PROPOSED
FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION
FOR 
HARDWARE / SOFTWARE INTERFACE
ON TAMARIN LISP PROCESSOR


























Aug 12, 1987
Copyright (c) 1987 Xerox Corporation
All Rights Reserved
Xerox Internal use Only

This document describes internal data structures and opcode specifications used in the AIS Tamarin Lisp Processor.   Its primary purpose is to illustrate the direction Tamarin is going, and is subject to change and input.    

This is being circulated for comments.  Please send all comments in writing to Alan Bell and Bob Krivacic via email on TamarinCore^.  Your comments will be incorporated to form the final version.

TAMARIN ARCHITECTURE 

The Tamarin chip is a CMOS VLSI processor with specialized opcodes to run LISP efficiently.  Some of the features which make this chip suitable to run Lisp are:  tag bits, parallel type checking, parallel operand fetching, parallel stack manipulation, internal register & stack cache, binding stack operations, garbage collection primitives, and CDR coding.  The combination of these features make it possible to implement most Lisp opcodes with one microinstruction, which gives the Tamarin chip a competative edge in speed and flexability. 

INTERNAL REGISTER CACHE 

The Tamarin chip contains several (4-8) internal register caches which are used to hold the equivalent of a function activation.  Each register cache (or stack frame) contains the function parameters, local variables, special registers  (such as stack pointer, program counter, flags, and other special pointers), and the current computational stack.  Since these registers are contained in the processor, memory accesses are not required to perform many of the simple variable access & stack instructions.   When the function depth exceeds the capacity of the internal frame cache, the processor pushes out the oldest frame into main memory at a high band width, to free up the frame for the new function call.  The frame is not read back into the processor until being returned to, thus reducing the possibility of thrashing stack frames.

The Tamarin also contains an extra frame which is called the global frame.  These registers contain special global values used by the processor, along with a few global registers which are available to the Lisp system for storage of extremely critical variables.


WORD FORMAT

The Tamarin word size is 40 bits, with the following fields defined:
	
((SKETCH  "figure from {PHYLUM}<CTAMARIN>DOC>FUNCSPEC.TEDIT;2" VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (152 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (-68.0  -312.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 5))  (WIRE  ((-32 . -272)  (-32 . -312))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 6))  (TEXT  (-16.0 .  -296.0)  ("GC") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-23.0  -299.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((0 . -272)  (0 . -312))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (156.0 .  -296.0)  ("Data Value") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((121.0  -299.0 70 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 120))  (TEXT  (-53.0 .  -297.0)  ("CDR") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-63.5  -300.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 125))  (TEXT  (155.0 .  -264.0)  ("34") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.0  -267.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 127))  (TEXT  (-16.0 .  -264.0)  ("4") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-19.5  -267.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 128))  (TEXT  (-48.0 .  -264.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-51.5  -267.0 7 12)) BLACK)))
(-68.0 -313.0 376.0 58.0)
1.0
4




GC   -   Garbage Collection Information.
These bits contain the garbage collection information.

CDR   -   CDR Coding.
These bits contain the CDR coding information for List cells.


DATA FORMAT


The four major data representations in the Tamarin Processor are as follows:


FIXNUMS / Fix

((SKETCH  "figure from {PHYLUM}<CTAMARIN>DOC>FUNCSPEC.TEDIT;2" VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (155 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.04  154.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (0.0  -436.0  308.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (20.0 .  -420.0)  ("Fix") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((9.5  -423.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((40 . -396)  (40 . -436))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (39 -437 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (168.0 .  -420.0)  ("32 bit 2's Complement Integer") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((66.5  -423.0 203 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 125))  (TEXT  (165.0 .  -388.0)  ("32") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((158.0  -391.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 126))  (TEXT  (25.0 .  -389.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((21.5  -392.0 7 12)) BLACK)))
(-5.0 -436.0 319.0 57.0)
1.0
4


Integers are implemented as 32 bit 2's complement integers.  The integer values are immediate in the datum item so that there is no need to "box" large integers (although larger integers such as Bignums must still be boxed). 


FLOATING POINT / Float
	
((SKETCH a% figure% from% a% document VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (261 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.04  154.0  (PRI 138))  (BOX  (0.0  -512.0  308.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 141))  (TEXT  (20.0 .  -496.0)  ("Float") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((2.5  -499.0 35 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 142))  (WIRE  ((40.0 .  -472.0)  (40.0 .  -512.0))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 143))  (TEXT  (168.0 .  -496.0)  ("32 bit IEEE Floating Point") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((77.0  -499.0 182 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 144))  (TEXT  (165.0 .  -464.0)  ("32") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((158.0  -467.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 145))  (TEXT  (25.0 .  -465.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((21.5  -468.0 7 12)) BLACK)))
(-3.0 -514.0 314.0 59.0)
1.0
4


Thirty two bit Floating point numbers are  directly representable with immediate values in the Tamarin word.  These are standard IEEE formats, with floating point operations being performed by an external floating point chip.
 
	
POINTERS / Ptr
	
((SKETCH  "figure from {PHYLUM}<CTAMARIN>DOC>FUNCSPEC.TEDIT;4" VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (259 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.04  154.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (0.0  -376.0  308.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (20.0 .  -360.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((9.5  -363.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((40 . -336)  (40 . -376))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (39 -377 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (200.0 .  -360.0)  ("28 bit Pointer / Immediate") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((109.0  -363.0 182 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 126))  (TEXT  (25.0 .  -329.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((21.5  -332.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 131))  (TEXT  (68.0 .  -360.0)  ("SUBTYPE") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((43.5  -363.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  4.0  (PRI 132))  (WIRE  ((92 . -376)  (92 . -376))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (91 -377 2 2) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 133))  (WIRE  ((96 . -376)  (96 . -336))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (95 -377 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 134))  (TEXT  (200.0 .  -328.0)  ("28") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((193.0  -331.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 135))  (TEXT  (72.0 .  -328.0)  ("4") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((68.5  -331.0 7 12)) BLACK)))
(-4.0 -377.0 316.0 58.0)
1.0
4


Pointers types are  used to point to data objects in memory.    They consist of a 28 bit word pointer which points to the  object, and a subtype field which indicates the general type of the object being pointed to. There is also a special subset of pointers which are used to indicate immediate values.  They have the same basic format of pointers, except that there is a restricted subtype field, and the  data value is a 28 bit immediate instead of a pointer. The table on the next page will  show the relationship between the different data types and the Tag fields. 
	

IMMEDIATES / Imm
	
((SKETCH a% figure% from% a% document VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (261 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.04  152.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (4.0  -572.0  304.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (20.0 .  -556.0)  ("Imm") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((9.5  -559.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((40 . -532)  (40 . -572))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (39 -573 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (200.0 .  -556.0)  ("28 bit Immediate") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((144.0  -559.0 112 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 126))  (TEXT  (25.0 .  -525.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((21.5  -528.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 131))  (TEXT  (68.0 .  -556.0)  ("SUBTYPE") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((43.5  -559.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 133))  (WIRE  ((96 . -572)  (96 . -532))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (95 -573 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 134))  (TEXT  (200.0 .  -524.0)  ("28") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((193.0  -527.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 135))  (TEXT  (72.0 .  -524.0)  ("4") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((68.5  -527.0 7 12)) BLACK)))
(0.0 -573.0 311.0 58.0)
1.0
4


Immediate  fields (which is a subset of the general pointer format), have a similar format to that of pointer objects except that the word contains the actual data instead of a pointer to the data.  Special data objects (such as characters) are stored in this immediate format. 
TAG & SUBTYPE  ASSIGNMENTS


((SKETCH  "figure from {PHYLUM}<CTAMARIN>DOC>FUNCSPEC.TEDIT;8" VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (544 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL) VIEWS  ((home  1.953125  (140.625 .  -0.9765626))))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 184))  (TEXT  (-48.0 .  744.0)  ("Immediates") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-83.0  741.0 70 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 333))  (TEXT  (-49.0 .  447.0)  ("Pointers") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-77.0  444.0 56 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  320.0  (PRI 384))  (WIRE  ((8 . 512)  (8 . 1152))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  76.0  (PRI 386))  (WIRE  ((-264 . 592)  (-112 . 592))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  136.0  (PRI 388))  (WIRE  ((-264 . 192)  (8 . 192))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  144.0  (PRI 389))  (WIRE  ((8 . 832)  (8 . 544))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 390))  (TEXT  (64.0 .  783.0)  ("100 0xx") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((39.5  780.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 391))  (TEXT  (64.0 .  624.0)  ("101 0xx") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((39.5  621.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 392))  (TEXT  (64.0 .  552.0)  ("101 1xx") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((39.5  549.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 393))  (TEXT  (64.0 .  472.0)  ("110 0xx"  "(NumberP)") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((39.5  475.0 49 12)  (32.5  463.0 63 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 394))  (TEXT  (64.0 .  304.0)  ("111 0xx") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((39.5  301.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  160.0  (PRI 395))  (WIRE  ((112 . 832)  (112 . 512))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  56.0  (PRI 397))  (WIRE  ((-264 . 192)  (-376 . 192))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 399))  (TEXT  (-320.0 .  272.0)  ("Wrapped") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-344.5  269.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 402))  (TEXT  (-184.0 .  856.0)  ("Non Ref Counted") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-236.5  853.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 403))  (TEXT  (-184.0 .  392.0)  ("Ref Counted") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-222.5  389.0 77 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  52.0  (PRI 404))  (WIRE  ((8 . 832)  (112 . 832))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  52.0  (PRI 405))  (WIRE  ((8 . 352)  (112 . 352))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  52.0  (PRI 406))  (WIRE  ((8 . 592)  (112 . 592))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  52.0  (PRI 407))  (WIRE  ((8 . 672)  (112 . 672))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 413))  (TEXT  (-48.0 .  760.0)  ("Typed") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-65.5  757.0 35 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  60.0  (PRI 425))  (WIRE  ((-112 . 832)  (8 . 832))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  60.0  (PRI 426))  (WIRE  ((-112 . 672)  (8 . 672))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 430))  (TEXT  (-320.0 .  768.0)  ("Non Wrapped"  "(Get Type"  "From Wrapper"  "Table)") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-358.5  783.0 77 12)  (-351.5  771.0 63 12)  (-362.0  759.0 84 12)  (-341.0  747.0 42 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  60.0  (PRI 431))  (WIRE  ((-112 . 592)  (8 . 592))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 434))  (TEXT  (-24.0 .  128.0)  ("Tag & Subtype Breakdown") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-104.5  125.0 161 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 436))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  809.0)  ("100 000 Unbound") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  806.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 438))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  792.0)  ("100 001 Characters") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  789.0 126 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 439))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  648.0)  ("101 000 UnTyped Ptr") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  645.0 133 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 440))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  632.0)  ("101 001 Invisible Ptr") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  629.0 147 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 441))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  616.0)  ("101 010 Binding Stack Ptr") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  613.0 175 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 442))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  600.0)  ("101 011 Non Ref Counted SymbolP") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  597.0 217 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 443))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  568.0)  ("101 100 Short ConsP") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  565.0 133 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 444))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  552.0)  ("101 101 Long ConsP") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  549.0 126 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 445))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  536.0)  ("101 110 ") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  533.0 56 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 446))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  520.0)  ("101 111 Ref Counted SymbolP") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  517.0 189 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 452))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  408.0)  ("110 100 CCodeP") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  405.0 98 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 453))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  392.0)  ("110 101 ClosureP") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  389.0 112 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 454))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  376.0)  ("110 110 MethodP") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  373.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 455))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  328.0)  ("111 000 InstanceP") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128  325.0 119 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  120.0  (PRI 461))  (WIRE  ((112 . 672)  (352 . 672))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  80.0  (PRI 462))  (WIRE  ((352 . 672)  (352 . 832))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  120.0  (PRI 464))  (WIRE  ((112 . 512)  (352 . 512))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  80.0  (PRI 465))  (WIRE  ((352 . 512)  (352 . 672))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  120.0  (PRI 466))  (WIRE  ((112 . 352)  (352 . 352))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  80.0  (PRI 467))  (WIRE  ((352 . 352)  (352 . 512))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 469))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  488.0)  ("110 000 BinNumP") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  485.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 470))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  472.0)  ("110 001 LongFloatP") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  469.0 126 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 471))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  456.0)  ("110 010 RatioP") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  453.0 98 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 472))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  440.0)  ("110 011 ComplexP") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  437.0 112 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  52.0  (PRI 473))  (WIRE  ((8 . 512)  (112 . 512))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  80.0  (PRI 475))  (WIRE  ((112 . 512)  (112 . 352))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  120.0  (PRI 476))  (WIRE  ((112 . 432)  (352 . 432))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  320.0  (PRI 477))  (WIRE  ((-376 . 832)  (-376 . 192))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  480.0  (PRI 479))  (WIRE  ((-264 . 192)  (-264 . 1152))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  480.0  (PRI 480))  (WIRE  ((-112 . 1152)  (-112 . 192))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  80.0  (PRI 481))  (WIRE  ((8 . 512)  (8 . 352))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  120.0  (PRI 482))  (WIRE  ((112 . 832)  (352 . 832))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 483))  (TEXT  (64.0 .  384.0)  ("110 1xx") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((39.5  381.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  120.0  (PRI 484))  (WIRE  ((112 . 592)  (352 . 592))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 485))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  360.0)  ("110 111 ") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128  357.0 56 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  136.0  (PRI 486))  (WIRE  ((-264 . 192)  (8 . 192))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  52.0  (PRI 487))  (WIRE  ((8 . 192)  (112 . 192))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  80.0  (PRI 488))  (WIRE  ((8 . 352)  (8 . 192))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  52.0  (PRI 489))  (WIRE  ((8 . 192)  (112 . 192))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  120.0  (PRI 490))  (WIRE  ((112 . 192)  (352 . 192))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  80.0  (PRI 491))  (WIRE  ((112 . 352)  (112 . 192))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  80.0  (PRI 492))  (WIRE  ((352 . 352)  (352 . 192))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  120.0  (PRI 493))  (WIRE  ((112 . 272)  (352 . 272))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 494))  (TEXT  (64.0 .  224.0)  ("111 1xx") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((39.5  221.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 495))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  312.0)  ("111 001 Wrapper NumberP ") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128  309.0 168 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 496))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  296.0)  ("111 010 ") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128  293.0 56 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 497))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  280.0)  ("111 011 ") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128  277.0 56 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 498))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  248.0)  ("111 100 ") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128  245.0 56 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 499))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  232.0)  ("111 101 ") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  229.0 56 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 500))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  216.0)  ("111 110 ") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  213.0 56 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 501))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  200.0)  ("111 111 ") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  197.0 56 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  52.0  (PRI 502))  (WIRE  ((112 . 432)  (8 . 432))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  52.0  (PRI 503))  (WIRE  ((112 . 272)  (8 . 272))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  136.0  (PRI 504))  (WIRE  ((8 . 352)  (-264 . 352))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  56.0  (PRI 505))  (WIRE  ((-264 . 352)  (-376 . 352))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  52.0  (PRI 506))  (WIRE  ((8 . 672)  (112 . 672))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  52.0  (PRI 507))  (WIRE  ((8 . 672)  (112 . 672))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  120.0  (PRI 508))  (WIRE  ((112 . 672)  (352 . 672))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  80.0  (PRI 509))  (WIRE  ((112 . 832)  (112 . 672))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  120.0  (PRI 510))  (WIRE  ((112 . 752)  (352 . 752))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  52.0  (PRI 511))  (WIRE  ((112 . 752)  (8 . 752))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 512))  (TEXT  (64.0 .  704.0)  ("100 1xx") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((39.5  701.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  160.0  (PRI 513))  (WIRE  ((-376 . 1152)  (-376 . 832))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  160.0  (PRI 515))  (WIRE  ((352 . 1152)  (352 . 832))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  80.0  (PRI 519))  (WIRE  ((112 . 992)  (112 . 1152))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  80.0  (PRI 521))  (WIRE  ((112 . 832)  (112 . 992))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  364.0  (PRI 528))  (WIRE  ((352 . 1152)  (-376 . 1152))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 529))  (TEXT  (-48.0 .  1065.0)  ("FixNums") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-72.5  1062.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 530))  (TEXT  (-49.0 .  905.0)  ("Floats") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-70.0  902.0 42 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  232.0  (PRI 533))  (WIRE  ((352 . 992)  (-112 . 992))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 534))  (TEXT  (64.0 .  1064.0)  ("00x xxx") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((39.5  1061.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 535))  (TEXT  (64.0 .  904.0)  ("01x xxx") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((39.5  901.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 536))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  1064.0)  ("00x xxx FixNums") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  1061.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 537))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  904.0)  ("01x xxx Floats") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128  901.0 98 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 540))  (TEXT  (65.0 .  1175.0)  ("Tag &"  "Subtype") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((47.5  1178.0 35 12)  (40.5  1166.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 541))  (TEXT  (128.0 .  1176.0)  ("Data Type") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((128.0  1173.0 63 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 542))  (TEXT  (-48.0 .  1176.0)  ("Major"  "Type") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-65.5  1179.0 35 12)  (-62.0  1167.0 28 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 543))  (TEXT  (-185.0 .  1176.0)  ("Reference "  "Count Info") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-220.0  1179.0 70 12)  (-220.0  1167.0 70 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 544))  (TEXT  (-328.0 .  1176.0)  ("Typing"  "Info") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-349.0  1179.0 42 12)  (-342.0  1167.0 28 12)) BLACK)))
(-398.4375 115.234375 775.3906 1085.9375)
1.953125
8



			


OBJECT REPRESENTATION 

The object format for user defined data types consists of a garbage collection word, a wrapper pointer, and the data slots of the object.   The garbage collection word contains the reference count & other garbage collection flags for the garbage collector.  The Wrapper Pointer points to the wrapper for this object, which is how the object's type is determined.  (It is currently under discussion wether this field should be removed for special objects such as symblos & large cons cells.  For now it is shown with all object types).  The following words contain the value slots for the object.  A pictural view of an object would be as follows:

((SKETCH  "figure from {PHYLUM}<CTAMARIN>DOC>FUNCSPEC.TEDIT;8" VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (262 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -684.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -724.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -764.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -804.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -844.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 5))  (WIRE  ((56 . -644)  (56 . -684))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 6))  (TEXT  (72.0 .  -668.0)  ("GC") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((65.0  -671.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -644)  (88 . -684))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -685 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -684)  (88 . -724))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -725 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -724)  (88 . -764))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -765 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -764)  (88 . -804))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -804)  (88 . -844))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -668.0)  ("Fix") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -671.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -748.0)  ("TAG") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -751.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -788.0)  ("...") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -791.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -828.0)  ("TAG") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -831.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.012  113.25  (PRI 9))  (GROUP  (36.5  -635.0  226.5  12.0)  (((0.05  12.0  (PRI 18))  (TEXT  (40.0 .  -632.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((36.5  -635.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 19))  (TEXT  (72.0 .  -632.0)  ("4") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((68.5  -635.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 20))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -632.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((104.5  -635.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 21))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -632.0)  ("32") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((249.0  -635.0 14 12)) BLACK)))  (148 . -628)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -644)  (128 . -684))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -685 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -684)  (128 . -724))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -725 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -724)  (128 . -764))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -765 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -764)  (128 . -804))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -804)  (128 . -844))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 12))  (TEXT  (260.0 .  -708.0)  ("WRAPPER POINTER") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((207.5  -711.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -748.0)  ("Pointer / Value") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((203.5  -751.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -788.0)  (". . . . ") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((228.0  -791.0 56 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -828.0)  ("Pointer / Value") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((203.5  -831.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.002  33.0  (PRI 24))  (GROUP  (-53 -665 66 2)  (((0.0  32.0  (PRI 106))  (WIRE  ((-52 . -664)  (12 . -664))  (ROUND 1 BLACK)  (NIL  (CURVE  18.0 8)) NIL 1 NIL  (NIL  ((12 . -664)  ((8 . -665)  (4.3915486 .  -666.4721))  ((8 . -663)  (4.3915486 .  -661.5279)))))))  (-20 . -664)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 164))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -668.0)  ("Garbage Collector Info") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((179.0  -671.0 154 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 262))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -708.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -711.0 21 12)) BLACK)))
(-49.0 -854.0 445.0 231.0)
1.0
4



An alternative object representation would replace the wrapper pointers with  type  indexes, and combine the garbage collector info along with the type information.  This would end up saving one word per cell, but cost more to get to the real type information since an access into a type table would be necessary.   The number of available types would also be limited to the type index size, and type indicies would not be re-usable.  For comparison, this type of representation would look like this:

((SKETCH  "figure from {PHYLUM}<CTAMARIN>DOC>FUNCSPEC.TEDIT;8" VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (262 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -724.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -764.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -804.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -844.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 5))  (WIRE  ((56 . -684)  (56 . -724))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 6))  (TEXT  (72.0 .  -708.0)  ("GC") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((65.0  -711.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -684)  (88 . -724))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -724)  (88 . -764))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -765 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -764)  (88 . -804))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -804)  (88 . -844))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -708.0)  ("Fix") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -711.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -748.0)  ("TAG") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -751.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -788.0)  ("...") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -791.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -828.0)  ("TAG") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -831.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.012  113.25  (PRI 9))  (GROUP  (36.5  -675.0  226.5  12.0)  (((0.05  12.0  (PRI 18))  (TEXT  (40.0 .  -672.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((36.5  -675.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 19))  (TEXT  (72.0 .  -672.0)  ("4") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((68.5  -675.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 20))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -672.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((104.5  -675.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 21))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -672.0)  ("32") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((249.0  -675.0 14 12)) BLACK)))  (148 . -668)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -684)  (128 . -724))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -724)  (128 . -764))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -765 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -764)  (128 . -804))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -804)  (128 . -844))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -748.0)  ("Pointer / Value") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((203.5  -751.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -788.0)  (". . . . ") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((228.0  -791.0 56 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -828.0)  ("Pointer / Value") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((203.5  -831.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.002  33.0  (PRI 24))  (GROUP  (-53 -705 66 2)  (((0.0  32.0  (PRI 106))  (WIRE  ((-52 . -704)  (12 . -704))  (ROUND 1 BLACK)  (NIL  (CURVE  18.0 8)) NIL 1 NIL  (NIL  ((12 . -704)  ((8 . -705)  (4.3915486 .  -706.4721))  ((8 . -703)  (4.3915486 .  -701.5279)))))))  (-20 . -704)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 164))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -708.0)  ("GC Info | Type Index") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((186.0  -711.0 140 12)) BLACK)))
(-49.0 -850.0 445.0 189.0)
1.0
4


SHORT CONS CELLS

Short Cons cells are stored in a special consing  data area, and Consed with a special primitive which indicates the size of the list being created.   The  word ponted to by the pointer is the CAR and CDR is found via the CDR code:


((SKETCH NIL VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (152 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.058  188.0  (PRI 129))  (GROUP  (-68.0 -313  376.0  58.0)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (-68.0  -312.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 5))  (WIRE  ((-32 . -272)  (-32 . -312))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 6))  (TEXT  (-16.0 .  -296.0)  ("GC") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-23.0  -299.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((0 . -272)  (0 . -312))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (20.0 .  -296.0)  ("TAG") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((9.5  -299.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((40 . -272)  (40 . -312))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (168.0 .  -296.0)  ("Pointer / Value") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((115.5  -299.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 120))  (TEXT  (-53.0 .  -297.0)  ("CDR") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-63.5  -300.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 125))  (TEXT  (165.0 .  -264.0)  ("32") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((158.0  -267.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 126))  (TEXT  (25.0 .  -265.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((21.5  -268.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 127))  (TEXT  (-16.0 .  -264.0)  ("4") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-19.5  -267.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 128))  (TEXT  (-48.0 .  -264.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-51.5  -267.0 7 12)) BLACK)))  (120 . -284))))
(-68.0 -313.0 376.0 58.0)
1.0
4


The CDR code is as follows:

00 - CDR is NIL
01 - CDR is Prev Cell
10 - CDR is Next Cell
11 - CDR indirect (Pointer to a long CONS cell)

LONG CONS CELLS

Long Cons cells contain both the CAR & CDR fields of  the list cell.  For definition sake, we shall assume that they are 4 words long, & represented as normal objects with a reference count & wrapper word at the beginning of them (until it is decided to remove the wrapper pointers from selected object types).


((SKETCH  "figure from {PHYLUM}<CTAMARIN>DOC>FUNCSPEC.TEDIT;2" VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (280 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.012  113.25  (PRI 9))  (GROUP  (36.5  -635.0  226.5  12.0)  (((0.05  12.0  (PRI 18))  (TEXT  (40.0 .  -632.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((36.5  -635.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 19))  (TEXT  (72.0 .  -632.0)  ("4") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((68.5  -635.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 20))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -632.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((104.5  -635.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 21))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -632.0)  ("32") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((249.0  -635.0 14 12)) BLACK)))  (148 . -628)))  ((0.002  33.0  (PRI 24))  (GROUP  (-49 -669 66 2)  (((0.0  32.0  (PRI 106))  (WIRE  ((-48 . -668)  (16 . -668))  (ROUND 1 BLACK)  (NIL  (CURVE  18.0 8)) NIL 1 NIL  (NIL  ((16 . -668)  ((12 . -669)  (8.391548 .  -670.4721))  ((12 . -667)  (8.391548 .  -665.5279)))))))  (-16 . -668)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 269))  (GROUP  (20.0 -725  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -724.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -684)  (88 . -724))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -725 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -684)  (128 . -724))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -725 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 12))  (TEXT  (260.0 .  -708.0)  ("WRAPPER POINTER") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((207.5  -711.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 262))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -708.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -711.0 21 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -704)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 278))  (GROUP  (20.0 -765  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -764.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -724)  (88 . -764))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -765 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -748.0)  ("TAG") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -751.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -724)  (128 . -764))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -765 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -748.0)  ("CAR") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((245.5  -751.0 21 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -744)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 279))  (GROUP  (20.0 -805  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -804.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -764)  (88 . -804))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -805 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -788.0)  ("TAG") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -791.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -764)  (128 . -804))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -805 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -788.0)  ("CDR") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((245.5  -791.0 21 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -784)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 280))  (GROUP  (20.0 -685  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -684.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 5))  (WIRE  ((60 . -644)  (60 . -684))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (59 -685 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 6))  (TEXT  (76.0 .  -668.0)  ("GC") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((69.0  -671.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -644)  (88 . -684))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -685 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -668.0)  ("Fix") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -671.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -644)  (128 . -684))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -685 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 164))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -668.0)  ("Garbage Collector Info") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((179.0  -671.0 154 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -664))))
(-49.0 -824.0 445.0 201.0)
1.0
4



Other  cons encodings  could be: 

- having a CDR in Next cdr code.  Thus only one type of cons cell (how do you RPLAD a CDR is Next?)

- having only 2 word cons cells, a car & cdr.  (i.e. no cdr coding)

SYMBOLS

To provide a large symbol  space, all symbols are referenced by 4 bytes in the code stream.  This will provide additional symbol space over the 64k  limit in  the current D-machine implementation.  Symbols will be implemented as a  standard object, with a special subtype associated with this kind of object. Some advantages of this method are that symbols can be alocated as needed  using the normal system routines for handling objects, more entries can easily be added for symbols, and the possiblity of garbage collecting them exists.  The basic format for a symbol  under this method would be:

((SKETCH  "figure from {PHYLUM}<CTAMARIN>DOC>FUNCSPEC.TEDIT;2" VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (277 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -684.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 5))  (WIRE  ((60 . -644)  (60 . -684))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (59 -685 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 6))  (TEXT  (76.0 .  -668.0)  ("GC") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((69.0  -671.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -644)  (88 . -684))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -685 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -668.0)  ("Fix") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -671.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.012  113.25  (PRI 9))  (GROUP  (36.5  -635.0  226.5  12.0)  (((0.05  12.0  (PRI 18))  (TEXT  (40.0 .  -632.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((36.5  -635.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 19))  (TEXT  (72.0 .  -632.0)  ("4") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((68.5  -635.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 20))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -632.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((104.5  -635.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 21))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -632.0)  ("32") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((249.0  -635.0 14 12)) BLACK)))  (148 . -628)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -644)  (128 . -684))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -685 2 42) NIL))  ((0.002  33.0  (PRI 24))  (GROUP  (-49 -669 66 2)  (((0.0  32.0  (PRI 106))  (WIRE  ((-48 . -668)  (16 . -668))  (ROUND 1 BLACK)  (NIL  (CURVE  18.0 8)) NIL 1 NIL  (NIL  ((16 . -668)  ((12 . -669)  (8.391548 .  -670.4721))  ((12 . -667)  (8.391548 .  -665.5279)))))))  (-16 . -668)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 164))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -668.0)  ("Garbage Collector Info") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((179.0  -671.0 154 12)) BLACK))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 269))  (GROUP  (20.0 -725  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -724.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -684)  (88 . -724))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -725 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -684)  (128 . -724))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -725 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 12))  (TEXT  (260.0 .  -708.0)  ("WRAPPER POINTER") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((207.5  -711.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 262))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -708.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -711.0 21 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -704)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 271))  (GROUP  (20.0 -925  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -924.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -884)  (88 . -924))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -908.0)  ("TAG") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -911.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -884)  (128 . -924))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -908.0)  ("Package Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((217.5  -911.0 77 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -904)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 272))  (GROUP  (20.0 -885  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -884.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -844)  (88 . -884))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -868.0)  ("TAG") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -871.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -844)  (128 . -884))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -868.0)  ("PName Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((224.5  -871.0 63 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -864)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 273))  (GROUP  (20.0 -845  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -844.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 6))  (TEXT  (72.0 .  -828.0)  (" ") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((68.5  -831.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -804)  (88 . -844))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -828.0)  ("TAG") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -831.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -804)  (128 . -844))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -828.0)  ("Property List ") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((207.0  -831.0 98 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -824)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 274))  (GROUP  (20.0 -805  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -804.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -764)  (88 . -804))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -788.0)  ("TAG") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -791.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -764)  (128 . -804))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -788.0)  ("Function Definition Cell") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((172.0  -791.0 168 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -784)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 276))  (GROUP  (20.0 -765  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -764.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -724)  (88 . -764))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -765 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -748.0)  ("TAG") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -751.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -724)  (128 . -764))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -765 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -748.0)  ("Value Cell") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((221.0  -751.0 70 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -744))))
(-49.0 -969.0 445.0 346.0)
1.0
4
	              

Value Cell	The current value of the atom if defined, else  Unboundp.
Function Cell 	A CCodeP pointer or Pointer to Expr if the function has a
	definition, else NIL.
PropertyList 	A ListP if the atom has a property list, else NIL.
Pname Ptr	Pointer to the print name of the atom.
Package Ptr	Pointer to the package this symbol is defined in.

OBJECT REPRESENTATION

Still needs explination.
((SKETCH a% figure% from% a% document VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (234 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NEITHER  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL) VIEWS  ((home  1.5625  (321.875 .  288.2813))))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 45))  (TEXT  (-232.0 .  672.0)  ("instance--class") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-284.5  669.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 51))  (TEXT  (-16.0 .  672.0)  ("wrapper") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-40.5  669.0 49 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 69))  (TEXT  (224.0 .  672.0)  ("class-class") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((185.5  669.0 77 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 71))  (TEXT  (696.0 .  672.0)  ("metaclass-class") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((643.5  669.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.026  29.0  (PRI 108))  (GROUP  (847 119 58 26)  (((0.0  16.0  (PRI 85))  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 (PRI 60))  (WIRE  ((-256 . 64)  (-80 . 64))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1  (-257 63 178 2) NIL))  ((0.0  88.0  (PRI 61))  (WIRE  ((-256 . 40)  (-80 . 40))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1  (-257 39 178 2) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 62))  (TEXT  (-168.0 .  49.0)  ("T") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-171.5  46.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 63))  (TEXT  (-168.0 .  24.0)  ("S") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-171.5  21.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.1675  88.12502  (PRI 64))  (BOX  (-256.0  16.0  176.25  167.5)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 177))  (TEXT  (-168.0 .  144.0)  ("Class Wrapper Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((-227.5  141.0 119 12)) BLACK)))  (-168 . 96)))  ((0.10050012  91.0  (PRI 213))  (GROUP  (205 541 182  100.50012)  (((0.05  12.0  (PRI 28))  (TEXT  (296.0 .  624.0)  (" Ref count")  1.0  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((261.0  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(-305.17578 -139.16016 1198.7305 871.58203)
2.4414063
8




WRAPPER TABLE

The wrapper of an item (which is used in determining type) is determined by either indexing into the wrapper table, or fetching the wrapper from the object header stored in memory.  An entry is found in the wrapper table by taking the tag & subtype bits of the datum and using it as an index into the wrapper table, thus the size of the wrapper table is 2^6 entries.  Entries in the table are one word pointers which point to the type information for that particular kind of datum.  Entries which have Unbound in them indicate  that a Ufn must be called to determine the object's type.    Thus wrapper table format is  something like this:

((SKETCH  "figure from {PHYLUM}<CTAMARIN>DOC>FUNCSPEC.TEDIT;4" VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (408 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL) VIEWS  ((home  1.953125  (140.625 .  -0.9765626))))  ((0.2  324.0  (PRI 1))  (BOX  (376.0  56.0  200.0  648.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 2))  (WIRE  ((376 . 448)  (576 . 448))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 3))  (WIRE  ((376 . 680)  (576 . 680))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 4))  (WIRE  ((376 . 400)  (576 . 400))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 5))  (WIRE  ((376 . 576)  (576 . 576))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 6))  (WIRE  ((376 . 576)  (576 . 576))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((376 . 552)  (576 . 552))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 8))  (WIRE  ((376 . 528)  (576 . 528))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((376 . 424)  (576 . 424))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 10))  (WIRE  ((376 . 448)  (576 . 448))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 11))  (WIRE  ((376 . 320)  (576 . 320))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 12))  (WIRE  ((376 . 656)  (576 . 656))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 13))  (WIRE  ((376 . 600)  (576 . 600))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 14))  (WIRE  ((376 . 344)  (576 . 344))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  100.0  (PRI 15))  (WIRE  ((376 . 472)  (576 . 472))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  512.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.5  509.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 18))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  552.0)  (".") 1  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 (480.0 .  640.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((476.5  637.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 27))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  672.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.5  669.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 28))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  632.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.5  629.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 29))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  544.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.5  541.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 30))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  504.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.5  501.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 31))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  368.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.5  365.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 32))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  624.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.5  621.0 7 12)) BLACK))  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 (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.5  613.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 49))  (TEXT  (480.0 .  360.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((476.5  357.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 50))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  608.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.5  605.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 51))  (TEXT  (480.0 .  616.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((476.5  613.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 52))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  648.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.5  645.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 53))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  520.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.5  517.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 54))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  480.0)  (".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((148.5  477.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 55))  (TEXT  (152.0 .  344.0)  (".") 1  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(446.25 -1361.25 686.25 746.25)
1.25
4




Flags    -    Special  Flags
Catch Frame	This frame is a catch frame.
Multiple Values 	The caller expects multiple values.
Tail Call 	The caller's frame was re-used (This may go away).
	
SP 
The Stack Pointer indicates the top item on the stack in the internal frame.

Binding Stack.
This field points to the current top of the binding stack (if we have one).  Here is where variables are bound & Free variable lookup begins.  No details on the format of the binding stack.

NOTE:  The binding stack, control link, and function header could be located at location 8, giving a smaller minimum stack size for frame dumping & loading.  The tradeoff is load/dump time verses the # of local variable slots available with 1 byte opcodes.   (8 slots or 5 slots).  We need some stats to make this decision.

Control Link.
This field points to the previous frame in system memory.  The control link field is only valid if the previous frame has been dumped into memory.  That is why the control  link instruction must dump the previous frame before returning a value.

Function Header
Points to the function header which contains the code for the function.  Initialized when the stack frame header copied from function header.
	
Vars section
There are several areas in which variables can be stored.  The function parameters are stored in locations 0 through 6.   If more than  6 parameters are passed to a function, then  variable cell 7 contains a pointer to the an overflow area, which contains the rest of the parameters.  (The format for this area must be designed).

The next 8 slots are reserved for local variables.  These are located here so that they can be accessed with 1 byte opcodes.  (As can the function parameters).

The remaining (if any) local variables can be stored after the function information, along with the start of the execution stack.  
	
Stack  section
This section contains the working stack.  The start of the stack is determined by the number of FVars,  and PVars.  The SP field indexes the current top of stack.  In some computations it may be necessary to move part of the stack out to memory  to keep the stack from overflowing.  This is  done by moving the lower portion of the stack frame  and writing it out to the frame overflow area.
BINDING STACK & FREE VARIABLE LOOKUP

The binding stack holds the bindings for dynamic variables and free variable lookup is used to find the bindings.  In order to allow spaghetti stack, the binding stack design allows chained binding stack segments.  The binding stack format is that of simplicity, so the binding, unbinding, and lookup of variables is fast and efficient.  The components of the binding stack are discussed further:
 
Binding Stack Pointer.  A slot of each stack frame is reserved to hold the current  binding stack.  It points to the current top of the binding stack.  On a function call, the binding stack slot is always set to that of the preceeding frame's, so that the previous bindings will be known for free variable lookup.  Variables then bound in the current context affect only the local binding stack pointer, so that on return the locally bound variables are automatically unbound, since the binding stack pointer  returns to the value it had before the function call (that of the previous frame's).  


BindingStack.  The binding stack  consists of  chained segments of fixed size (up to 256 words long).  The first word after the header information contains a pointer to the previous binding stack.  This link is used to continue searching back  down the chained  segments.  The links point to the top of the previous binding stack so that the chained segments need not be full.  The last segment of a binding stack has a link of UnboundP.  Each variable binding will consist of a paired entry of name and value.   The binding stack is considered part of the stack, and thus will not reference count.  A sketch of the binding stack  appears after the description.


Binding.  The operation of binding takes place by pushing the value & SymbolP of the  variable being bound onto the binding stack.  The  only difficulty arises when the binding stack overflows.  Since the binding stack is fixed size, it is easy for the microcode to determine when an overflow occurs, and Ufn to have another binding stack segment allocated.  Note that when a new segment is allocated, a flag must be set in the frame so that the binding stack segment can be returned on function exit.  This could cause problems if a function which required new segment allocation was called (& it returned) in a small loop, since Ufns would be required to allocate & de-allocate the chained binding stack segment. 

Free Variable Lookup.  Free variable lookup proceeds by sequentially searching through the binding stack to find the matching SymbolP.  The only tricky part is following the chained segments (which, due to the imposed size limitation is easy to detect).  It should be possible to search the binding stack at a very high rate (could be as fast as 2 cycles per scan plus setup).  If no match if found in the binding stack the global value cell is used as the referent.


Unbind.  There are two cases of unbinding, explicit and implicit.  The implicit case is on a function return, where the binding stack is automaticall cut back to its origional state on function entry.  This action takes place without any intervention since each frame has its top of binding stack pointer.  Note that a Trap on Exit flag must be set when a binding stack segment must be released on funciton return.  The other case is  when the compiler emits code to unbind a certian number of variables (exit from a LET with the variables declared specials, for instance).   In this case a certian number of variables are to be unbound.  The binding stack is decremented by the appropriate amount and the variables are unbound.  If the binding stack decrements off the end of a segment, then the unbind opcode will Ufn to handle de-allocation of the segment. 


Cached Bindings.  It may still be desirable to cache the results of a free variable lookup, even with the fast lookup speed.  One method has the code place the SymbolP of the desired variable in the local var slot.  When a free variable access is made on that slot it is checked for a SymbolP or a BindingStackP.  If it is a SymbolP then a free variable lookup must be performed (placing the correct pointer back into the var slot), otherwise the BindingStackP points to the value cell in either the binding stack or the Global value cell (we probably need BindingStackP & GlobalRefP to distinguish ref counting).  Another option is to have the bind opcode also cache the value, but this only helps with local references.  

Binding Stack Segment Management.  The binding stack segments are to be managed by Ufns.  There can be a system wide (or process wide) pool of binding stack segments in which they are allocated from.  The manager could have two linked lists (so that there is no need to cons), one for free segments, and one for used segments.  Allocation & de-allocation would be a simple matter of moving the pointer into the appropriate lists.  This also keeps references to the segments so that they are not garbage collected, since the binding stack pointers are not reference counted pointers.  

Opcodes.

Bind <SymbolP>  to [Tos]

Bind the indicated symbol to the value found at Tos.  This is performed by pushing the value and symbol onto the binding stack, creating a new binding stack segment when necessart.

Unbind <n>

Unbind the top n bindings from the binding stack, de-allocating any binding stack segments when necessary.

FVar <n>

Free variable access.  

1 - If var slot n contains a SymbolP, then perform a free variable lookup into the binding stack to find the binding of n, placing a pointer to its value into the var slot.  

2- Push the  value pointed to by the slot onto the stack, check for the value Unbound & Ufn if it is.

FVar_^ <n>

Free variable store.

1 - If var slot n contains a SymbolP, then perform a free variable lookup into the binding stack to find the binding of n, placing a pointer to its value into the var slot.  

2- Save the  value found at TOS into the cell pointed to by the slot, and pop TOS.


Binding Stack Format:
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(WIRE  ((1242 . -912)  (1242 . -952))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (1370.0 .  -936.0)  ("Value") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((1352.5  -939.0 35 12)) BLACK)))  (1322 . -932)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 386))  (GROUP  (1134.0 -913  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (1134.0  -912.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((1202 . -872)  (1202 . -912))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (1222.0 .  -896.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((1211.5  -899.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((1242 . -872)  (1242 . -912))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (1370.0 .  -896.0)  ("Previous BS Segment") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((1303.5  -899.0 133 12)) BLACK)))  (1322 . -892)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 388))  (GROUP  (1134.0 -833  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (1134.0  -832.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 5))  (WIRE  ((1170 . -792)  (1170 . -832))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 6))  (TEXT  (1186.0 .  -816.0)  ("GC") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((1179.0  -819.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((1202 . -792)  (1202 . -832))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (1222.0 .  -816.0)  ("Fix") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((1211.5  -819.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((1242 . -792)  (1242 . -832))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (1370.0 .  -816.0)  ("Garbage Collector Info") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((1293.0  -819.0 154 12)) BLACK)))  (1322 . -812)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 391))  (GROUP  (1134.0 -1121  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (1134.0  -1120.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((1202 . -1080)  (1202 . -1120))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (1222.0 .  -1104.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((1211.5  -1107.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((1242 . -1080)  (1242 . -1120))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (1370.0 .  -1104.0)  ("SymbolP") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((1345.5  -1107.0 49 12)) BLACK)))  (1322 . -1100)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 392))  (GROUP  (1134.0 -1081  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (1134.0  -1080.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((1202 . -1040)  (1202 . -1080))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (1222.0 .  -1064.0)  ("Tag") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((1211.5  -1067.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((1242 . -1040)  (1242 . -1080))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (1370.0 .  -1064.0)  ("Value") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((1352.5  -1067.0 35 12)) BLACK)))  (1322 . -1060)))  ((0.048  192.0  (PRI 393))  (GROUP  (1129 -1169 384 48)  (((0.008  24.0  (PRI 362))  (GROUP  (1505 -1169 8 48)  (((0.0  9.0  (PRI 355))  (WIRE  ((1510 . -1122)  (1510 . -1140))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  9.0  (PRI 356))  (WIRE  ((1510 . -1150)  (1510 . -1168))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  4.0  (PRI 357))  (WIRE  ((1506 . -1142)  (1512 . -1140))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  4.0  (PRI 359))  (WIRE  ((1506 . -1150)  (1512 . -1148))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL)))  (1510 . -1144)))  ((0.008  24.0  (PRI 363))  (GROUP  (1129 -1169 8 48)  (((0.0  9.0  (PRI 355))  (WIRE  ((1134 . -1122)  (1134 . -1140))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  9.0  (PRI 356))  (WIRE  ((1134 . -1150)  (1134 . -1168))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  4.0  (PRI 357))  (WIRE  ((1130 . -1142)  (1136 . -1140))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  4.0  (PRI 359))  (WIRE  ((1130 . -1150)  (1136 . -1148))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL)))  (1134 . -1144)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 364))  (TEXT  (1324.0 .  -1146.0)  ("."  "."  ".") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((1320.5  -1137.0 7 12)  (1320.5  -1149.0 7 12)  (1320.5  -1161.0 7 12)) BLACK)))  (1322 . -1146)))  ((0.0  188.0  (PRI 395))  (WIRE  ((1134 . -1168)  (1510 . -1168))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL)))  (1322 . -982))))  (1320 . -968)))  ((0.0  68.0  (PRI 406))  (WIRE  ((896 . -892)  (1032 . -892))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  104.0  (PRI 407))  (WIRE  ((1032 . -1100)  (1032 . -892))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  50.0  (PRI 408))  (WIRE  ((1132 . -1100)  (1032 . -1100))  (ROUND 1 BLACK)  ((CURVE  18.0 8) NIL) NIL 1 NIL  (((1132 . -1100)  ((1128 . -1101)  (1124.3916 .  -1102.4722))  ((1128 . -1099)  (1124.3916 .  -1097.5278))) NIL)))  ((0.0  8.0  (PRI 409))  (WIRE  ((900 . -932)  (916 . -932))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  8.0  (PRI 410))  (WIRE  ((900 . -972)  (916 . -972))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 411))  (WIRE  ((916 . -972)  (916 . -932))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  8.0  (PRI 412))  (WIRE  ((916 . -952)  (932 . -952))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  18.0  (PRI 413))  (WIRE  ((1516 . -892)  (1552 . -892))  (ROUND 1 BLACK)  (NIL  (CURVE  18.0 8)) NIL 1 NIL  (NIL  ((1552 . -892)  ((1548 . -893)  (1544.3916 .  -894.4721))  ((1548 . -891)  (1544.3916 .  -889.5279))))))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 414))  (TEXT  (1556.0 .  -896.0)  ("Etc") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((1556.0  -899.0 21 12)) BLACK)))
(361.32813 -1335.4492 1276.8555 644.53125)
2.4414063
8

FUNCTION HEADER

The function header format also consists of a normal object header with the type index set to a "CCodep".  The function definition cell of the atom contains a pointer to the function header:

 
Function Definition Cell:

	Interpreted:
	
((SKETCH  "figure from {PHYLUM}<CTAMARIN>DOC>FUNCSPEC.TEDIT;2" VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (262 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.04  152.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (4.0  -376.0  304.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (20.0 .  -360.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((9.5  -363.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((40 . -336)  (40 . -376))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (39 -377 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (200.0 .  -360.0)  ("28 bit Pointer") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((151.0  -363.0 98 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 126))  (TEXT  (25.0 .  -329.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((21.5  -332.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  4.0  (PRI 132))  (WIRE  ((92 . -376)  (92 . -376))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (91 -377 2 2) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 133))  (WIRE  ((96 . -376)  (96 . -336))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (95 -377 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 134))  (TEXT  (200.0 .  -328.0)  ("28") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((193.0  -331.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 135))  (TEXT  (72.0 .  -328.0)  ("4") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((68.5  -331.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 262))  (TEXT  (68.0 .  -360.0)  ("ConsP") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((50.5  -363.0 35 12)) BLACK)))
(-22.0 -405.0 344.0 100.0)
1.0
4
	
	Compiled:
((SKETCH a% figure% from% a% document VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (262 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.04  152.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (4.0  -376.0  304.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (20.0 .  -360.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((9.5  -363.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((40 . -336)  (40 . -376))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (39 -377 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (200.0 .  -360.0)  ("28 bit Pointer") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((151.0  -363.0 98 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 126))  (TEXT  (25.0 .  -329.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((21.5  -332.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  4.0  (PRI 132))  (WIRE  ((92 . -376)  (92 . -376))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (91 -377 2 2) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 133))  (WIRE  ((96 . -376)  (96 . -336))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (95 -377 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 134))  (TEXT  (200.0 .  -328.0)  ("28") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((193.0  -331.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 135))  (TEXT  (72.0 .  -328.0)  ("4") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((68.5  -331.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 262))  (TEXT  (68.0 .  -360.0)  ("CType") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((50.5  -363.0 35 12)) BLACK)))
(-22.0 -405.0 344.0 100.0)
1.0
4


NOTE: CType is either CCodeP, MethodP, or ClosureP.


Function Header:
This object contains the header and code for the function.  

CCodeP:

((SKETCH  "figure from {PHYLUM}<CTAMARIN>DOC>FUNCSPEC.TEDIT;2" VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (330 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -836.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -876.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -916.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -956.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -1076.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -1116.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -1156.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -1196.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((584 . -796)  (584 . -836))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (583 -837 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((584 . -1036)  (584 . -1076))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((584 . -1076)  (584 . -1116))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (583 -1117 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((584 . -876)  (584 . -916))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((584 . -916)  (584 . -956))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((584 . -836)  (584 . -876))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (604.0 .  -820.0)  ("Fix") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((593.5  -823.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (604.0 .  -860.0)  ("Fix") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((593.5  -863.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (604.0 .  -900.0)  ("Fix") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((593.5  -903.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (604.0 .  -940.0)  ("Fix") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((593.5  -943.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (604.0 .  -1060.0)  ("Fix") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((593.5  -1063.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (604.0 .  -1100.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((593.5  -1103.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -796)  (624 . -836))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (623 -837 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -836)  (624 . -876))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -876)  (624 . -916))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -916)  (624 . -956))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -1036)  (624 . -1076))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -1076)  (624 . -1116))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (623 -1117 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -1116)  (624 . -1156))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -1156)  (624 . -1196))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (752.0 .  -820.0)  ("Flags & Initial SP") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((689.0  -823.0 126 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (752.0 .  -860.0)  ("PC - 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(466.25 -1363.75 428.75 677.5)
1.25
2



Function Name
Pointer to the name or descriptor for this function.

Code Size
Size (in words) of the code object.

SP - Stack Pointer
This is the initial stack  pointer location for the function, which is set to the last used variable slot in the frame.

PC   Entry Vector 0-7
This table indicates the different entry points for the function.  Entries 0-6 are used if there are 0-6 parameters passed to the function, and entry 7 is used if 7 or more parameters are passed.  Each entry contains the starting absolute PC of the entry code.


Name Table Ptr
Pointer to the function's name table for use by the debugging tools.

CLOSURES

Closures are represented as objects  with 2 data slots, one being a pointer to the environment, and the other is a pointer to the compiled code object (CCodeP).  Closures are stored as normal objects so a closure would look like this:

((SKETCH  "figure from {PHYLUM}<CTAMARIN>DOC>CLOSURES.;2" VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (285 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.012  113.25  (PRI 9))  (GROUP  (36.5  -635.0  226.5  12.0)  (((0.05  12.0  (PRI 18))  (TEXT  (40.0 .  -632.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((36.5  -635.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 19))  (TEXT  (72.0 .  -632.0)  ("4") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((68.5  -635.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 20))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -632.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((104.5  -635.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 21))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -632.0)  ("32") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((249.0  -635.0 14 12)) BLACK)))  (148 . -628)))  ((0.002  33.0  (PRI 24))  (GROUP  (-49 -669 66 2)  (((0.0  32.0  (PRI 106))  (WIRE  ((-48 . -668)  (16 . -668))  (ROUND 1 BLACK)  (NIL  (CURVE  18.0 8)) NIL 1 NIL  (NIL  ((16 . -668)  ((12 . -669)  (8.391548 .  -670.4721))  ((12 . -667)  (8.391548 .  -665.5279)))))))  (-16 . -668)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 269))  (GROUP  (20.0 -725  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -724.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -684)  (88 . -724))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -725 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -684)  (128 . -724))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -725 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 12))  (TEXT  (260.0 .  -708.0)  ("WRAPPER POINTER") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((207.5  -711.0 105 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 262))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -708.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -711.0 21 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -704)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 280))  (GROUP  (20.0 -685  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -684.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 5))  (WIRE  ((60 . -644)  (60 . -684))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (59 -685 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 6))  (TEXT  (76.0 .  -668.0)  ("GC") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((69.0  -671.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -644)  (88 . -684))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -685 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -668.0)  ("Fix") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -671.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -644)  (128 . -684))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -685 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 164))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -668.0)  ("Garbage Collector Info") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((179.0  -671.0 154 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -664)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 283))  (GROUP  (20.0 -765  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -764.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -724)  (88 . -764))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -765 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -748.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -751.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -724)  (128 . -764))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -765 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -748.0)  ("Ptr to Closure Environment") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((165.0  -751.0 182 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -744)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 284))  (GROUP  (20.0 -805  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (20.0  -804.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((88 . -764)  (88 . -804))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (87 -805 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (108.0 .  -788.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((97.5  -791.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((128 . -764)  (128 . -804))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (127 -805 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (256.0 .  -788.0)  ("Ptr to Code") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((217.5  -791.0 77 12)) BLACK)))  (208 . -784))))
(-111.25 -848.75 556.25 251.25)
1.25
4



The function call mechanism  detects  a closure call be the type of the pointer in the definition cell of the symbol the function call is invoked with.  When the definition cell contains a ClosureP, then a closure call is made.  A closure call places the pointer to the closure environment (1st data slot of the closure) into var slot 8 of the callee's stack frame.  The rest of the closure call proceeds as a normal function call by   invoking the  function call mechanism with the  code pointer  (2nd data slot of the closure) to complete the call.   

Thus a closure call is very similar to a normal function call except that:

	-The function definition cell contains a ClosureP.

	- The closure environment is placed into var slot 8 of the callee's stack frame.

	- The  the code pointer is found in the ClosureP.

It is believed that the code pointer must always be a CCodeP, but it is also possible to allow MethodPs  in this slot. 
METHODS

Methods  discriminate what function gets called based on the types of the actual arguments passed.  The function call mechanism detects a method call when the function definition cell contains a MethodP.  A Method lookup is then performed to find the appropriate code to execute based on the type of the argument.  Some  details of a method lookup  are as follows:


1 - The type index / wrapper for the next unprocessed argument (starting with arg 1) is found.  This is performed by whatever means the type system is to work, either indexing into a type table or fetching the information from the header of the object.  Type index will be used for the rest of this description although wrappers are shown in the sketch.

2 - Perform a shift & mask operation on the type index  to get an index into the method hash table.  The hash table will probably be fixed size, so that the hashing of the type index will be easier.  It may be possible to  read the shift & mask info from the MethodP, but that  will depend on the size & # cycles required to do it.

3 - Index into the method hash table and compare with the argument's type index.   If a match is found then goto 5.

4 - Sequentially search through the overflow area looking for either: a match with the type index, or NIL.  If a match or NIL is found then goto 5, otherwise Ufn to perform the lookup. The overflow area will end with an NIL entry to siginify the end of the table.

5 - An appropriate entry was found.  Get the corresponding code slot and check for a MethodP.  If it is, then proceed to step 1 with the new MethodP to lookup the next argument.  Otherwise get the Permutation Vector and place it into the callee's PV slot.  Then proceed with a normal function call using the code pointer retrieved from the table.   UnboundP in the code slot indicates that the code for the entry is not known, and a Ufn must be called to perform the discrimination.
 
A default match is signified whenever the type index is NIL. This allows non-matched types to have default entries, and to have certian argument positions un-checked.  Method lookup need not be performed on all of  the arguments.  Placing a CCodeP in the code slot of the last argument checked will skip method lookup of trailing  arguments.   The general format of a MethodP is as follows :

((SKETCH a% figure% from% a% document VERSION 3 PRIRANGE  (383 . 0) SKETCHCONTEXT  ((ROUND 1 BLACK)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  (CENTER BASELINE)  (CURVE  18.0 8) NIL NIL  (CENTER CENTER)  (NIL NIL NIL) T NIL NIL 1 NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 125))  (TEXT  (749.0 .  -788.0)  ("32") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((742.0  -791.0 14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 126))  (TEXT  (609.0 .  -789.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((605.5  -792.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 127))  (TEXT  (568.0 .  -788.0)  ("4") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((564.5  -791.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 128))  (TEXT  (536.0 .  -788.0)  ("2") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((532.5  -791.0 7 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  88.0  (PRI 314))  (WIRE  ((892 . -876)  (1068 . -876))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 332))  (TEXT  (970.0 .  -954.0)  ("Paired Entrys") 1  (LEFT TOP)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((970.0  -965.0 91 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 333))  (TEXT  (938.0 .  -1364.0)  ("Overflow Area") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((938.0  -1367.0 91 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 334))  (TEXT  (940.0 .  -1060.0)  ("Wrapper Hash Table") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((940.0  -1063.0 126 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  88.0  (PRI 335))  (WIRE  ((896 . -1240)  (1072 . -1240))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  88.0  (PRI 336))  (WIRE  ((860 . -1606)  (1036 . -1606))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL  (2 4) 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.082  188.0  (PRI 339))  (GROUP  (516.0 -1323  376.0 82)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -1282.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -1322.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((584 . -1242)  (584 . -1282))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((584 . -1282)  (584 . -1322))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (604.0 .  -1266.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((593.5  -1269.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (604.0 .  -1306.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((593.5  -1309.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -1242)  (624 . -1282))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -1282)  (624 . -1322))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (752.0 .  -1266.0)  ("Overflow Wrapper 1") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((689.0  -1269.0 126 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (752.0 .  -1306.0)  ("MethodP, CCodeP, or UnboundP") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((654.0  -1309.0 196 12)) BLACK)))  (704 . -1282)))  ((0.04  32.0  (PRI 342))  (GROUP  (863 -1667 64 40)  (((0.0  18.0  (PRI 326))  (WIRE  ((864 . -1628)  (900 . -1628))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  18.0  (PRI 327))  (WIRE  ((864 . -1666)  (900 . -1666))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  19.0  (PRI 328))  (WIRE  ((902 . -1628)  (902 . -1666))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  11.0  (PRI 329))  (WIRE  ((904 . -1648)  (926 . -1648))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL)))  (894 . -1646)))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 343))  (TEXT  (940.0 .  -1650.0)  ("End Marker") 1  (LEFT BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((940.0  -1653.0 70 12)) BLACK))  ((0.162  188.0  (PRI 348))  (GROUP  (516.0 -1037  376.0 162)  (((0.082  188.0  (PRI 315))  (GROUP  (516.0 -957  376.0 82)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -916.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -956.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((584 . -876)  (584 . -916))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (583 -917 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((584 . -916)  (584 . -956))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (583 -957 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (604.0 .  -900.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((593.5  -903.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (604.0 .  -940.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((593.5  -943.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -876)  (624 . -916))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (623 -917 2 42) NIL))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -916)  (624 . -956))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (623 -957 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (752.0 .  -900.0)  ("Wrapper 1") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((720.5  -903.0 63 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (752.0 .  -940.0)  ("MethodP, CCodeP, or UnboundP") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((654.0  -943.0 196 12)) BLACK)))  (704 . -916)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 346))  (GROUP  (516.0 -1037  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -1036.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((584 . -996)  (584 . -1036))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (583 -1037 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (604.0 .  -1020.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((593.5  -1023.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -996)  (624 . -1036))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (623 -1037 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (752.0 .  -1020.0)  ("unused") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((731.0  -1023.0 42 12)) BLACK)))  (704 . -1016)))  ((0.042  188.0  (PRI 347))  (GROUP  (516.0 -997  376.0 42)  (((0.04  188.0  (PRI 3))  (BOX  (516.0  -996.0  376.0  40.0)  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL 1  (NIL NIL NIL)))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 7))  (WIRE  ((584 . -956)  (584 . -996))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (583 -997 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 8))  (TEXT  (604.0 .  -980.0)  ("Ptr") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((593.5  -983.0 21 12)) BLACK))  ((0.0  20.0  (PRI 9))  (WIRE  ((624 . -956)  (624 . -996))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (623 -997 2 42) NIL))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 17))  (TEXT  (752.0 .  -980.0)  ("Ptr to Permutation Vector") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((664.5  -983.0 175 12)) BLACK)))  (704 . -976))))  (704 . -956)))  ((0.06  60.0  (PRI 349))  (GROUP  (903 -1017 60 120)  (((0.0  18.0  (PRI 326))  (WIRE  ((904 . -898)  (940 . -898))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (903 -899 38 2) NIL))  ((0.0  18.0  (PRI 327))  (WIRE  ((904 . -1016)  (940 . -1016))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (903 -1017 38 2) NIL))  ((0.0  59.0  (PRI 328))  (WIRE  ((940 . -898)  (940 . -1016))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (939 -1017 2 120) NIL))  ((0.0  11.0  (PRI 329))  (WIRE  ((940 . -958)  (962 . -958))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1  (939 -959 24 2) NIL)))  (932 . -956)))  ((0.048  192.0  (PRI 367))  (GROUP  (511 -1083 384 48)  (((0.008  24.0  (PRI 362))  (GROUP  (887 -1083 8 48)  (((0.0  9.0  (PRI 355))  (WIRE  ((892 . -1036)  (892 . -1054))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  9.0  (PRI 356))  (WIRE  ((892 . -1064)  (892 . -1082))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  4.0  (PRI 357))  (WIRE  ((888 . -1056)  (894 . -1054))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  4.0  (PRI 359))  (WIRE  ((888 . -1064)  (894 . -1062))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL)))  (892 . -1058)))  ((0.008  24.0  (PRI 363))  (GROUP  (511 -1083 8 48)  (((0.0  9.0  (PRI 355))  (WIRE  ((516 . -1036)  (516 . -1054))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  9.0  (PRI 356))  (WIRE  ((516 . -1064)  (516 . -1082))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  4.0  (PRI 357))  (WIRE  ((512 . -1056)  (518 . -1054))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL NIL))  ((0.0  4.0  (PRI 359))  (WIRE  ((512 . -1064)  (518 . -1062))  (ROUND 1 BLACK) NIL NIL 1 NIL 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(457.8125 -1550.0 648.4375 787.5)
1.5625
2



VIRTUAL MEMORY

The virtual  memory address space is 2^28 words, with a  virtual memory page size of 2^10 words per page.  The first 2^22 words of the virtual memory address space will correspond to actual physical addresses, and thus not be mapped through the virtual memory TLB.  This will allow access to the virtual memory table, and provide a means of booting the machine before the virtual memory table is set up.  The maximum amount of real memory which can addressed is 2^22 words.  There will be one entry in the virtual page map table for each page, with each entry being one word.  Each entry will contain the physical translation address for the virtual address allong with 2 flags: valid, and write-protected.  (This is under discussion). The software routines may define additional flags for other indications - dirty, accessed, etc.  The software page fault routine will control these flags while the hardware will detect page faults on virtual accesses based on the valid and write-protected flags.  The address breakdowns are as follows:

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14 12)) BLACK))  ((0.05  12.0  (PRI 211))  (TEXT  (30.0 .  -606.0)  ("000000") 1  (CENTER BASELINE)  (GACHA 10  (MEDIUM REGULAR REGULAR))  ((9.0  -609.0 42 12)) BLACK)))  (116 . -596))))
(-116.0 -654.0 456.0 420.0)
1.0
2




GARBAGE COLLECTION

The primary garbage collector is based on reference counting.  A mark and sweep collector may also be implemented to collect circular structures more slowly and less often.
The first cell of every object in memory contains a short (four-bit) reference count field in the high byte of the cell, which is manipulable by microcode.  A baseline reference count and a set of flags (OnZeroCount, Finalizable) is located elsewhere.  The actual reference count of an object is obtained by shifting the baseline count left by 3 and adding the short count.  For most objects, the baseline count and flags are stored in the object's first cell; however, for specified short objects (currently only type CONS, but possibly also numbers), the information is stored in a separate hash table.  In the common case where flags and baseline count are all zero, there is no hash table entry.  The pointer tags should be allocated in such a way that it is easy to test whether the gc info is in the first cell or in the auxiliary table (unless CONSP suffices).
When a pointer to an object is stored in a reference-countable location (ordinarily anywhere but the stack), the reference count of the pointer is incremented and that of the previous contents is decremented.  When a reference-count operation would leave the short count zero (by incrementing a count of 15 or decrementing a count of 1), the microcode defers the reference count operation by calling a special ufn at the end of the current instruction.  The ufn increments or decrements the pointer's baseline reference count by 1 and resets the short reference count to 8; thus at least 7 decrements or 8 increments will be required before the next such punt.  If the baseline count was zero and the operation was decrement, then the total reference count is now zero.  If the object's OnZeroCount flag is not set, the object is added to the zero count table and the flag is set.
If the microcode attempts to decrement a short count of zero, it also calls the ufn.  However, this case is an error (attempt to decrement count below zero).
When an object is created, its reference count (both short and baseline) is set to zero, the OnZeroCount flag is set, and the object is added to the zero count table.
A periodic reclamation occurs in two main steps: the stack is scanned to account for references from the stack, then the zero count table is scanned to reclaim truly free objects.  In the first step, every stack frame in use is scanned, and each pointer found in the frame is noted as "found on stack".  In the second step, each pointer in the zero count table is examined.  If the pointer's full reference count is no longer zero, the OnZeroCount flag is cleared; otherwise, if the pointer was found on the stack, then the pointer is requeued on the zero count table; otherwise, if the object's Finalizable flag is set, then type-specific finalization is performed; otherwise, the object is reclaimed.  Finalization must either increment the object's reference count or allow the object to be reclaimed (or requeue the object on the zero count table).
The "found on stack" notation can either be done with another flag in each object, or by using Cedar's FOStable strategy���%�use an auxiliary hash table each of whose entries consists of the logical OR of all pointers that hash to that entry.  The FOStable has the virtue of being (potentially) less disruptive of the working set and not requiring lots of new entries in the overflow hash table for CONSes.  It has the disadvantage that pointers can appear to be on the stack when they aren't really, thereby not getting collected; one has to change the hash function on every reclaim so that pointers don't get stuck.

Instructional support (these instructions are all infrequent and could be separate subcases of a single two-byte opcode):
GETREFCOUNT	Retrieve the short reference count bits from TOS and place them at TOS as an IntegerP.
SETREFCOUNT	Set the short reference count bits of TOS-1 from TOS and then pop TOS.  If TOS is not an IntegerP then call the UFN.
INCREFCOUNT	Increment the short reference count of TOS.  Call the UFN if count would overflow.
DECREFCOUNT	Decrement the short reference count of TOS.  Call the UFN if count is currently 0 or 1.
The first two opcodes are intended for use by the special refcount ufn.  The last two are intended for use in Lisp code performing low-level pointer manipulation; e.g., the ufn for CONS.
Unresolved issues.
Non-reference-counted pointers.  It is probably desirable to have some kinds of pointers that are never reference counted.  There are two principal reasons not to reference count an object: (1) for performance and (2) to allow naked pointers to storage (since they can't be guaranteed to point to the start of an object).  Case (1) is addressed by having a new pointer type for "raw pointer".  Case (2) is most obviously interesting for symbols, many of which we know can never be reclaimed, e.g., all the external symbols in the LISP package.  At the least, reference counting T and NIL would be a large waste of time.  We thus have a subclass of SymbolP that is not ref-counted.
Note, however, that one of the performance hits in reference counting is that it dirties memory that might otherwise remain clean (or more generally, references memory that otherwise could be untouched).  In the case of symbols, the symbol object itself tends to be clean most of the time (stores into global variables and changes in the function cell are infrequent), and also frequently unreferenced.  It is unclear to what extent other types of otherwise clean objects are commonly reference counted.
Pagefault handling: Care must be taken in the microcode during instructions that reference count so that instruction restart due to pagefault does not result in inconsistencies.  It is currently planned that the special ufn be called additionally in cases where the microcode detects that it would have to take a pagefault on the object in order to do the reference count operation (the traditional route is to have the microcode touch all the pages involved before it modifies any memory).  This raises two concerns:
1.  The ufn can't easily tell whether it was called because of short count overflow or because of pagefault (in fact, there could be one or more cases of each).  Thus, the ufn's action has to be to fetch the old ref count, check for whether it is at a boundary; if yes, do the overflow action, else simply increment/decrement it (taking the pagefault along the way) and store it back.  This is probably acceptable: it is merely a GETREFCOUNT plus comparison that would not have to be done if the ufn were called only in the overflow case.
2.  More significantly, consideration must be given to pagefault and process switch in all Lisp code that tries to alter reference counts, so that reference counting of any particular object, and any access at all to shared structures, not step on each other from different processes.  This suggests that process switch to user-level processes (any process that can reference count) not be permitted to occur while performing such an operation, either between a store and the INCREFCOUNT or during a ref count overflow action, such as updating the hash entry for a cons.  The possibility of process switch during pagefault makes this problem more difficult.  [The possibility of multiple processors makes it even more difficult.]
One possible solution is to arrange that pagefaults taken while inside of an "uninterruptably" construct cannot switch control to another user-level process.  This seems heavy-handed, but it is likely that other uses of "uninterruptably" will want the same semantics.
Note that this all suggests that the process scheduler needs to avoid doing any reference counting.
Interface to the ref count ufn.  On the D machine, this ufn takes one arbitrary argument and returns it; the information about what reference counts to change and how are in a global table.  On Tamarin, the existence of the RETNP instruction makes it easy to return no values, so one could instead pass the pointer(s) as additional arguments, in some fixed order indicating which are to be incremented, which decremented.  Of the current instructions, RPLPTR and SETF-CAR/CDR have one increment, one decrement; RPLCONS has one increment; and CONS has two increments, one decrement.  If we were, however, to add instructions that took advantage of cdr coding, such as LIST.N and LIST*.N, there would be an arbitrary number of increments (N, actually) and one decrement, which would be better accommodated by a table, even though that would be slower, due to memory references.
Incidentally, it is slightly advantageous to do increments before decrements, so as not to needlessly go thru the zero count table in the case of storing a pointer into a location that already contains the pointer.
Asynchronous collection.  Reclamation can occur in parallel with other computation if we take care that on-stack information is taken into account.  The problem that can arise is that an object not on the stack at the start of the reclamation pass gets transferred from memory to the stack, thereby decrementing its reference count.  Together with the decrements performed by the reclaimer, this could cause an object not noted as being on the stack to have a count of zero and be incorrectly reclaimed.  The solution taken by Cedar is to add another flag to each object, called MaybeOnStack, and one bit of global state "Collector is running".  The stack scan phase is still performed atomically, then the collector starts.  Whenever a reference count is decremented while the collector is running, the MaybeOnStack flag is set and the object is added to the zero count table.  The collector ignores any object whose MaybeOnStack flag is set.  At the end of the reclamation, the MaybeOnStack flag is cleared from every pointer that had been in the zero count table.
On Tamarin, it is probably simplest to have the microcode always punt when it decrements a reference count when the collector is running ("collector running" can be part of the global frame).  However, this substantially slows down approximately half of all reference count operations while the collector is active.  An alternative is to replace one bit of the short reference count with the MaybeOnStack flag, and teach the microcode how to set the flag and insert entries in the zero count table.  Of course, the smaller short reference count means that more references will punt; however, it is still probably the case that most objects never get a reference count bigger than 7, so wouldn't ever punt (except for being decremented to zero). 

GLOBAL  REGISTERS

A global register frame will store various system constants and temporaries. Most have pre-defined meanings, but some will be available for system use.  The pre-defined registers areas follows:

UfnBase
This register contains a pointer to the base of thesystem ufn table.

Undefined Fn
This register contains a CCodeP pointer to the function called when a illegal function call is attempted.

PageFault Fn
This register contains a CCodeP pointer to the function called when a page fault is encountered.  The page fault address  is passed as the only parameter.

Interrupt Fn
This register contains a CCodeP pointer to the function called when an external interrupt is requested.

Stack Overflow Fn
This register contains a CCodeP pointer to the function called when the stack requires adjusting.

Reference Count Fn
This register contains a CCodeP pointer to the function called when a reference count operation requires theUfn logic.

ConsInfo
This register contains the next address used to make a new cons cell.  It must be set by LISP using a IREGX_ opcode.

INTERRUPT STRUCTURE 

(This is incomplete)

Here's some information based on the current hardware:

There are two external interrupt pins entering the tamarin processor,  each having an associated flag bit & interrupt function.   When the interrupt is requested,  the flag bit for the associated interrupt is set, and the corresponding  interrupt function is called.  The function is called at the time that the next opcode would begin execution (i.e. microcode is not interrupted).   The call is that of a normal function call with the exception being that further interrupts are disabled.  The interrupt function is executed as if it were called from the currently executing process, thus is is run in the current context & stack frame.  If a context switch is desired, the interrupt function must perform it explicitly.  This allows the interrupt function to decide what type of processing is requested, and perform the appropriate actions without a context switch if so desired.  The interrupt function must perform either a RETNP ("Return No Push") or a RETEI ("Return  & Enable Interrupts") to return to the interrupted process, depending on what the interrupt routine has done with interrupt enable.

There is currently only one global interrupt enable flag in the processor.  This flag currently enables or disables  both interrupts, but we might want one of the interrupts to be non-maskable.

 

TAMARIN OPCODES 

This section describes the opcode set used by implemented by  tamarin chip.  It describes ONLY those actions which are performed by the microcode, therefore the ufn routines are not described in this section.




	Constants:

'T	Push the constant T onto the stack.

'NIL	Push the constant NIL onto the stack.

'0	Push the integer constant 0 onto the stack.  Optimization of SICX 0.	
 
'1	Pushes the integer constant 1 onto the stack.  Optimization of SICX 1.  

'UNBIND	Pushes the funny constant UNBIND onto the stack (so that it can be copied into local-variable cells).

SICX	Pushes the non-negative integer constant found in alpha byte onto the stack.  Optimization of SICXX.

SICXX	Pushes the non-negative integer constant found in next 2 bytes onto the stack.  Optimization of ICONST.

PCONST0	Push the pointer  constant found in next 4 bytes onto the stack.  The major type bits are set to 'pointerp'.  (This sets the tag bits to the value which is shared with immediates, but typed immediates should use the IMMCONST opcode for codewalkers & loaders). 

PCONST1	Push the pointer  constant found in next 4 bytes onto the stack.  The major type bits are set to 'pointerp'.  (This sets the tab bits to the value which is not shared with immediates). 

IMMCONST	Push the 4 byte  typed immediate constant made from  next 4 bytes onto the stack.  The tag bits are set to 'immediat', the value of which is shared with PCONTS0.  Pointers should use the PCONST0 opcode for code walkers..

ICONST	Push the (signed) integer constant found  in the next 4 bytes onto the stack.  The major type bits are set to 'fixp'.
	
FCONST	Push the floating point constant found in the next 4  bytes onto the stack.  The major type bits are set to 'floatp'.	

SCONST	Push an symbol constant made from the   next 4 bytes onto the stack.  	


	Variable Access:


VARX	Push the value of  the  local variable indicated by the alpha byte.

VARX_	Store TOS into the local variable indicated  by the alpha byte.

VARX_^	Store TOS into the local variable indicated  by the alpha byte and pop.

VARK (0-15)	Push the value of  the  local variable indicated by the opcode.  Optimized version of VARX.

VARK_  (0-15)	Store TOS into the local variable indicated by the opcode.  Optimized version of VARX_.

VARK_^ (0-15)	Store TOS into the local variable indicated by the opcode.   The stack is popped after the value is stored.  Optimizaton of VARK_ + POP.

GVAR	Push the global variable value cell indicated by the next 4 bytes, which are the symbol number of the variable.  Call the Ufn if the value cell of the symbol is unbound. 

GVAR_^	Store TOS into the global variable indicated  by the next 4 bytes, which are the symbol number of the variable,  and the proper reference counts can be  adjusted (i.e. the object being smashed has its reference count  decremented, and the object being stored has its reference count incremented).  The reference count UFN will be called if the reference count operations overflow.  The value being stored is popped from the stack.

OVAR1.X	Push the variable located at variable cell X, in the stack frame which is 1 frame back.  If the previous frame is not in the processor then call the UFN.

OVAR1.X_^	Store TOS into variable cell  X, which is in the stack frame  1 frame  back.  If the previous frame is not in the processor then call the UFN.  The value stored is popped from the stack. 

	Binding Stack Operations:

These need work:

BIND	Bind the symbol  indicated by the next 4 bytes onto the binding stack, with the value popped from the stack. 

UNBIND.N	Pop n symbols off the binding stack.  This opcode will just subtrace n from the binding stack TOS pointer.    

FVARX	Check the variable cell indicated by the alpha byte.  If it contains a valid pointer to a value cell (i.e. NOT the constant Unbound) then push the value referenced by the cell, else lookup the symbol in the binding stack.  The binding stack lookup proceeds by following the CLINK of the stack frame to the binding stack of the previous frame, looking for the symbol desired.  If it is found then  the cell in the stack frame is set to point to the corresponding value cell, and the value loaded.  Otherwise the cell in the stack frame is set to reference the global value. 

FVARX_	Check the variable cell indicated by the alpha byte.  If the cell contains Unbound, then the free variable lookup must be performed as in FVARX to find & set the cache value in the cell.  Once the cell is set then   store  the value at TOS at the location referenced by the cell.  If the reference count bit is set in the pointer then the reference counting operations are performed.    



 	Stack Modification:


COPY	Push a new copy of  TOS back onto the stack.

SWAP	Swap the values at TOS and TOS-1.

POP	Pop the stack and discard the value.

MOVETOS.N	Save the value of the TOS cell. Next  set the stack pointer to the value of N.  Then set the TOS cell to the saved value. 

SETTOS.N	Set the stack pointer to the value of N. 

	Type Checking:

FIXNUMP	Set TOS to NIL if  TOS is not an Fixp .  Note Fixp  is an item with tag bits = Fix.

INTEGERP	Set TOS to NIL if  TOS is not an Integerp .  Note IntegerP  is an item with tag bits = Fix, or subtype = BignumP.

FLOATP	Set TOS to NIL if  TOS is not a Floatp.

POINTERP	Set TOS to NIL if  TOS is not a Pointerp.

IMMEDIATEP	Set TOS to NIL if  TOS is not an ImmediateP.

CONSP	Set TOS to NIL if  TOS is not a CONSP.  Optimization of SUBTYPEP.N test.

GETTYPEBITS	Set TOS to the type bits of TOS  (8 bits as a small nonnegative fixnum: 2 bits of  type  4 of subtype, 2 bits of 0 ).
	
GETPTRBITS	Replace TOS with an integerp which has the value of the pointer bits of  TOS. (i.e. clear  the  subtype bits of TOS and set the major type bits to integerp. If TOS is not a Pointerp then  call the UFN.

SUBTYPEBITSP.N	Compare type bits (tag & subtype bits) of TOS with  the alpha byte.  Set TOS to NIL if no match.   Call UFN if TOS is not a pointer.

SETTYPE.N	Set the  type bits of TOS to the Fixnum value in the alpha byte.  This sets only the major type bits (2 of them), and NOT the subtype bits of TOS.

SETSUBTYPE	Set the major, subtype bits of TOS-1.   This sets the full 6 bits of the type bits to the Fixnum value at TOS. 

TYPEP	(NEED HELP ON THIS ONE). Compare type of object at TOS-1 to see if it is EQ to the type symbol at TOS.  The object's type index must be retrieved from the header word.  The type index is used as an index into the type table, which contains a pointer to the type information.  The symbol of the type is then compared to that of TOS.  If  they match then pop the operands and return T.  Otherwise follow the supertype field of the type, and perform the test again.  This continues until there is not a supertype, at which time the operands are popped and NIL is returned.

UFNTYPEP	Same as TypeP except UFN is called if a match is not found.

	Binary Ops:

NOTE:	The binary arighmetic operations operate on all types of Numbers (FixNums, Floats, etc), but only FixNums are to be performed in microcode unless otherwise noted.

EQ	Compare TOS with TOS-1.  Pop TOS and place the result back onto the stack at the new TOS.

EQL	Perform an EQ.  If EQ returns T then leave T at TOS, otherwise if both operands are NumberP with identical subtypes, then Ufn to determine the result, else return NIL.

EQUAL	Perform an EQ.  If EQ returns T then leave T at TOS, otherwise  if both operands are pointers, and neither is a  SymbolP, then call the UFN routine, else return NIL.

=	If both operands are Fixnum or both are FloatP then perform an EQ, otherwise call the UFN  to determine if arithmetic equal, or report an error if not NumberPs.  

GREATERP	If both TOS and TOS-1 are fixnums then compute [TOS-1  greater than TOS], pop  TOS , and place the result at the new TOS.  Ufn if either TOS or TOS-1 are not fixnums.

PLUS	If both TOS & TOS-1 are fixnums, then compute [TOS-1 plus TOS].  If an overflow does not occur, then pop  TOS , and place the result at the new TOS.   If either TOS or TOS-1 are not fixnums or an overflow occurs then the UFN  is called.

PLUS.N	If  TOS is an  fixnum, then compute [TOS + N] placing the result at  TOS.   If either TOS  is  not fixnum or an overflow occurs then the UFN  is called.


ADC	If both TOS-2 & TOS-1 are fixnums, then if TOS is NIL compute [TOS-1 + TOS-2], else compute [TOS-1 + TOS-2 + 1].  Pop  TOS , and place the result at the new TOS-1, and the carry (T or NIL) at the new TOS.   Note that the overflow flag is ignored by this opcode.  If either TOS-2 or TOS-1 are not fixnums  then the UFN  is called to determine if an addition is possible.

DIFFERENCE	If both TOS & TOS-1 are fixnums, then compute [TOS-1 minus TOS].  If an overflow does not occur, then pop  TOS , and place the result at the new TOS. If either TOS or TOS-1 are not fixnums or an overflow occurs then the UFN  is called.

DIFFERENCE.N	If  TOS is an  fixnum, then compute [TOS - N] placing the result at  TOS.   If either TOS  is  not fixnum or an overflow occurs then the UFN  is called.


SBC	If both TOS-2 & TOS-1 are fixnums, then if TOS is NIL compute [TOS-1 - TOS-2 - 1], else  compute [TOS-1 - TOS-2 ].  Pop  TOS , and place the result at the new TOS-1, and the carry (T or NIL) at the new TOS.   Note that the overflow flag is ignored by this opcode.  If either TOS-2 or TOS-1 are not fixnums  then the UFN  is called to determine if a subtract is possible.


TIMES	If both TOS & TOS-1 are fixnums  perform the multiplication, popping off the arguments and pushing the result.   The UFN  is called if the operands are illegal or an overflow occurs.

/	This must currently Ufn, which should return the quotient.

TRUNCATE	This must currently Ufn, which should return the integer quotient & remainder. 

LOGAND	If both TOS & TOS-1 are fixnums, then compute   [TOS-1 and TOS], pop  TOS , and place the result at the new TOS.  If either TOS or TOS-1 are not fixnums  then the UFN  is called.

LOGOR	If both TOS & TOS-1 are fixnums, then compute   [TOS-1 or TOS], pop  TOS , and place the result at the new TOS.  If either TOS or TOS-1 are not fixnums occurs then the UFN  is called.

LOGXOR	If both TOS & TOS-1 are fixnums, then compute  [TOS-1 xor TOS], pop  TOS , and place the result at the new TOS.  If either TOS or TOS-1 are not fixnums occurs then the UFN  is called.
	Unary Ops:

NEG	Negate the Fixnum at TOS.  If  TOS  is not an Fixnum or an overflow occurs, then the UFN is called.

LOGNOT	Set TOS to the Logical NOT of the IntegerP at TOS.  If  TOS is not an Fixnum then the UFN is called.

PRIORITY	Set TOS to the bit position of the first one bit in TOS, starting with the most significant bit of the 32 bits of data, which is bit 31. 

	Shift Operations:

ASH	If TOS and TOS-1 are Fixnums, and -32 < TOS  < 32, then perform an Arithmetic Shift of  TOS-1 by TOS, filling with 0's for a  left shift and the sign bit on right shifts.  The shift direction is determined by the sign of the shift amount, with a positive value being a left shift and a negative value a right shift.  The sign bit of the shifted item is NOT affected by this operation as it is in the logical shift.  If either operand is not an integer, or the shift amount is not -32 < shift amount  < 32, or an overflow occurs, the UFN routine is called, otherwise the shift amount is popped from the stack and the result is left at the new TOS.


LLSH.N	If TOS  is an Fixnum  then Logical Left Shift  TOS by N, filling with 0's on the right.  If the operand is not an Fixnum the UFN routine is called.  This is a logical shift, so no overflow is checked, and the sign bit is affected.

LRSH.N	If TOS  is an Fixnum then Logical Right Shift of TOS by N, filling with 0's on the left into the sign bit.  If the operand is not an Fixnum the UFN routine is called.

	NOTE:  do we want a variable shift amount for the logical shifts?  i.e. Shift Tos-1 by Tos instead or in addition to the .N shift amounts?  BVM says no.  No disagreements yet.  What about record accessing functions which must pack & unpack packed fields?  They could use the DLLSH.N opcode if  we have variable shift amounts.

DLLSH.N	If TOS  and TOS-1 are  Fixnums then perform a logical left shift  the 64 bit quantity of  TOS  & TOS-1  by N, filling with 0's on the right.  TOS is the upper 32 bits & TOS-1 the lower.  Returns the upper 32 bits of the resulting shift.  If the operands are  not  Fixnums the UFN routine is called.

	This opcode may want the shift amount to come from the stack since it will be used in UFNs without probable variable shift amounts.

	Pointer manipulation & Memory Access:

NOTE:	These load & store opcodes only operate on the 34 data bits of the target memory cell and leave the upper 6 bits of the cell intact.   (The RPLPTR opcode must of course manipulate the reference count bits of the referenced objects when appropriate).

ADDBASE	Add the  Fixnum value at TOS to the pointer value at TOS-1 producing a new pointer as a result.  The TOS  operand is popped from the stack and the resulting pointer is placed at the new TOS.   The type bits of the created pointer are those of the original type.   If the TOS-1 operand is not a pointer or  TOS is not an integer then the UFN routine is called.

GETBASEPTR.N	Add N to the  pointer value at TOS producing a new pointer as a result.  The old pointer is popped from the stack and the data pointed to by the  new pointer  is pushed back.  If the TOS operand is not a pointer then the UFN routine is called.

GETBASE.N	Add N to the  pointer value at TOS producing a new pointer as a result.  The old pointer is popped from the stack and the data pointed to by the  new pointer  is pushed back; forcing the tag bits of the result to that of FixNum.  If the TOS operand is not a pointer then the UFN routine is called.

PUTBASEPTR.N	Add N to the  pointer value at TOS-1 producing a new pointer as a result.  The data found at TOS is then stored at the location pointed to by the new pointer.  The stored data is popped from the stack but the old pointer is left on the stack.  No reference counts are affected by this opcode.  If the pointer operand is not a pointer  then the UFN routine is called.

RPLPTR.N	Add N  to the  pointer value at TOS-1 producing a new pointer (the result pointer) as a result.  The data object located in the memory cell pointed to by the result pointer  is read and saved for later reference count operations.  The data value found at TOS  is then stored into the  referenced memory cell.  The stored data is popped from the stack and saved for further reference count operations, but the old pointer is left on the stack.  The two values saved for reference count operations are then reference counted by decrementing the reference count of the old data value, and incrementing the reference count of the new data value. If the pointer operand is not a pointer  then the UFN routine is called, or  if there is an overflow, underflow, or page fault from the reference count operations, the reference count UFN is called to finish the operation.

SYMBOLCELL.N	Add N to the  symbol pointer  at TOS producing a new pointer as a result.  The   data contained in the memory cell pointed to by the  computed pointer [Tos + N]  is returned as the result.  If the TOS operand is not a  SymbolP,  then the UFN routine is called to report an error.


	Reference Counting

INCREFCOUNT	Retrieve the reference count bits pointed to by the pointer at  TOS and increment them by one  (mod 16).  If the result is not  zero, then store it, otherwise place NIL at TOS and let the code decide what to do about the overflow.  

DECREFCOUNT	Retrieve the reference count bits pointed to by the pointer at  TOS and decrement them by one (mod 16).  If the current reference count, and the result are both not  zero, then store the result, otherwise place NIL at TOS and let the code decide what to do about the underflow.

CMPLREFCOUNT	Complement the high-order bit in the reference count field of the word pointed at by (TOS).  This is equivelent to adding (or subtracting) a reference count of 8.


 	List Operators & CDR Coding

CDR coding needs work, along with the associated opcodes.

CONS	A  cell is created with the CDR field set to TOS and the CAR field set to TOS-1.  Both operands must have their reference counts incremented.  The operands are popped from the stack and a pointer to the created cell is pushed back.

RPLCONS	Create a new cons cell with TOS as the CAR and NIL as the CDR. Set the CDR of  TOS-1 (which is a ConsP)  to point the the new cons cell.  The two operads are popped from the stack and a pointer to the new cons cell is pushed.  Normal reference count operations must be performed.  A UFN is called if TOS-1 is not a ConsP, or there are reference count overflows.

CAR	If TOS is NIL, then leave NIL on TOS, else fetch the CAR of the cell pointed to by TOS.  TOS is replaced with the CAR value.  The UFN is called when TOS  is not a Listp.

CDR	If TOS is NIL, then leave NIL on TOS, else fetch the CDR of the cell pointed to by TOS.  TOS is replaced with the CDR value.  The UFN is called when TOS  is not a Listp.

SETF-CAR	Replace the CAR field of TOS-1 with TOS, then pop TOS.  If the reference count bit of TOS-1 is set then  the reference count of the  old CAR must be decremented, and the reference count of  the new CAR object is incremented.  The old TOS-1 is not changed.  The UFN is called  if TOS-1 is not a Listp.

SETF-CDR	Replace the CDR field of TOS-1 with TOS, then pop TOS.  If the reference count bit of TOS-1 is set then  the reference count of the  old CDR must be decremented, and the reference count of the new CDR object is incremented.  The old TOS-1 is not changed.  The UFN is called if TOS-1 is not a Listp.

GETCDRCODE	Retrieve the CdrCode bits from TOS and place them at TOS as an InteterP.

SETCDRCODE	Set the CdrCode bits of TOS-1 from TOS and then pop TOS.  If TOS is not an IntegerP then call the UFN.
	Jumps:
Jumps need much work:

	Most of  the Jump Opcodes are same page jumps.  That is, you must jump to a location on the same page that you started.  To cross page boundries you must use a JUMPABS or PAGEJUMPX opcode.

NOP (0-4)	Nop instructions can pretend to have up to 4 code stream argument bytes;  the effect is a short forward jump of 0 to 4  bytes past the Nop instruction.

JUMPK (5-15)	Short forward jump.  Jump offset is computed from  the  opcode minus   the  four least significant bits of the opcode.   The  jump offset  is then added to the PC of the jump  instruction plus 1, so the new address is: PC  + 1 + offset.

JUMPX	Jump of up to +256 locations. The alpha byte is  added to  the PC  of the next instruction  following the jump  instruction, to get the new PC, thus the  new address  is: PC + alpha + 2.
	
JUMPXX	Jump of up to 64K  locations. The 2 bytes are  added to  the PC  of the next instruction  following the jump instruction  to get the new PC, thus the  new address  is: PC + bytes + 2.	

JUMPABS 	Jump absolute to location indicated by the four data bytes in the code stream.  This opcode allows across page jumps.
	
PAGEJUMPX 	Jump of up to +256 locations.  The alpha byte is  added to  the PC  of the next instruction  following the jump  instruction, to get the new PC, thus the  new address  is: PC + alpha + 2. This opcode allows across page jumps.
	
NJUMPX	Negative jump of up to -256 locations. The alpha byte is  subtracted from  the PC  of the next instruction  following the jump  instruction, to get the new PC, thus the  new address  is: PC - alpha + 2.
	
NJUMPXX	Negative jump of up to 64K  locations. The 2 bytes are  subtracted from  the PC  of the next instruction  following the jump instruction  to get the new PC, thus the  new address  is: PC - bytes + 2.	
	
FJUMPK (0-15)	TOS  is popped from the stack, and  is  compared to NIL.  The jump is taken if  TOS was  NIL. The jump offset is computed in the same manner as for JUMPK.

FJUMPX	TOS  is popped from the stack, and  is  compared to NIL.  The jump is taken if  TOS was  NIL. The jump offset is computed in the same manner as for JUMPX.

TJUMPK (0-15)	TOS  is popped from the stack, and  is  compared to NIL.  The jump is taken if  TOS was  not NIL. The jump offset is computed in the same manner as for JUMPK(.

TJUMPX	TOS  is popped from the stack, and  is  compared to NIL.  The jump is taken if  TOS was   not NIL. The jump offset is computed in  the same manner as for JUMPX.

FJUMPN^X	TOS  is   compared to NIL.  The jump is taken if  TOS was  NIL.    If the jump is not taken, then TOS is popped from the stack.   The jump offset is computed as for JUMPX.

TJUMPN^X	TOS  is   compared to NIL.  The jump is taken if  TOS was  not NIL.    If the jump is not taken, then TOS is popped from the stack.   The jump offset is computed as for JUMPX.

	Function Call & Return:


	When the definition cell of the symbol contains a CCodeP, then the function call proceeds as follows:  First the new Stack Frame locations 0 through 7 are filled with NIL.  Then up to 7 arguments are popped off the current stack and copied to the new stack frame with the 1st parameter going into slot 0, 2nd at slot 1, ... 7th at slot 6.  The new binding stack pointer is set to the current binding stack.  the current PC & Tos are saved, and the new Tos is set to 12.  The PC is then set to the indicated entry address in the function header according to the number of parameters & the pc entry vector.    The function then begins execution using the new stack frame.

	If the definition cell is a ClosureP, then the pointer to the closure is placed in  variable slot 8 of the new frame, and a normal function call is made to the code object.

	If the definition cell is a MethodP, then a method lookup must be performed.  (See Method Format for explination).

	If the symbol is not a CCodeP, ClosureP, or MethodP, then a UFN is called.  The args to the undefined function along with the function name are passed to the UFN.


TAILFN (0-7)	Same as FN(0-7) except that the multiple value flag is set to the value of the caller's multiple value flag. 

REUSEFN (0-7)	Same as FN(0-7) except that the multiple value flag is set to the value of the caller's multiple value flag, and the caller's frame is re-used.  (It is not clear if both TAILFN & REUSEFN are needed).

MVFN (0-7)	Same as FN(0-7) except that the multiple value flag is set  to indicate that multiple values are expected by the caller.   (This opcode may not be needed if we can use APPLY instead).

APPLYFN	Call the function referenced at TOS with TOS-1 arguments (0 to 7).  The n arguments for the function are from TOS-2 to TOS-(2+n-1), in exactly the same form they would be in from TOS to TOS-(n-1) if the function were being called with a FNn opcode.  TOS-1 also contains three flags to indicate what type of APPLY is taking place: Normal, Tail, Reuse, or Multiple Value (as in the above fn(0-7) opcodes).  We may want  4 different APPLY opcodes instead of using  a flags from the  # args.

RETURN	Return from a function.  The CLINK is followed to find the previous stack frame (which is loaded if necessary).  Execution continues at the PC indicated in the retrieved stack frame.  This opcode will call the UFN routine when the slow return bit or the slow return to bit is set in the stack frame header.

RETEI	Return  and enable interrupts, without pushing a result.  Performs the same operation as the Return opcode except interrupts are enabled, and a result is not pushed onto the callers stack.  Used by interrupt & trap routines where a result would invalidate the previous frame because the frame was not "called" by the normal function call mechanism, it was entered through an asynchronous event (such as an interrupt).  Also used for ufns which do special "munching" of the previous stack frame.	

RETNP	Return   without pushing a result.  Performs the same operation as the Return opcode except  a result is not pushed onto the callers stack.  Used by  trap routines where a result would invalidate the previous frame because the frame was not "called" by the normal function call mechanism, it was entered through an asynchronous event (such as a page fault).  

MYCLINK	Ensure that all previous frames are dumped out into memory, then push the CLINK of the current stack frame onto the stack.

MYCLINK_^	Ensure that all previous frames are dumped out into memory, then set the CLINK of the current stack frame to the TOS value & pop.

	Array Accessing:

What should these do?...

ARRAYREAD	TOS-2 is an pointer to a block of storage holding an array, TOS-1 is a type number indicating the size of the elements of the array, and TOS  is an index in element units.  Compute the address of the actual element being referenced, pop the three operands, and push the resulting element.  UFN if the TOS  index  is not IntegerP or out of range.  This may UFN on certain difficult cases.

ARRAYWRITE	TOS-3 is an pointer to a block of storage holding an array, TOS-2 is a type number indicating the size of the elements of the array,  TOS-1  is an index in element units, and TOS is a value to store.  Compute the address of the actual element being referenced & store the value.  UFN if  the TOS-1  index is not IntegerP or out of range, or if TOS  is does not match the element type of the array.  The value being stored is pushed back on the stack after the four operands are popped.  This may UFN on certain difficult cases.

ARRAYREF1	TOS-1 is a one dimensional ArrayP and TOS  is an index.  Compute the offset of the indicated array in element untis perform the array reference, popping the index & ArrayP and push the element referenced.  UFN if the index is not IntegerP or the pointer  is not a one dimensional  ArrayP.  This may UFN on certain difficult cases.

ARRAYREF2	TOS-2 is a two dimensional ArrayP and TOS-1 & TOS are indexs.  Compute the offset of the indicated array in element untis perform the array reference, popping the indexes & the ArrayP and push the element referenced.  UFN if the indexes are not IntegerPs or the pointer  is not a two dimensional  ArrayP.  This may UFN on certain difficult cases.

ARRAYSET1	TOS-2 is a one dimensional ArrayP and TOS -1 is an index.  Compute the offset of the indicated array in element untis perform the array reference and store TOS at the indicated array slot.  Pop  the index, ArrayP, & value from the stack; then push back the value stored.  UFN if the index is not IntegerP or the pointer  is not an ArrayP.  This may UFN on certain difficult cases.

ARRAYSET2	TOS-3 is a two dimensional ArrayP and TOS-2 & TOS-1 are indexs.  Compute the offset of the indicated array in element untis perform the array reference and store TOS at the indicated array slot. Pop  the indexes, ArrayP, & value from the stack; then push back the value stored.  UFN if the indexes are not IntegerPs or the pointer  is not an ArrayP.  This may UFN on certain difficult cases.


 	Special Purpose Instructions:

SETPFLAGS.N	Set the internal processor flags where 1 bits are in N.

CLRPFLAGS.N	Clear the internal processor flags where 1 bits are in N .

TESTPFLAGS.N	Test the internal processor flag where 1 bits are in N.

SETFLAGS.N	Set the frame flags (Multiple values, catch frame, etc) where 1 bits are in N.

CLRFLAGS.N	Clear the frame flags where 1 bits are in N .

TESTFLAGS.N	Test the frame flag where 1 bits are in N.

IREGX	Get Internal register X of the processor.  This pushes the internal register (0-63), indicated by the alpha byte, of the "global" stack frame onto the current frame's stack..

IREGX_^	Set Internal register X of the processor.  This stores TOS into the internal register (0-63), indicated by the alpha byte, of the "global" stack frame.	
	
WRITEOCT NIL.N	Fill the 8 cells in the current stack frame beginning at N (where N must have bits 2 1 0 all 0)  with NIL.

WRITEOCTUNBOUND.N
	Fill the 8 cells in the current stack frame beginning at N (where N must have bits 2 1 0 all 0)  with the constant Unbound.	
	
GETHIBYTE	Return the 5th byte of the item at TOS as an IntegerP at TOS.

SETHIBYTE	Set the 5th byte of the item at TOS-1 to the integer value at TOS.  UFN if TOS  is not an IntegerP.  Pop TOS  operand off the stack.

- X -  /  RAID 	On byte opcode which always Ufns.  Can be used for RAID if we wish, or may want another opcode for RAID.

CONDSTORE	Conditional Store.  Store  the data at TOS  into the memory location referenced by TOS-2, only if the current value in the memory location is EQ to  the data at TOS-1.  Always returns the data found in the referenced  memory location. 

CLRTLB	Clear the internal  virtual memory TLB cache.


 	Other Pending Opcodes:

NARGS	Returns the # arguments (0-7) which were passed to this function.

NTHARG	Returns the nth  argument which was passed to this function.  N is retrieved from TOS.  This includes arguments which may reside in the  argument overflow  area.

JUMPINX	Jump to the PC contained in the  table at IBufData (the 4 alpha bytes) plus the index at (TOS-1).   TOS contains the maximum index allowed.

	or how about:

	Jump to the PC contained at TOS.  Then GETBASE / ADDBASE etc could be used to do the indexing.

CREATECELL	How should this work?

CONTEXTSWITCH	Switch to the context indicated by the operand.  This needs work.

FINDKEY.N	Search through the argument list starting at the nth argument, looking for the key indicated by TOS.  Returns NIL if the item is not found, or the argument number of the if the argument is found.

RESTLIST.N	Create a list of the arguments starting at the  nth argument.  TOS-1 is a list to cons in front of, and TOS  is  the last argument number to cons.  TOS and TOS-1 are  popped and  the constructed list is pushed onto the stack.  This may UFN under certain conditions.
 
SLOTACCESS.N	Access slot N in the object pointed to by TOS.  (This must go throuth the permutation vector & call a Ufn if the PV  is not present or current).

BLT	Move TOS words from the cell(s) pointed to by TOS-2 to the cell(s)  pointed to by TOS-1.  This opcode must  re-startable & interruptable.

LINKFN (0-7)	Call a function with 0-7 arguments.  This is a linked funcion call, in which the 4 byte object in the code stream is the starting Pc for this function call (implies # arguments taken account of).  It implies that the definition for the function cannot be changed (at least a change cannot be seen by any of the linked callers) unless someone keeps track of the linked calls.  It may be possible to optionally have a SymbolP in the code stream and have the opcode replace the SymbolP with the Pc on the first call.  Its use would be to provide a faster function call (could save 3 out of 8 cycles), or a non-changeable sysout (have all sysout funcion calls be linked).  Anyone think this would be usefull.


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