SIGGRAPH'86
Documentation Graphics Course
Richard J. Beach
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
3333 Coyote Hill Road
Palo Alto, CA 94304
(415) 494-4822
Beach.pa@Xerox.arpa
Audience Level: Intermediate
This course is for programmers and researchers working with or building technical publishing tools. It may also be of interest to graphic designers who are knowledgeable about computer graphic techniques and want to learn more about how it is accomplished.
A general familiarity with computer graphics will be assumed and knowledge or interest in the field of technical publishing would be helpful.
Topic Outline: 1-Day Tutorial
This course will survey the use of computer graphic techniques and problems in producing illustrations for technical publications. The lectures will reference published material but will gather unpublished research and techniques into a useful set of course notes. The survey begins with the two-dimensional device-independent imaging model that forms the basis for recent page description languages, Xerox Interpress and Adobe Systems PostScript. Then the sources of illustrations and their organization into documents are covered from the point of view of an implementor. The focus shifts in the afternoon to the problems of rendering documentation graphics with the quality, style, and typography expected in technical publications. The final topic addresses automated techniques for creating graphical presentations. Throughout the course, unsolved problems and thorny technical issues will be highlighted to point out areas needing further work.
Graphic Arts Quality Issues (1/2 hour) Rick Beach
Resolution variance: display, laser printer, typesetters and film recorders
Color reproduction across devices: displays, color printers, offset printing
Digital Typography (1 hour) Chuck Bigelow
Fonts: bitmaps, outlines, scan conversion, character sets, metrics
Legibility issues
2D Imaging Model (1 hour) Maureen Stone
Device- and resolution-independent image specifications
Imaging primitives: lines, curves, areas, fonts, colors
Imaging operators: transformation, clipping, rendering
Page Description Languages (1/2 hour) Rick Beach
Representation of the page appearance through a 2D imaging model
Describing and rendering documents
Survey of Xerox Interpress and Adobe PostScript languages
(lunch)
From Rendering to Editing (1/2 hour) Rick Beach
Tools to produce PDL
Documentation problem is greater than the sum of its parts
Figures are only part of document
Figures must work together
AND with page/document layout
Illustration Programs (1 hour) Maureen Stone
Model presented to User
Painting and bitmap illustrators (e.g. MacPaint, Lumena)
Idiomatic graphics illustrators (e.g. charts, business graphics)
Synthetic object illustrators (e.g. Griffin, MacDraw)
CAD/CAM image sources (e.g. drafting & modelling systems)
Pictorial color systems (e.g. SCITEX, Hell, etc)
Resources required
Processor speed
Disk/memory size
Display
Input
Graphic Arts Quality Issues
Structured vs Bits
Drafting/plotting vs Illustration
Color/gray/black and white
Graphical Style (1/2 hour) Rick Beach
Separating geometrical content from rendering form
Presentation Tools (1/2 hour) Jock Mackinlay
Automated selection and creation of graphical presentations
Wrapup (1/2 hour) Rick Beach
System issues for Documentation Graphics
Day in the life of real publishing
Job control
Quality control
Real output devices
Course Outline for Final Program
29
DOCUMENTATION GRAPHICS
Tuesday
CHAIR
Richard J. Beach
LECTURERS
Richard J. Beach, Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA
Chuck Bigelow, Bigelow & Holmes, San Francisco, CA
Jock Mackinlay, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Maureen Stone, Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA
TOPICS
Graphic Arts Quality Issues/Beach
Resolution and media variance
Color and gray-scale reproduction across devices
Images and fonts
example of fonts at device resolution for paint systems indicates that the quality issue is recognized; MacDraw & ImageWriter substitute double size font to get better printed resolution
Digital Typography/Bigelow
Font representations, character sets, metrics, legibility issues
EP86 typography paper, or something Chuck supplies
Typographic organization
2D Imaging Model/Stone
Device- and resolution-independent images
Update essay: Device Independent Graphics
Imaging primitives
Imaging operators
Warnock&Wyatt paper
Page Description Languages/Beach
Representing the page through a 2D imaging model
Describing and rendering documents
Survey of Interpress and PostScript languages
Mendelson material to LaserLovers
Brian Reid material: Comparison tech report; EP86 paper on procedural page description languages
Harrington comparison report (WRC)
anything about standards activities?
From Rendering to Editing/Beach
Tools to produce PDL page master
Documentation problem is greater than the sum of its parts
Illustration Programs/Stone
Illustration models presented to user
Resources required
Graphic Arts Quality Issues
some MacPaint/MacDraw summary
Juno paper -> Constraint model
Techniques for Interactive Graphics (with Baudelaire)
Star graphics paper (Lipkie et al) SIGGRAPH'82
idomatic illustrators (Bowman)
Graphical Style/Beach
Separating geometrical content from rendering form
Chapter 3 of Rick's thesis or Graphical Style paper
Presentation Tools/Mackinlay
Automated selection and creation of graphical presentations
APEX paper by Feiner
Wrapup/Beach
System issues for Documentation Graphics
Day in the life of real publishing
Traditional Document Production Techniques (from Thesis)
Dealing with real output devices
Proposed Lecturers
Richard J. Beach, chair
Xerox PARC
Maureen Stone
Xerox PARC
The following list contains a pool of suggested lecturers among others who would ensure that the tutorial has a non-Xerox flavor to it. Each of them is knowledgeable in specific areas of the tutorial outline and has published in those areas. The intent would be to augment Beach and Stone with one of them or equivalent speakers.
Chuck Bigelow (potential)
Bigelow & Holmes
Steve Feiner (potential)
Columbia University
Jock Mackinlay (potential)
Stanford University
Chair Biography
Richard Beach manages the Imaging area of the Computer Science Lab at Xerox PARC, and holds an MMath and PhD in Computer Science from the University of Waterloo. His research interests and publications lie in the areas of document composition, digital typography, interactive illustrators, table formatting, document interchange, and digital cartography. He operated a typesetting business producing college-level computer science and mathematics text books for scholarly publishers using computer typesetting software. He was previously on the Computer Science faculty of the University of Waterloo teaching software engineering, operating systems, and programming languages.
References
[Warnock&Wyatt, CedarGraphics] John Warnock and Douglas K. Wyatt. ``A Device Independent Graphics Imaging Model for Use with Raster Devices,'' Computer Graphics 16 3. July 1982, 313-319.
[Feiner, Graphical Explanations] Steven Feiner. ``Research Issues in Generating Graphical Explanations.'' Proceedings Graphics Interface'85, Montreal, May 27-31, 1985.
[Mackinlay, Presentation tool] Jock Mackinlay and M. Genesereth. ``Expressiveness of Languages,'' Proceedings AAAI 84, Austin, Texas, August 6-10, 1984, p 226-232.
[Beach&Stone, Graphical Style] Richard J. Beach and Maureen Stone. ``Graphical Style Towards High Quality Illustrations,'' Computer Graphics 17 3. July 1983, 127-135.
[Bigelow, Digital Typography] Charles A. Bigelow. ``Digital Typography,'' Scientific American, September 1983.
[, PostScript] . PostScript Language Manual. Adobe Systems, First edition, revised, September 1984.
[, Interpress] . Interpress Electronic Printing Standard. Xerox System Integration Standard, XSIS 048404, April 1984.
[Baudelaire&Stone, Techniques] Patrick Baudelaire and Maureen Stone. ``Techniques for Interactive Raster Graphics,'' Computer Graphics 14 3. July 1980, 314-320.
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Copyright c 1985 by Xerox Corporation. All rights reserved.
Rick Beach, May 12, 1986 9:24:05 am PDT
Stone, April 30, 1986 3:09:28 pm PDT
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