Optical MouseFunctional SpecificationRobert Garner24 July 82I. IntroductionThe optical mouse (OM) system involves three components: the 16-pin nMOS chip, the specialpatterned surface (the mouse pad), and the optical system which resolves the dot array onto the chip'ssensor array. This document contains the schematic diagrams for the chip, describes and specifies theexternal behavior, and develops the equations for the dimensions of the pad dots, sensors, and theoptical system magnification. Other aspects of the optics (such as the required depth of field and lightintensity) are not developed here. Figure 1 is a block diagram of the OM chip and figure 2 is itsfloorplan.2. Theory of Operation2.1 Photo Diode OperationThe optical mouse input transducer consists of a 4x4 array of reversed-biased p-n diodes. Each diode isa 170 micron square of n-type diffusion over the p-type substrate. The substrate is connected to groundwhile the diffusion is momentarily charged positive. After the dynamic node (i.e., sensor) is chargedpositive, it is then isolated by a turned off transistor. Figure 6, the overall schematic, and figure 7 showthe sensors as parallel capacitors and diodes.If a photon strikes the silicon semiconductor with an energy greater than its band gap energy (i.e., with awavelength less than 1.1 micrometers--the infrared), the photon is absorbed and causes the generationof an electron-hole pair. If the electron-hole pair is generated within the junction's depletion region, theelectron drifts toward the positively charged n-type dopants and the hole drifts toward the negativelycharged p-type dopants of the substrate. Thus, the positive charge on the diffusion is reduced over timeat a rate proportional to the photon flux. In other words, the output of the dynamic sensor nodediminishes as light is received.Quantities which effect a sensor's response are the depth below the surface of the depletion (transition)region, the width of the depletion region (i.e., relative impurity concentration) and the spectral contectof the light. The sensors are most sensitive if the light frequency is near the band gap energy (infraredand visible) and the depletion region is wide and near the surface. 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Logic Equations4.1 Inhibition & Done Detect ArraysFigure 3 is an encoding of both the inhibition and done detect equations. In the case of the inhibitionlogic, each array of figure 3 represents a NOR gate with PixelLightxy as its output. A solid black boxindicates an input term to the NOR gate, equal to the row-column coordinates of the box. An isolatedwhite box indicates an input to the NOR gate which is the Sensor node itself. For example, theequation for PixelLight21 follows. Ready is the NOR of all PixelLight's. PixelLight21 = not(Sensor21 or PixelLight11 or PixelLight31 or PixelLight41 or PixelLight12 or PixelLight22 orPixelLight32 or PixelLight42 or PixelLight13 or PixelLight23 or PixelLight33 or PixelLight43).In the case of the done detect logic, each array of figure 3 represents a NOR gate with GroupxyDone'as its output. GroupxyDone' indicates that one or more of the PixelLights which define the inhibitionneighborhood for PixelLightxy is true. A solid box and the single isolated white box indicate the inputterms to the NOR gate, equal to Spotxy. (Recall that Spotxy is a buffered version of PixelLightxy.)For example, the equation for Group21Done follows. Done is just the NOR of all GroupDone's. Group21Done = not(Spot11 or Spot21 or Spot31 or Spot41 or Spot12 or Spot22 or Spot32 or Spot42 orSpot13 or Spot23 or Spot33 or Spot43).4.2 Move Detect ArrayFor each sensor, the move detect array computes, given the conterminous sensor values of the previouscycle, which direction the projected spot moved. Figure 10 is a schematic of the move detect array.Figure 6 is an encoding of the move detect logic equations: Each direction, such as DownRight', is theoutput of a NOR gate with nine AND gates as inputs. The two inputs of each AND gate are given byhead and tail of each line of figure 6 For example, the equation for DownRight' is:DownRight' = not((Spot22 and OldSpot11) or (Spot23 and OldSpot12) or (Spot24 and OldSpot13) or(Spot32 and OldSpot21) or (Spot33 and OldSpot22) or (Spot34 and OldSpot23) or(Spot42 and OldSpot31) or (Spot43 and OldSpot32) or (Spot44 and OldSpot33).4.3 Timing LogicThe schematic for the timing logic is shown in figure 9.BIM&qHSXE$Ah?^9r tq"=e::rq8W r q rqr q5+uFvuvu vu vu vu vu v3u vu vu vu vu vu v-qXXrwr+qrwrq#r q).r tqK&rtqrtqr tq$r q rqrq!SuF vuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvBuvuvuvuvqXepd"Ur qarFr q GuF vuvu vuvu vuvu v 6uvu vuvu vuvu vuvu vuvu vuvu qXd8  vu vuvu vuvuvuvu vuvuvX;;f8g6?rq rqsq44rqxq xqsq;1,6i)rq rqsq $8% jf:#xq ryq1_ry _q3ry3q.rry qsqr Gy q7 r y qr y qsq rq sqrsqsq krqrqsqrq sqrsqsq rqrqsqrqrqsqrqsq rqrqs dqr # :r :W:8:W: 8Wq88W5 3r 6q1P .r6q, *Hr6q&) $r 6q!Sj`rqFrqrqLcrq=NrqrqK>rqrq i G8PrqxqFI2 rdyq"sq u aavg, the count rate increases sincemore than one stable pattern is possible before the mouse is moved the distance of 1/qc. In the worstcase, an extra half step of motion can be added for about every three counts (for example, betweenpat(4) and pat(27)). In practically, it is probably more like an extra half step for every six counts, for atotal count rate increase of 8.3%.When a < aavg, the count rate decreases as the mouse must be moved slightly further to evoke countsteps. This factor equals the difference between the actual a and aavg (the value the mouse was designedto). Using the practical minimum, we get a factor of apmin-aavg/aavg, or about 7.7%.The lowest counting rate occurs when the short side (0") of the sensor array travels parallel to the dot-to-dot center line (0"). This rate differs from the average by 7.7% (as explained in previous paragraph).Interestingly enough, the highest rate does not occur when the short side of the sensor array travels at30" to the dot-to-dot center line. Even though there are more dots/inch in this direction (lower q), thecount rate is reduced because a < aavg. Thus, what would otherwise be a 9.1% larger than average rate,is actually reduced by 7.7% to be approximately the average count rate (only 1.4% greater than average).The highest count rate occurs when the sensor array is moved at a 45" angle with respect to the dot-to-dot center line (0"). In this case a > aavg, and the count rate is 8.3% larger than average, as explainedabove.BIOqJAXFjD&rq<BCzq)rq8?#:E/rq372F$rq!r1y2Fq0f-b+cm) "#dr"y#dqU!0Cr y!0q"6royqroyqroyqx6xq2!xqTzh#xq_rq "r >y qA hDxq"xqr yq>d =*P.20In summary, the lowest rate is 7.7% below average, and the highest is 8.3% above, for a total variation of16% between min and max. If one wanted to design the mouse so that the 200 count/inch track rateequaled the lowest count rate, the average count rate would be 200+.077*200 = 215 counts/inch andthe dot seperation should beDc215 = 3/(.909*215) = .0153" (383 mm).m or S can then be set to any value desired. If S is left at 220 mm, then the new required value of m ismc215= (215*3.36*.00864)/3= 2.08 .5.6 Historical NotesI. The current mouse was originally designed assuming that the desired rate of 200 counts/inchrepresented the average counting rate. MH suggested that m be changed from 1.938 to 1.8 instead of to2.08.Since, in versions 7 and 9, S was not correspondingly changed to 200 mm, a magnification of 1.8 wouldgive a theoretical average counting rate of (eq. 2):cavg= (3mcavg)/(aavgScavg)= (3*1.8)/(3.36*.00865)= 185 counts/inch ,and a minimum rate of 171 (7.7% less).If S is not changed, the dot spacing should be increased from .0165" to .0178":Dc200= 3/(qavgcavg)= 3/(.909*185)= .0178" (445 mm)II. The original PARC-prototype mouse (versions 1 and 3) was designed with a sensor seperation of 320mm (.0126"). Thus, the intended magnification was (eq. (4)):mc200 = 224S = 224*.0126 = 2.82.BINqIXjG\aEaB @Ur?y@Uq$sq=*rqrq+rq rsrq!rq :r:Ey:q8r 2q/_-Q:rq+*%Rrq(sq"4 ryryryryrxq &+rqK rFyrFyrFyr q  GsqfIsq< rdyqrqr0 j=#O21However, the magnification was later determined to be about 1.9, so the pad spacing had to be adjustedto insure proper operation. From eq(1), the seperation was changed to:Dc135= (aavgS)/(qavgmcavg)= (3.36*.0126)/(.909*1.9)= .0245"Thus, the theoretical average count rate became (from eq. 5):cavg = 3/(qavgD) = 135 counts/inch .6.7 Determination of Dot DiameterThe image of the pattern pad dot should be large enough such that its smallest dimension covers thediagonal of the sensor. 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