage.Incorporatingmathematicalandtabularmaterialisplannedbuthasnotyetbeenaccomplished.Thedefinitionoftagsinvolvesspecifyingthenamesofthetags,codingatagactionroutine,anddesigningapagelayouttemplate.Thetagmarkuplanguageisadirectdescendantofthe`GeneralizedMarkupLanguage'ofIBM'sDocumentCompositionFacility[,DCF][,GML].Adocumentdesignercreatesalibraryoftagroutinesthatcapturestheformattingattributesandlayoutactionsrelatedtothetaggedcontent.TagroutinesarecodedinaPascal-likelanguage.Pagetemplatescontroltheplacementofthetaggedobjectandaredesignedusingagraphicaldesigntool.TheJanusformattingalgorithmisbasedontheboxes-and-gluemodelofTEX.Tagroutinesproduceboxesthatarecollectedintoagalley.Outofsequenceboxes,suchasthetextofafootnoteorafloatingillustration,arerepresentedbyananchorinthegalleypointingtoagalleyfragment.Thepackeralgorithmplacesboxesfromthegalleyintothepagetemplates.Theresultingstructureistheformatteddocument.Janusprovidesforlocalinterventioninthefinalpositioningofboxesonapagebymovingpiecesofthedocument.Anysuchchangesarelostwhenthedocumentisreformatted.ThepublishedpapersonJanusgivenospecificsonhowillustrationsareaccommodatedbythetagroutines.Thetagroutinesprovideaverygeneralcapabilityforinterprettingstyleandrenderingnontextualcontent.TheJanusprototypewasexpectedtoprovidethebaseforfutureresearchinformattingmathematicsandtables,butnopublishedinformationisavailable.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbv^ gTq[Ds.[[q["s)[[* 1q[7;i<X g._d $,` 6:!> V g- 6"G% -@0u3M9i ADT g@q &,25:"<&> RR gL Y%-13?OLQj &*0/48Q9 M gr2MM[qM$s&MLL'M(qM*4-14W9[@IBMJ g}  $& .137m9~EfDQ g#E)z+0[2l687:;;>E>B g " -0Y5Dw? gZM  <  & .D16<8M;&>DME: gQy" #'s,x4G7:n@8 g) ! +H19s;88<1q>n88>@6O g ,s6O6O6O"%fq)06O6O*,4h:@hA4 gx6!v$O ,n 36<A1 gkDy '%).026 :TBI/ gpI$4&E).e3O69\@=D- g* 'X) -0#2 >jC{s(M g( N(M6q?(M(M4 %)+267|=E@& g~dh!A$&'.028 @# g M~!$[)/137?! g:%"&).{148 A g-&9.3:=<R g Y &(-01m5[7=BD g%"%(-$/79h  "p' *,359 Bs g '*-@39;> g  #'3. 6=A7 g &(,/R4J:< P g /N!O#+X 4d6 ITVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-36Janusprovidesinsightintothecustomizationofformattingdocumentsbyprovidingaformattinglanguageforwritingthetagroutinestoaccommodatenewclassesofdocumentcontentobjects.Tosupportanewclass,onewritesatagroutineandlinksitintotheexistingsoftware.ThestylemachineryinJanusisnotcentralized;eachtagroutinecanacceptitsownsetofattributes.Thiswillcausedifficultywithtableswherethestyleinformationcomesfromthedocumentcontainingthetable,thetable,andfromeachrowandcolumn.2.5.3XeroxStarTheXeroxStar[Smith,StarInterface][Seybold,Xerox'sStar]approachesintegrateddocumentcompositionfromtheofficeinformationperspective.Sinceofficedocumentsareitsmajorfocus,Starsupplieslesscapabilitytodescribeandcontrolallofthepossibletypographicfeatures.Nonetheless,Starintegratesseveralclassesofdocumentobjects,suchastextinvariousfontsandsizes,simplebusinessgraphics,mathematicalnotation,tables,andforms.TheStaruserinterfacedesigniscarefullymanagedtoensurethatcommonactionsoperateacrossalldocumentobjectclasses.Forinstance,theactofcopyingpartofabarchartisthesameascopyingpartofamathematicalformulaorapartofasentenceoftext.ThestylemechanisminStarprovidesonlyforthespecificationofindividualformattingattributes.Thereisnoindirectionorcentralregistryofnamedcollectionsofattributes;changingtheappearanceofanentiredocumentrequireschangingtheattributesofeachinstance.IllustrationscreatedbyStarGraphics[Lipkie,StarGraphics]aremainlysimplebusinessgraphics.Predefinedcategoriesofgraphicimagesareprovided:barcharts,piecharts,andsimplelinedrawingssuchasorganizationcharts.Scannedimagesarenotsupported.Thecentrallydesigneduserinterfaceextendstoillustrationsanditspropertysheetmechanismprovidesstyleattributesforgraphicillustrations.MathematicalnotationishandledverywellbyStar.ThenotationisdisplayedinaWYSIWYGfashionusingspecialfontsforthemathematicalsymbols.Whensymbolstaketheirsizesfromtheexpressionsnearby,suchassummationorlargeparentheses,thesesymbolsgrowautomaticallyastheexpressionsarechanged.Themathematicalnotationsarebuilt-inandnotextensible,butcovermostoftherudimentaryalgebraicnotation.Staralsosupportstheinteractiveeditingandformattingoftablesandforms.Tablesaredefinedasamatrixofrowsandcolumnswithsomedistinguishedvfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^Q ]#& 13$ ;CC\ gL j$X',/2B8: EZ gg!N'*t015k9<ACXb g%gbf!?'L.2N6">3@7DV/ gZ ?$',.257" ?vC/S g  `%J(#+ 5:>Q g .#&a*.#296 9\<vM gTJqJsJJ W#; J)/4qJ7 @ G g l!$Z( 2 ;@E g#C&-02 79@.C g ]oG (@z f $P)/18>BD>H gk(K%+2 << g!f$+029e@mBr9 g!"&)605<?K7 g@*!$ (=),0293<>5~ g  P#%'>-/2x!%+/v2&4 >w@ 0F g  !#]% .0=5;=. g x h%q(J 025R:A+ gpI #{(  $Zs+q((+03iq(9<B& gx " *s,2j7:B=$v gl"/%p,k0@2D ;A"D g j#*1n5;A  g L!%.c58 @/ gM   "G(,P/256:@ gs)q$)>.25r8K u g"&*c.x1Q :?CB g# $s(/ 3/ =R?W g n" ,46<@ g  "$ .V5Q -6  (-0 8;?C gxx|#%+),[26: TVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-37entriesspanningmultiplecolumns.Tableappearanceiscontrolledthroughspecificationsinasetofpropertysheetsforthetable,therows,columns,headings,andtherules(orlines)withinthetable.BecausethefundamentalpremiseforStarassumesanofficeenvironment,therearemanyextensionsandqualityissuesthatwereavoided.AdaptingtheStartomoretypographicallydemandingenvironmentswillrequireaddressingmanyofthesedesignissues.2.5.4XeroxPARCResearchXeroxPARChascontinuedtoresearchintegrateddocumentcompositionsystems.PriortothedevelopmentwithinXeroxoftheStarofficeworkstation,PARChadbuilttheBravoeditor[Lampson,Bravo].BravoisanintegrationofboththeeditingandformattingoftextandprovidesaWYSIWYGdisplayofthedocument.WhenadocumentwastobeprintedBravoproducedaPressformatfile.ThePressformatisadeviceindependentrepresentationofthemarksonpaper.Text,linedrawings,andscannedimagesarealltreatedinaresolutionanddeviceindependentnotation.However,BravocouldnotincorporateillustrationsdirectlyandreliedonthePressEditutilitytomergePress-fileversionsoftheillustrationintothedocumentPressfile.Thisdigressionintohowillustrationswereincorporatedindocumentsservestohighlightthedistinctioninmeaningbetweenintegratededitor/formattersandintegrateddocumentcompositionsystems.Anintegratededitor/formatterpermitseditingatextdocumentwhichyouseepresentedintheformthatitwillbeprinted;anintegrateddocumentcompositionsystemstressestheintegrationofvariouskindsofdocumentcontent,typicallytextandillustrations,intoasingleintegrateddocument.TheTiogaeditingsystemthatispartoftheCedarprogrammingenvironment[Teitelman,Cedar]attemptedtoprovideanextensibledocumentstructuretointegratedocumentobjectclasses.Tiogaisnoteworthyforitsdocumentstructureandstylemachinery.ThehierarchicalnodestructureinTiogaevolvedfromNLS.Eachnodecontainsthedocumentcontentandformattingproperties.Theeditorprovidesinteractiveoperationsonthatstructure,suchasselectingsubtreesofnodes,displayingnodesatvariousdepths,andapplyingpropertiestosubtrees.Specialnodepropertiescanbeinterpretedbytheformattertoextendthekindsofcontentsupported.CurrentartworkpropertiesdesignatePressfiles,scannedimages,linedrawings,andtables.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ gU',4 46 >\\ g }p%;*,/4!6;QZ g $*,W "}(+b.567<# U\ gp #5(-f04;C9S) g-!*Z 47= P gCovM gTJvqIDsIDID~qID+#%,P 4; G gn{ &O+n0d2v5O8=` sD gqD)s$DD$+Rq/2DD057[9 BDB g@ *";%~(/ls0BB22qB8>Z@k@z g%t#*&^(c*05Q<>BM>H gT[ u% / 9;>C< gT $=*025%:<> 9 g N%-M269 7 g L?#)%(p/4}6; 5 g #]&6-2)2yo 0"8 +/ 8:C0F gkhA S"W)/ 7WDE. g * %/,6/ 6+ gZH$A),`/+68;?BD) gl /& 045;_>8 '} gx5"o(/^25 ?2B%K g "EO"& '+:-K0$5  g s  u Oq !)+14 ; gJN"#(/35^ >@ gB" +/. 7;B{ g 's<{{_q {{#'.r1K9>I g  P %,5 49 <=> g  F&(- 5:  g R#+')/ 8`> g )g#)/3:l=VTVm$e2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-38TheTiogastylemachinerymapsnodepropertiesintoformattingattributes.Stylerulesareexplicitlynamed,writteninaninterpretedstylelanguage,andstoredinstyledictionaries.Attributesforanodeareinheritedthroughthenodehierarchy.Relativeattributes,suchas``maketheindentofthisnodesomuchmorethantheindentofitsparent,''areeasilyaccommodated.Thestylemachineryisextensiblebydefiningnewstyledictionariesandnewattributes.Theimplementationhasnotprogressedbeyondarobustintegratededitor/formatterwithsomeextensioncapabilities.Tiogaservedasthetestbedforvariousexperimentsindocumentobjectsdiscussedinlaterchaptersofthisthesis.2.5.5WYSIWYGorisit?WhatisitthatyougetwithWYSIWYGformatters?Therearetwoanswers:eitherapreviewofthefinalappearanceortherealappearanceofthedocumentontheoutputdevice.Ifwhatyougetistherealappearance,theacronymmightberenamed`whatyouseeisallthatyouget.'WhenaWYSIWYGformatterdisplaystherealappearance,thenthereisnocompensationfortheresolutioncapabilitiesbetweenprintersanddisplays,sometimesaratioashighas20:1.IntrueWYSIWYGthefinalhardcopyoutputisartificiallylimitedbythedisplaytechnology.TheMacWriteformatterproducesalmostidenticalprintedoutputontheImageWriterasthedisplayedoutputbecausethescreenandprinterfontsarethesame[Seybold,MacWrite].Ifwhatyougetisapreview,thentheacronymshouldbe`whatyouseeisalmostwhatyouget.'Resolutiondifferencesresultinpositioninginaccuraciesandlimitedfontdiscriminationonthedisplay.Withlimitedresolutionandsmalltypesizes,therearesimplytoofewbitstoconveythedistinctionsbetweentypefaceslikeTimesRoman,Garamond,andBaskerville.ThereforeWYSIWYGformattersoftenprovideonlygenerictypefacesthatdistinguishmajortypefamiliesandcharacteristics,likeserifversussansserif,orboldversusitalic.TheXeroxStarprovidesthiskindofpreviewcapability.AWYSIWYGformatterconstitutesadilemma.Ontheonehand,creatorsofdocumentsmaytendtospendexcesstimeandenergyonthewrongaspectofdocumentproduction.Insteadofcreatinginformation,thereisatendencytomakebeautifuldocumentsoflittlevalue.Ontheotherhand,authorsarenotoriousinthepublishingworldformakingsubstantialauthor'salterationsonlyaftertheirmanuscriptistypeset.Atypesetmanuscriptismorereadablesoauthorsreaditmorecarefullyandoftenseeadifferentmessageinthatcontext.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^#(,& 37R ?q \ g^ t$L)+.G 6:AZ g^b6 ! (+|,13:ACXb g 1 "&(.06 8;E?hAV/ gxQ~ '3). :>PS gx-  C&*K. 6:,= P !$ -24a9 N gp ( 16I;u=y@RC`L g  '-Y46:b@BJ_ gvF gwTFFvFUt5qB6% s$BB%qB, 5:=P@@x g!s *,5/2P :=?>F g*#&E)*-0 9<C~< gD x!<<"$#q<'*.3s5F<<6q<=+9 g !%)+- 8l;= 7 g u!$+~348:>@EV5| gs5|5|@q5|q%+, 4{:<?X3J g : (F/P4;CA1 g Y] 6',3 5:>9C. g2 s:..Cq"..+B%F) +28:b>BDx) gq) %e -2T4X < 'z gM #&(/39e A%H gk%'+.80=58 A\# g!*- 7\s?##@dq g Q"a(/B2 :? g #x'(Tq,l/460x::q>C~ g]"}$* xsxxqxw (*H2#47;?EE gZ!&"'+.4V69>C g #`%q+ 5)9g;<C g *";&+|.T1-5:!@ g %o(. y617= q| g  y"-y|q(||*0? 8:}>Es J gM"%*?- .o56;=ATVm$2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-39Significantbenefitsinimprovingthequalityofdocumentsaccruetoauthorsworkingwithadocumentinitsclosetofinalappearance,usingtheabilitytoincorporatethoseinsightsintothemanuscriptpriortopublication.WYSIWYGformattersareexpensive.Displayingtypographicfontsimpliesusinghigherresolutiondisplaysandmorecomputationalpowerthansimpletexteditors.Theseformattersaremorecomplexbecausetheymustmaintainformatteddatastructureswhileacceptingchangestothedocument.Operatingalltheformattingcontrolsrequiresinvestingtimeinlearningtousesuchaformatter,althoughthetimecanbereducedwithgooduserinterfacedesignsuchasevidencedbytheXeroxStar.Furtherstudyoftheseproblemsseemswarranted,butisbeyondthescopeofthisthesis.TheworkreportedhereisdesignedforfutureincorporationintoWYSIWYGsystems.2.6DocumentContentModelsandViewsofDocumentsTherepresentationofdocumentschangesradicallythroughthissurveyofdocumentcompositionsystems.Traditionalgraphicartsprocessesproduceamasterdocumentonlyonpaperorphotographicfilm.Electronicprocessesproducecomputerfilesfortheelectronicmasterdocumentwithallthetext,illustrations,andformattinginformationincluded.Theprevalentdocumentrepresentationisasimplestreamoftextwithembeddedcommands,asusedbytroff,Scribe,TEX,andJanus.Thissimplemodelisubiquitousandmaybeusedbypreprocessingtoolsfortheseformatters.MorecomplicatedrepresentationsinvolvingastructureddocumentorganizedintoahierarchicaltreeorlinkeddirectedgraphstructureareusedbyNLS,Tioga,andEtude.Typicallythestructurecontainspropertylistsoralabellingofthecontentassociatedwithpartsofthestructure.AbstractdocumentstructureshasbeenrecentlystudiedbyKimura[Kimura,thesis][Kimura&Shaw,AbstractDocuments].Thisrepresentationisagraph-likestructurecomposedofabstractdocumentobjects.Theabstractobjectsaremappedintoconcreteobjectsbyaformattingprocessandtheseconcreteobjectsaremadevisiblebyaviewingprocess.Thisstructurehasintroducedorderedandunorderedsetsofobjects,andthesharingofobjectswithinthedocumentstructure.Structureddocumentshaveseveraladvantagesattheexpenseofamorecomplexrepresentation.Thescopeofoperationscanbespecifiedintermsofsubstructuresofthedocument,suchasrearrangingsectionswithinachapter,thevfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g $'-2/C7<>\ g!#')- 6;B>C-Z g %}}"% .J2l4q sWqW "P * 3* <8@[U[ g #'1+{ 6K;O?D]S) g "`&-I3q7;5P g ##*135>N g &P-K139~;>vBKL g !$&-O1 5,8?DJ` gk.h ^$*/l1~5<H- g I."&(+1c48?CbE gH %-s(EE)qE0}t> g ,' *0E2q: (H.}5(;l>C8 g l$s ,26 =9C6 gq)$?&] 0g4 <4a g8 l#E *07;=@2/ g  ! *#15\</ g )C$&*1-5>@Dr- gq6-->s----q--%)9.35D =@D`+ gI  #' 05[ )f g i (;/7}:")-H4+7 ?s g"&(.06[;z>S g   ,$) 136<? @q b g"9&( 036==?#C / g evO#o'D)H 289=X>EmTVm$|2DOCUMENTCOMPOSITION2-40itemsinalist,orrowsandcolumnsofatable.Aclassmechanismforbuildingextensibledocumentobjectclassificationscanbesuperimposedonthedocumentstructure.Eachobjectinthedocumentstructurecanhaveacontentclassassociatedwithit,andaspecificsetofprocedurestoperformeditingandformattingoperations.Adistinctadvantageofsuchaclassmechanismisthatalltextismarkedastextevenifitusedinthecontextofotherobjects,suchasillustrationsortables.Thereforespellingcheckerscancheckallofthetextobjectsanywhereinthedocumentwhenrepresentedinastructureddocument.Moregeneraldocumentstructures,suchasintegrateddocumentsanddatabases,aresuggestedinChapter6.Asthedocumentstructurebecomesmorecomplex,thedifficultyinmanagingthepiecesofadocumentincreases.Almostallformattersprovideamechanismtoincludepartsofadocumentwithinalargerdocument.Scribedoesthebestjobofmanagingcomponentsoflargedocuments,especiallycrossreferences.However,fewschemesexisttoprovideinteractiveformattersfornonhierarchicaldocumentstructures.Anotheradvantageofstructurewithinthedocumentrepresentationistheabilitytopresentthereaderwithdifferentviewsoftheinformation.Hierarchicalstructurespermitshowingonlyafewlevelsofthehierarchy(levelclipping)torevealtheoutlinestructureofthechapterandsectionheadings.NLSalsoprovidedaviewofonlyafewlinesofeachparagraph(lineclipping)tocompressmorethoughtsontothesamedisplayspace[Engelbart,NLS].Additionalviewsmightbebasedonselectingcontentmatchingapatternstringoronmatchingpropertiesofthereadertothenodesinthedocumentstructure[vanLeunen,OneDocument].Cargill'snotionofdifferentviewsofsoftwarebasedonconfigurationproperties[Cargill,Views]demonstrateshowasinglecomprehensivestructure,possiblycontainingredundantinformation,maybeaccessedtoproducedseveraldifferentconfigurationsofadocument.vfsw ff!vf(w)ff+ufE#fEfFbq^ g6Pn[ '/)@*/y1^^2q^6,>A\ g  *.0[ :=I@"Z g Qu`d"=)03796?Xb g $h&) 1q3v9?hV/ g  m%9,/ 24G8@BrES g^^b ":#'),2_4p8>BQ g Lj'$*149J;=@O gcg@%*h 3N5R6 >L5! )-u/y 7<?J` g *g k&)C+.6M=/CH. goH _c&).02)9 AE g &(.246$=BC g"%)+.5 >@A g &  )04:>i@m?d g l U*2_ <^: &,.6 A`C:, gy}H!!@$+0@2Q5* 7 g  9"),.!1I57:B 5 gVZ6")+.r4Y7=$sE 55F/q3 g$!#3&Z*;,L0 7;B1c g"}%V)/)s31c1c3 :q=1c1c?} /0 g%+24I9>@, g Zl E%c'h*A/13;sBx,,B* gqr**#(*168/>Ch( g  sL((#q(( 257; &g g  "!* 37.9@$5 g;  *,.:TVm$ TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN HELVETICA HELVETICAY TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN HELVETICA HELVETICAY TIMESROMANY TIMESROMAN TIMESROMANY HELVETICA TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN XEROXBOOK TIMESROMANY TIMESROMAN N $+`2N:V ]elpt }V  f Z w 8 )  ? #+3;3CoK TL\cj/g)e[]<>Beach>Thesis>Chapter2.Tioga Sunday, May 5, 1985 10:26 am PDT