1Introduction1.1OverviewThisthesisaddressestheproblemofformattingcomplexdocumentsusingelectronicdocumentcompositiontools.Inparticular,thetwoproblemsofincorporatinghigh-qualityillustrationsintodocumentsandoflayingouttabularinformationwillbetreatedindepth.Theresearchreportedinthisthesisconcentratesontechniquesandtoolsforproducingelectronicdocumentsthatwillmeetthegraphicartsstandardsofquality,bothinelectronicformandinsubsequenthardcopyform.Thenotionofstyleappliedtotextcompositionsystems,separatingformfromcontent,isextendedtobothgraphicalillustrationsandtables.Documentcompositionsystemshavesupportedtheinclusionofscannedillustrationsandcomputer-generatedlinedrawingsbefore,butfrequentlytheresultshavelackedthequalityexpectedinatypesetdocument.Thisthesispresentstechniquesforspecifyingillustrationswithinthedocumentmanuscriptandforcontrollingthequalityoftheresultingartworkbyseparatingformfromcontentinthespecificationofillustrations.Documentcompositionsystemshavealsoformattedtabularinformationbefore,buttheyhaveoftenpermittedonlylimitedcontroloverthetableformattingparametersandtheyhaveimposedrestrictionsonthepossiblelayoutsfortables.Thisthesispresentsanewframeworkforcontrollingthetableformattingprocessandforinteractivelydesigningatablelayout.Thetableformattingparadigmintroducedherecanbeextendedtoothertwo-dimensional1-1p\d gWn g g>;#q; gr8oG" (* 29A6a g  $), 36:AC4. g   (,)4~79>A1 g s "(G+2(8:>/ g @ {#'*h2E 9B- gp&).24 <[@pC+e g =!Z$),/57; )3 g s)3)32r)3s")3)3#`r')3)3(*137~> ' g# !$'$+25<>! g L'u*17G:H B@ g#)+-\2;?ic g   %~ .c36[> 1 gY #% '.47: ?C, gMQ* "  !$'$+.n6 ;  g (r,*17q;)> g   6#'.p 69?<Bga g#$(n03p ;> / g Q C )02\6s<? g  $3'*-N4d6i:t)()*h0TVm$1INTRODUCTION1-2layoutproblems,suchasmathematicalnotationorcompletepagemakeup.Thenotionofstyle,awayofmaintainingconsistency,runsthroughoutthethesis.Itistheunderlyingmechanismformanagingthecomplexitiesofformattinghigh-qualityillustrationsandtables.Theuseofstylebothsimplifiesthedesignchoicesandenhancesthedisciplineduseofhigh-qualitytypesetting.Thethesisincludesaidstoassistthereaderinunderstandingthetypographicsubjectmatter:aglossaryoftypesettingterms,anindextothethesis,andplentifuldiagramsandillustrations.Glossarytermsappearitalicizedinadistinctivesans-seriftypefacewhentheyfirstappearinthethesis,suchasthetermstyleintheprecedingparagraph.PrototypeimplementationsofthedocumentformattingtoolsweredevelopedintheCedarprogrammingenvironment[Teitelman,Cedar]attheXeroxPaloAltoResearchCenter.TheTiogaeditorandtypesetterwereextendedtoincorporateillustrationsandtablesusingtheprototypes.TheTiogadocumentmodelandstylemechanismwereextendedtoaccommodateboththegraphicalandtabularstylerequirements.ThelessonslearnedfromdevelopingandusingtheseprototypesystemswillbevaluableduringongoingresearchdesigninganewintegrateddocumentcompositionenvironmentbasedonTioga.Thischapterintroducesthenotionofadocumentandparticularproblemsindocumentcompositionthathaveledtotheresearchreportedinthethesis.Thechapterconcludeswithabriefsummaryofthematerialpresentedinsubsequentchapters.1.2Whatisadocument?Adocumentcommunicatesinformationbothtextuallyandpictorially.Anauthorcollects,organizes,andpresentstheinformationcontainedinadocument.Thedocumentmaybeintendedtoinform,topersuade,toargue,orsimplytoentertain.Thisthesisdealswithsomeoftheproblemsofproducingandreproducingdocumentsforeffectivecommunicationofinformation.Historically,documentswerehandwrittenmanuscriptsreproducedlaboriouslybyscribes.Manyoftheseearlydocumentswerehandsomelyillustratedwithhand-drawnsketchesorimages.Earlyprintingprocessesrequiredhand-carvedprintingplates.Theinventionofmovabletypeenabledpeoplewithlessskilltoprepareprintingplatesinlesstime.Movabletypealsocreatedmorefreedomtocorrectandchangepages.Itisworthnotingthattheuf"$v$ff% tfEfFfG)r^ gk )/18<[Xwi[[=r[[ [#% . 7; DMY gsL )C+36X ?W g   &)/36 8;? U[ g@l*l$'\ /24 = RU%!#'*/1 <?u P# g/p! ).1 57:?M g^ 'K.28 ?A K g wDKKrKT"'L*.c358=AzC~I gwUII)rIw{T FC#%(0Z 8x ? g LD!$ -15=oB= g;#% 0Z4<7>8A{; g; >$/*.* 69>?9W go&+U18'?@7% g * %/ .354oU ![$4)m+~,47 ?O1 gk! p"&)+.e4;=@e/ gS! "r&m-/28@q- g q&^ gr"w""r" $ -18[; Dgw R gr R > #'),j 5v=?@m g%y$[&_,D.H57<>D g ] $(*-47> g  'M 25  !@%; w.p/ r8  g C"m$~(,5&9! O g  ! ')0$4: g w~z#r')A,4w67=6rA g#$1*/5194S9!@C g&p$'-Z246f;(@TCTVm$[1INTRODUCTION1-3earlysuccessoftheseprintingsystemsdependedonmeetingthequalitystandardssetbyhandwrittenandhand-illustratedmanuscripts.Therehassincebeenalonghistoryofdevelopmentintheprintingprocess,withakeenregardforqualityalwaysattheforefront.Thetraditionalskillsofreproducingmoderndocumentsarecalledthegraphicarts.Thesecraftsrepresentahighstandardofqualityandreadability.Theartistryofletterforms,theinclusionoffinequalityphotographsandlinedrawings,andtheuniformityofcolorwhenprintingmanycopiesofadocumentarealltestamentstotheconcernforstandardsinthegraphicartsthathaveevolvedovermanyyears.Traditionalgraphicartsprocessesarelaborintensiveandoftentimeconsuming.Electronictoolsandtechniqueshavealreadybeenintroducedintotheseprocesses,butthestandardsandskillsremainlargelytraditional.Wewishtopreservethequalityaspectsofthegraphicarts,whilemakingthequalitymoreconsistentandmoreaccessiblethroughtheuseofelectronicdocumentcompositiontools.Authorsassemblethetext,illustrations,andreferencematerialforadocumentandthencomposeamanuscript.Thegraphicartsstaffreceivesthemanuscriptandtransformsitintoabook,report,pamphlet,poster,ornewsletter.Theauthoroftenworkswithamanuscriptthatisverydifferentfromthefinalprintedresult.Agreatdealoftrustmustbeplacedinthegraphicartiststoproduceadocumentthatresembleswhattheauthorexpects.Thetraditionaldocumentproductionprocessworksbestwhencreatingastaticandlong-liveddocument.Theauthormustplanaheadtoguidethereaderthroughthisstaticformofthedocument.Readingaids,liketablesofcontents,indices,andcrossreferencesbetweenpartsofadocument,areoftennecessarytopermitdifferentreaderstocontroltheirindividualreadingpathsthroughalargedocument.Themostexcitingprospectforintroducingelectroniccompositiontoolsisnotinproducingtraditionaldocumentsfaster,butratherinproducingentirelynewkindsofdocumentsmoreeasily.Theauthorworkingwithdraftmanuscriptsshouldbeabletoseehisinformationinitsfinalform.Thealltoocommonphenomenonofauthor'salterations(changesrequestedbytheauthortothetypesetgalleyssupposedlyin`final'form)isconvincingevidencethatauthorsoftendonotreallycomprehendtheimplicationsoftheirmanuscriptsuntiltheyseethemintheirfinalform.Thisisacostlyphenomenonthatbegstobecorrected.Electronictoolscanhelpauthorsproducebetterdraftmanuscriptsandthusbetter(andcheaper)finaldocuments.uf"$v$ff% tfEfFfG)r^ g| 1p"(0Z29;\ gI !%"0 ;,?BZ gp  &(+28O< =nAiXb g U[ 9!J *09;@wS) grS)S)h7 ')@-35;\> P ggx #*,005 ?1BtN g " $1(a,3#7<>@+L g2 u$'Z.039v<?J_ g9 (.y18;?H- g ! (,0# 8^+C g fsFK$'->247=A7A gK$ &). 5;>A?d g  $<] # ,0$7T=@m:+ g_'!#` ,0[6A9h=CI7 g 3 ^!%c&+b08=@ 5 gc1!#P +/804;_?tBM3 g3!Y#j'?+U-247=Bi1a g7K&*-3.[ " +<159M=D,( g $g'-1.49;@JC") g& 7#+2`639g>@.' gZ !(,.-/7:}>F% g? D%) 17;BAC#_ g X(P#& /x 6 @GDB& gZ^; !2).q1r6O8S@1 g]o# (, 1R7;u g E "%(I 1U3Y59e>AD? g: 5wG 4&0 r.5=&?B`] gkDw]]r] %V'Z,02\ :A* gM * , 6%86<%  gV  $)-/[05h ?dBF g  "%)/l5:> gI "&n TVm$1INTRODUCTION1-4Engelbart'svisionofelectronictoolstoaugmenthumanintellect,publishedin1968[Engelbart,NLS],containedmanyelementsonlynowbecomingstandardincurrentdocumentpreparationsystems.Hisworkwasbasedonatimesharingcomputerwitheachuser(sometimesseveralparticipantsinanelectronicconference)viewingadocumentongraphicdisplaysandinteractingwithtwo-handedinput(afive-keyhandset,akeyboard,andtheoriginalmousepointingdevice)[Engelbart,Terminals].Engelbart'son-linedocumentsystemNLSfirstintroducedstructuredfiles.Thesefilesrepresentedadocumentasahierarchyofinformationstatementswithcrossreferencelinksamongrelatedstatements.NLSdocumentscouldcontainbothtextandsimplelinedrawinggraphics.ThereaderofanNLSdocumentguidedhisownexplorationofthedocumentbyselectingthecontentofinterest,whichofthecrossreferencestobefollowed,theformattingparametersthatwouldapplytothedisplay,thelevelsofthehierarchytobemadevisible,andtheamountofeachstatementtobedisplayed.Later,theHypertext[Carmody,Hypertext]andXanadu[Nelson,Xanadu]projectsevolvedsimilarsystemsthatorganizeddocumentcontentinastructuredfashionandusedgraphicdisplaystopresentthedocument.Electronicdocumentsneednotberestrictedtopresentingstaticinformationasaredocumentsprintedinhardcopyform.Thepotentialexistsforelectronicdocumentstoreacttothespecificreader,perhapsbychoosingpartsofthedocumentbasedonthereader'sexperienceorinterests,orbyconnectingadynamicdocumenttoadatabaseandextractingthemostrecentinformationavailable.Nevertheless,thepresentationofinformationthroughelectroniccompositiontoolsmuststrivetomeetthereader'sexpectationsforreadability,qualitytypography,illustration,andorganizationthathavebeenestablishedbythegraphicartscommunity.Thechallengetoelectronicdocumentsiseffectivelypresenting(inatimelyfashion)awiderangeofmaterialthatincludestextualstatements(possiblyinforeignlanguages),notationsuchasmathematicalorchemicalformulae,tabularpresentationofinformation,photographs,linedrawings(possiblywithshadedandcoloredelements),andmore.uf"$v$ff% tfEfFfG)r^ K+ &*,3q9 ?\ gkxX\\ _r\\%))04O7?zF4Z g& "),04-8;C< Xb g\ '- 57:H V/ g Mf$&,36Y >S g u"!(* 147=Q gxQQ  r&QQ' 0@5=xBQQDrO g & $)R, 57!>@Mf g  &*.59?IK4 g xK4K4rK4!F%+/26;Y>I g]|x II"rI$Q,14&7 @tBF g~7 %(.J3(598<( CED go  &*Z/^358>AF;Bj g@d$(;+1"337>{@@8 g =2^x"=2=2% r=2,0x6S=2=26;r=2Ao; g!K(06t8x9 A8 gq!'*\5 #&)* 0[2` :d> 3 gk6V!Z(-1 8@/0 g3 $3 ,l. 5l79 B@, g3$(/ /26; * g '  &( 1#7f > % gbx!( 1c4 <#a g  2!t *.;2)62 >A!/ gMu -")+ 3f;=p  g kfw#%9)4-/6;9@ g ygk# +2'58 B$ gH ^ )+ 5B ?$e gbP #&, 47TVm$1INTRODUCTION1-51.3PersonalReflectionsonDocumentProductionTheauthorofthisthesishascomposedseveralscholarlybooksandjournalarticlesthroughatypesettingcompany,WaterlooComputerTypography(WATTYPE),foundedinpartnershipwithagraphicdesigner.Thisexperienceinvolvedthedevelopmentandapplicationofelectroniccompositiontoolsforpreparingandtypesettingscholarlymanuscriptsforpublisherswhoinsistedontraditionalgraphicartsstandards.Despitethebenefitsofthosecompositiontools,manydeficienciesinthetoolsandamultitudeofproductiondifficultiesduetoalackofintegrationamongthetoolshadtobecircumvented.Thosedifficultieshavehelpedtofocustheauthor'scurrentresearchintoillustrationandtableformattingproblems.Asequenceofthreeintroductorytextsforcomputerscience,typesetbyWATTYPE,demonstratesthebenefitsofstoringandeditingthemanuscriptwithelectronictools.ThefirstbookwasbasedontheWATFIV-Sprogramminglanguage[Dyck,WATFIV-S].Themanuscriptwascreatedbytheauthorsusingatextformattingprocessorthatcouldonlyproducedraftcopiesonalineprinter.Whenthebookwascontractedforpublication,thecomputerfilesweretranslated,usingautomatedtextprocessingtools,intoformattingcommandsforatypesettingsystem[Beach,Typeset].Later,twovariationsofthisbookweredevelopedforPASCAL[Dyck,PASCAL]andFORTRAN77[Dyck,FORTRAN77].Ineachcase,themanuscriptfilesweremethodicallyreviewedandeditedtoproducethepreliminaryversionofthenextbook.Muchofthematerial,especiallythemathematicalpresentationsandalgorithms,remainedunchangedandcouldbeusedwithoutmodification.Completelynewsetsofcomputerprogramsforeachprogramminglanguagewereincorporatedfromthecomputerfilesusedtocompileandtesttheprograms.Arobustfilesystemandarchivingtoolsavailableonthehosttimesharingsystemmadethejobofmanagingallofthesemanuscriptsandchangespractical.Editorialconsistencywithinadocumentwasachievedmoreeasilyusingelectronictoolsthanbymanualproofreading.CheckingwordsinaforeignlanguagelexiconforaChaucerbibliography[Peck,Chaucer]orcheckingthecitationsoffigurecaptionsforheavilyillustratedtextbookswereeasilyaccomplishedthroughthefacilitiesofwordprocessingortexteditingprogramsbymakingglobaledits.Theorganizationofdocumentsintochapters,sections,paragraphs,tables,figurecaptions,andreferencecitationswasregulatedbydefiningstandardformattingtagsorcommandswithinthecomputermanuscriptfiles.Familiesofdocuments,suchasthesequenceofthreetextbooksorallofuf"$v$ff% tfEfFfG)q^ g~ !$D- rZgx"-% ,2]9K>A\X g@ !)z08 V gx VVYrVV" &*,19=8 TM g # +- 5 >kBfR g) ~&l /2D :/=CO g ^Dl %+.46;R M gX 1 5#' *K+3?5P = K g &\)5-00s2x4 @IQ g u$A'-j3(9= G g D (p,Q/6hAE9 gQ*Z #&D /R2+9=6 g _ $& ,*03 <D^G4 g x44r#44%*f- 57+:S>2 gQx22!yr2( x+K22,224j8 rA22CY0S g;* #' 07;@B.! g@ $"&w+025i<< C+ g  # ,Q3;?@C) gIW )-Y029ABC' g ! +F/[249=A%W g$$&+.3e6=#% gG %*s.146>N@B g   ,$K%-g07o;@F g  # .6#:=>h gU# x-X-1er7]9{@\U g D"( 0Y38j Y g "m&A(E+254F8;@BE TVm$1INTRODUCTION1-6thearticlesinaconferenceproceedings[Lusignan,ICCH3],sharedacommondesignandlayoutbyusingthesamecompositiontoolswiththesamedesignparameters.Withsufficientcareandforesight,theresultingdocumentshavesignificantlygreatereditorialconsistencyyetmeetthesamequalitystandardsoftraditionalmethods.Theaccuratepresentationofcomputerprogramsandcomputergenerateddatathroughelectroniccompositiontoolshasseenasignificantimprovementovertraditionalgraphicartstechniques.Manualtranscriptionofdataandthemisinterpretationoftheunusualappearanceofcomputerprogramsleadstoinevitableerrorswhenusingtraditionalmethods.WATTYPEcontractedtotypesetanAPLmanual[,APL/66]becausetheauthorsrefusedtoproofreadtheAPLnotationifitwasmanuallytranscribedfromtheirdraftmanuscriptthathadbeenpreparedonacomputerlineprinter.Otherauthorsinprivateconversationshaverelatedproblemswithpublishingtheirprogramsanddata.Typographersareexperiencedintransformingtypewrittenmanuscriptsintotypesetbooks,butnotinreproducingthelineprinteroutputfromcomputers.Monospacedfonts,typicalofthefixedpitchcharactersoncomputeroutputdevices,arerarelyusedintraditionaltypesetting.Typographersoftensubstituteotherfontsandtreatthematerialastheywouldtypewrittenmanuscripts.Authorsofcomputersciencetextsdidnotappreciatetheunexpectedchangesmadetotheirprograms,whichofcourseinvalidatedthemascomputerprograms.Oneexampleconcernsquotedstringsinprogramsbeingtreatedasquotations.Manystylebooksdemandthatthequotationbesetoffbymatchingopen-andclose-quotemarksandfurtherindicatethatquotationsmayhavetheirpunctuationmovedinsidethequotemarksandotherwisechangedforclarity[vanLeunen,Handbook,p60].Computerprogramsrequireextremelypreciseplacementofpunctuationoutsidethequotationmarks,andthecomputercharactersetoftendoesnotdistinguishbetweenopen-andclose-quotemarks.Authorswhouseelectroniccompositionstoolscancontroltheinterpretationofunusualmaterial,likecomputerprograms,toensuretheaccuracyandconsistencyofthepublishedform.Oneaspectofelectroniccompositionthatremainsdifficultisformattingcomplexmathematicalnotation.ToolslikeeqnandTEXprovideabstractlanguagesforanauthortodescribemathematicalnotation.Thesetoolsrequireconvertingthenotationintoacomplicatedsyntax,especiallycomplicatedwhennonstandardmathematicalnotationisinvolved.Whileautomatedsyntaxcheckersdoexist,correctingmathematicalnotationtypicallyrequirestypesettingproofcopies,markingcorrections,andmakingrevisions.Therearefewuf"$v$ff% tfEfFfG)r^ g@? x)^^*0fr5^^6";i<\ g; #y' 048;?Z g  !?$( /C28A7Xb g $! *K- 138(=E V/ g ^S) "%,l36>_P gJ  '+.13% ; N g !$ *g0 :!<2?CL g;L%$[ ,/6v=AJ` g (! )x0J`J`1rJ`82 @8B<H- gxH-H-rH-xH-H-crH- t&)v/\5479>xAH-H-BrE g-b )-015( =ADSC gc6!(b-$3 5: A gU (,4 7c< ?d g2 Z^ $# , 59g>D6=2 gZ^ y &7+/ w8=2=2:C9rG =2=2: g &),05<>C8 gk b  *1.| 5:I>lAE6 g &7 0g68@;4h gI</  )/4g6k:ZB26 gx   ^"b)/0T &P+-49d>, g C")B,/y69@;>l@* g^ !%;*14e r&f&f%,2:&?$4 gx s$4$4v!'r+i$4$4,q/29A C" g;- "&) 28>B g  !$*-Y 79? g &(/2 ;z=@dk gdTL] ! +,.4;< 2 g )$)Ay,u22-r203x4r257= g> C& 08j=9A4 g _!M" +1p 8 B g  &(;/4= i g !t +28? 6 gU %(. 6;r>= fTVm$1INTRODUCTION1-7interactive`whatyouseeiswhatyouget'(WYSIWYG)editingtoolsforcomposingmathematicalnotation.Fewsystemsunderstandmathematicalconceptstohelpauthorsavoiderrors.Whilethelackofunderstandingpermitsnotationalschemeslikeeqntobequiteflexible,accommodatingnewnotationisamajorfrustrationinthesesystems.Authorsfrequentlyinventnewnotationtoservetheirpurposes,especiallyinEngineeringdisciplines,ortheymakeheavyuseofnotationthatisnotwellsupportedbythemathematicalcompositiontools.Forexample,thematrixalgebranotationinasparsematrixtext[George&Liu,SparseMatrices]stretchedthecapabilitiesofaneqn-likeformattertocomposesquarematricesandalignrowsacrossmatrixequations.Moreflexiblenotationschemesdesignedtoaccommodateauthorswhocreatenewnotationsareneeded.Incorporatingsupportfromasymbolicalgebrapackageforcheckingthemathematicalnotation,analogoustospellinganddictionanalysistools,wouldprovideabettermathematicalcompositionenvironment.Mostcompositionsystemstreatmathematicalnotationseparatelyfromnormaltext.Thusonecannotfreelyusemathematicalnotationinallpartsofadocument,eventhoughmathematicalnotationisquitenaturalinchapterorsectionheadingsoftechnicaldocuments.Whenthetextoftheheadinginthesparsematrixbookwasautomaticallyduplicatedforuseasarunninghead,therunningheaddidnotformatcorrectlybecausethetextfontsweredifferent.Similarly,mathematicalnotationcannotbeeasilyusedinfigurecaptionswherethesizeoftypeisdifferent,inthetableofcontentswhereheadingshavebeenautomaticallycopiedfromchapterorsectionheadings,orinindexentrieswherephraseshavebeenautomaticallycollectedfromthroughoutthemanuscript.Amoreintegrateddocumentcontentmodelforobjectsliketext,mathematicalnotation,andillustrationswouldhelptosolvetheproblemofreusingthesamematerialconsistentlyindifferentcontexts.Tablesofinformationarealsoawkwardtocompose.EachtableinthedocumentscomposedbyWATTYPEstafftendedtobetreatedasaseparatedesignproblem,requiringspecialcodingforeachone.Tableformattingtoolsarelesswelldevelopedthantextformattingtools,withmanyspecialtableformattingfeaturesnotpossibleornotprovided.Thecontentoftableentriesmayberestricted,sothatmathematicalnotationorillustrationsmaynotbeacceptableastableentries.Becausetablesaretreateddifferentlythantextormathematicalnotation,itmaybeawkwardtousethesamedocumentstylefortablesasforthetextualpartsofadocument.Simpletables,especiallyspreadsheetsortablesofcomputednumericdata,arefrequentlyformattedbyspecialpurposeprograms,uf"$v$ff% tfEfFfG)r^ g l! $'+z+^^,r2Q^^39 =?\ g Ya` ! ,248>zBW gP) $*t 268y;WW= rW?BUQ g "&Q,./4 <>S gn !&*X027; P g   ')-W169~;BEqN gZ ) 3N8Q;BL gj!X&O+x.LL/.458=rJV grK  y#9JVJV$br&JVJV'F*z13:?H# g! *<.4;$AE gk "V'&*14;^ C gu$*-47b AA g9{%+/4:;?Z g   339?rC33D1X g!(.159'=" /& g  $),6046;wA, g@t2 !#%* ,27>lBZ* g %'-468=|B( gM;D $g+I/^ 7: D`&\ g t *&+!-3[6:; $* gU }$(;*?.o1H79?B! g $ "&?-:/?7;=?TAX g~x @r&w*#/139;<CV go %b(+0"4 <@CZ g &+b/39 = ( g (,\2C4T8j=A\ g ! #*',E 5*8;> F g}(!$*2 2C6 9M;l  gU!#&)-59g<@BE _ gc"!', 4H =?D , g!i )`03\8?  oTVm$1INTRODUCTION1-8makingitdifficulttoincorporatesuchtableswithinthebodyofaneditabledocument.Illustrationsremainoutsidethemainstreamofdocumentformatting.Theillustrationpackagescurrentlyavailableeitherproduceresultscrudebygraphicartsstandards,orarelimitedintherangeofartworktheyproduce.AlmostalltheillustrationsforbooksproducedbyWATTYPEweredrawnbydraftsmenatalargerscaleandreducedtoimprovethequalityofthereproduction.Thisleadtoseveraldifficultieswithinconsistentlinethicknesses,varyingtypefacesforlabelsandcaptions,anddifferencesamongasetofsimilardrawings.Formattinglargedocumentsintopagesisanotherdifficultywithelectroniccompositiontools.Becausetextbookscontainhundredsofpages,automatedpaginationtechniquesaredesirable.Unfortunately,incomplicatedsituations,thecurrentalgorithmsarelikelytocreateunpleasantandunacceptableresults,especiallyinplacingfiguresandfootnotes.Eachspecialcasehastobehandledbymanuallycodingspecialformattinginstructionsonhowtoproperlybreakthepage.Ofcourse,eachtimethedocumentchanges,theseinstructionsalsohavetobechanged,andconsequently,paginationisleftuntiltheverylastmoment.Acontributingfactortothepaginationproblemisthecostofformattinganentiredocumentallatonce.Somesystemsarenoninteractiveandtheprocessingisactuallyrunabatchatatime,typicallyonebatchforeachchapter.Multiplerunsareneededwhenthedocumentcontainscrossreferencesbetweenchaptersinordertogetthepagenumberscorrect,whenpartsareautomaticallynumberedinordertogetthesequencingcorrect,andwhenindexentriesareautomaticallycollectedinordertogetthepagereferencescorrect.Theseformattingcyclesofteninvolvereprocessingalotofthedocumentthathasnotchanged,therebywastingresources,increasingcosts,andintroducingdelays.Anotherimplication,evenwithinteractivesystems,isthe`pregnantpause'syndrome,wherereproduction-qualityoutputisdelayeduntilthemomentwheneverythinghasbeencompletelyandfinallyformatted.ThoughWATTYPEhadprovidedpublisherswithseveraldrafts,eachofwhichappearedmuchlikethefinalresult,noneofthepagescouldbeconsideredfinalpages.Publishersgainconfidencewhentheyseefinalpagescomingoutoftheproductionpipeline.Withthepregnantpausesyndrometherearenofinalpagesuntilthelastminute.Thisplacesconsiderablefaithandstressonthecompositionsystemtohandlethesurgeofdemandtooutputacompletedocument.Severalfailuresinthecomputerhardware,operatingsystem,storagesystem,communicationssystem,andtypesetterdelayedbookprojectsforWATTYPE.Furthermore,lastminutetouch-upswerealwaysnecessarytocorrectoverlookedmistakesortoincludeuf"$v$ff% tfEfFfG)r^ gK). $(-u25m9;>\ gY X$& /19 BW g ").:49>m@U\ g Qp:!#&+G-X3r7?ES) g@ %&x)_S)S)*rS)04:8O=FwE( g rE(# ^ ( (+ 3J5N > B g@ $f&j+: 36 @@ g ! $K ,069<>@> gY ( 1479@nE<^ g]nB! #+276u ?NB:, gk %J -h/258<?7& !$ ,3?47;*=; EY4 g%"&,/i :,=n@G 2 g6Q8" $+W.3 59@0 g '."28 :@.] gkyg%;+!/36u @,* gky #(,*05*:~=H ) gIM![%I -38k @' g| !J#%(0f369@% gY  !&)] 26": G#4& .5\79AB [ gjT(-/59<C) g x #'%,C 4x;))<{r)B gc M$)-h/y4W;z@CJ g:1Te>"'Y) 15;\ CS g .#x(-025 >*_ gq_&*-038x@E g:? !)17=p?t gu"(.:4 @G g *E!u'x*M +r1F 2 =@ d g Q$&, 4;O=m?r TVm$1INTRODUCTION1-9artworknotproducedwiththesystem,andthesemustbehandledoutsidethenormalproductioncycle.Thesedifficulties,experiencedfirst-handbytheauthor,leadtoaconcernfordevelopingincrementalandintegratedelectronicdocumentcompositiontools.Theresearchreportedinthisthesisisdirectedtowardsaninteractive`whatyouseeiswhatyouget'environmentthatsupportsavarietyofdocumentcontentandproducesthehigh-qualityresultsexpectedbygraphicartsstandards.1.4TheConceptofDocumentStyleElectronicaidsfordocumentproductionhavecontributedtotheconceptofdocumentstyle.Acrucialinsightisthenotionofseparatingformfromcontentinadocument,madeexplicitindocumentcompilerslikeScribe[Reid,Scribethesis]andimplicitinmanyearliermacropackageslikethe-mspackage[Lesk,-ms]fortroff.Styledealswithissuesofform:appearance,aesthetics,andunderstandabilityofdocumentcontent.Generallystyleshaveexpressedhowtextisformatted,thetypographyoftext:``Thepracticeoftypography,ifitbefollowedfaithfully,ishardworkfullofdetail,fullofpettyrestrictions,fullofdrudgery,andnotgreatlyrewardedasmennowcountrewards.Therearetimeswhenweneedtobringtoitallthehistoryandartandfeelingthatwehave,tomakeitbearable.Butinthelightofhistory,andofart,andofknowledge,andofman'sachievement,itisasinterestingaworkasexistsabroadandhumanizingemploymentwhichcanindeedbefollowedmerelyasatrade,butwhichifperfectedintoanart,orevenbroadenedintoaprofession,willperpetuallyopennewhorizonstooureyesandnewopportunitiestoourhands.''[Updike,PrintingTypes,quotedin[Williamson,BookDesign,p4]]Electroniccompositionsystemshavebeenmoreconcernedwithsimpletypography[Beach,ComputerizedTypesetting]andlessconcernedwithhigherlevelsofstylethatapplytonontextualcomponents,suchaspages,illustrationsandtables[Furuta,Survey].Onthesurface,itappearsthatspecifyingastyleiseasy.``Tolaydownrulesofstylewouldbeeasyenoughweneedonlyconsiderhowthingsweredoneyesterday,orhowtheyaredonetoday,orhowweprefertodothemourselves,andtoelevatethesepracticesorpreferencestothestatusofdogma.''[Williamson,BookDesign,p2]Formostpeoplewhopreparedocuments,manydecisionsareuf"$v$ff% tfEfFfG)r^ gs #`)*,m047=sC1\ g Y  &6 -0%28E?W g  # + 3 : DU[ gH"!&(c.47< ?ACS) g21Y %(b/0u57?P g "'.1?7%:M qI gi&rE %U -1 :<?jEwC grICC! &(6+0H2Y :5>KB`A gkp";w$?AA%;,rA47x=AA=sA(?\ gr?\ w%?\?\'!+6r?\386ly9E?\?\:or?\=`xC?\?\D=* gr=*y@=*=*jr=*=*" %*j,{1" :0 A: gq#8*&16?:-A8 g^ c< $&5&= %]' (+1 9`;?C5E3 $ (,.58;AP1Z{$),15y8< >)BDF;/(J!&),r027>8@CE,b #&( 1n46;d EIF* B!?%')F.1< :4 C(;!^&(*P.268?CCE&^J!#V +/ 7<?F$,rI 'h)t,x2$,$,38V=BF! V U!r  &*.3:> g x{ " r*. 1'9<A gxL7< $h .138 A\ gx\\jr\\d"<(J)/3P ;@A$!> )++/X3=6@:?B!EQ %E(*0S4;= F*;x I '+01r S% .3K:STVm$1INTRODUCTION1-10institutionalizedandthusalreadymadeforthem.Whenonemustcreateadocumentstylewiththerigorousdetaildemandedbyadocumentcompilerormacropackage,thequantityofdetailisenormous.Somepublishersprovidestylemanualswithhundredsofpagesthatcapturethisdetail[,TheChicagoManualofStyle,1982].Otherpublishershavefeltthreatenedbyrevealingthestyledetailstothosecreatingdocumentcompositiontools[Johnson,JACMstyle]ortheycanonlyprovidesufficientdetailafterseveraliterationsofcritiquingsamples[Bell,Sc.Am.illustration].Documentstyleappearstobeanareathatmightbenefitfromtheapplicationofexpertsystemstechniquestocapturestylerules.Fornow,becausewedonotunderstandverywellhoworwhythingsaredone,wemustfallbackonreplicatinghowdocumentswereformattedinthepast.1.5RoadmaptotheThesisTherestofthisthesisreviewsthestateofelectronictoolsfordocumentcompositionanddetailssolutionstosomeofthedifficultproblemsinhandlingillustrationsandtables.Chapter2,DocumentComposition,presentsasurveyofthetraditionalgraphicartsprocessforproducingadocument.Thisincludesareviewofhowbooksgetpublishedandtherolesofthepeopleinvolvedinproducingabook.Typesettingsystems,includingearlycomputertypesettingsystems,documentcompilers,andintegrateddocumentcompositionsystemsarereviewedfortheirhandlingofdocumentstyle,illustrations,andtables.Asurveyofexistingdocumentmodelshighlightstheneedformorestructuredmodelstointegratevariouskindsofdocumentcontent.Chapter3,GraphicalStyle,extendsthestylemechanismtoillustrations.Thesame`formversuscontent'separationsosuccessfullyappliedtotextualobjectsisappliedtographicalobjects.Aprototypeimplementationdemonstratestheeffectivenessofgraphicalstyleinachievingthisseparationandconsistencyinillustrations.Graphicalstyleisrevealedtobeinsufficientbecauseitdoesnotdealadequatelywithlayout.Theobservationthatspecifyingpositioningconstraintswithinillustrationswouldhelpcontrolthelayoutleadstotheconsiderationofaconcentratedlayoutproblemofformattingtablesasaconstraintsatisfactionproblem.Chapter4,TabularComposition,examinestheproblemsanddifficultiesinformattingtables.Theearliestcomputer-typesettingprogramswereforpreparingnumerictablesbuttheirapproachesweresimplisticandlimited.Asurveyoftheuf"G#v$Xff%l tfE#fEfFbr^ ggI%),D16t9=B\ g$)135`=CZ gk$!#(!)27 ? Xb g;x!#(c+14x9]XbXb9;>V/ g}6r&V/V/ (y,g/Z 79@CS g2% /7x32SS39\=rSACQ gt-: k$(.T 57 ?xO g rOO+%K)/,11359j<AMf g|U "( 1/339<AK4 go- '&*.U147<?XCI g}bQ !%}-19g;k>DqA g sr=GX %(,. 61:,<; g %%'+a-r0K6=?9 g L6s66: r(66)/1X68;{ 4a gMu@%'2/3:!;@B2/ g6!%'*/68@A/ g M#'.} 6=;- g P U' 0Z6Z9$@B+ gHY!M *-35w:<)f g !h$A(J*/D 7<>'3 g$ ]$-s$-$- br"$-$-#),09A;F ! gs!!:r!Q# +- 6z g")D+ 2 >x  g@ "%'/62^ :H= F-d g T !#*",'.{ 7=9>B1 g M"%} .U1 9t  g  "'+c138=? g  #(/^1p 9>C@G g  ~s r&'/19*B@ / g '+ 2`5)CbEsyTVm$1INTRODUCTION1-11typographicfeaturesrequiredforformattingtablesleadstoanexaminationofcurrenttableformattingcapabilitiesavailableindocumentcompositionsystems.Chapter5,ANewFrameworkforTabularComposition,introducestheuseofgridsystemsandmathematicalconstraintsolverstothetableformattingproblem.Areviewofgridsystemsandtheirapplicationtotablelayoutprovidesthebasisforincorporatingmanytypographicfeaturesintoadocumentstructuresuitablefortables.Theconstraintsolverprovidesthegenerallayoutengineforformattingtablesaswellasthebasisforaninteractivetabledesigntool.Aprototypetableformatterdemonstratesthecapabilitiesforhandlingcomplextables.Chapter6,FutureDirections,discussesseveralresearchproblemsthatevolvefromthegraphicalstyleandtableformattingworkreportedinChapters3and5.TheGlossaryexplainstermsusedbytypographicspecialists.Theglossaryassumesthereaderhasacomputersciencebackground,andthusdoesnotincludecommontermsfromcomputerscience.Termsthatappearintheglossaryareidentifiedinthethesisbyuseofadistinctiveitalictypeface.AnextensivelistofReferencesisprovidedformoredetailedreadingabouttypography,documentcompositionsystems,andgraphicdesign.uf"G#v$Xff%l tfE#fEfFbr^ g u"W% -%16 8:c C\ g&< [ &-/7~ @YsYYw&(. r7YY8 @CxFkW g #D *0K2P5)9? A^U\ gC"R&A .049@CaS) g G &-019@P g> $+R.+38>MN g ;? #'*X, 48=BVL gI )E, 47W>8J` gGZsGZGZ; r$cGZGZ%l,[18L?BE( g|UyL!% -18:ACFUB"sB"B"PrB" $(* 3 <@? g&y, 58QVj/Y W[]<>Beach>Thesis>Chapter1.Tioga Friday, May 3, 1985 10:43 pm PDT