Page Numbers: Yes First Page: 1 Not-on-first-page Heading:qjk40(635) Richard Fikes PARC-CIS Rochester Bluebonnet Talk, February 9, 1983y36e12q(0,6592)(1,11461) The Bluebonnet Expert Help Systeme24ck80(635)\f9b 8 An exploration of techniques for helping the user of a copiere42jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Based on analysis of naive users by Suchman and Hendersone30jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Bluebonnet demonstrates capabilities based on AIe30jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 AI programming techniques provide flexibility and portabilitye30jk80\f3 1f5 1b The Copier As a Copying Experte24ck80\f9b 8 Obtain description of task from usery205e42jk40\f3 1f5 1b 8 Decide how to do the taske30jk40\f3 1f5 1b 8 Direct the performance of the taske30jk40\f3 1f5 1b Describing the Taske24ck80\f9b 8 The 8200 panel is deficient in that it:e42jk80\f3 1f5 1b 9 Requires knowledge of the copier,l4269e24jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 Provide no help for deciding on an input processor,l4269e24jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 Asks confusing questions when original is bound.l4269e24jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 8 Only ask the user to describe the original and the desired copies.e42jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Display only questions relevant to the particular task.e42jk80\f3 1f5 1b (Demo Scenario)e24jk80\f5b Default answerse12jk40 User can answer in any order and change any answerse12jk40 Frees user from mechanical details of copiere12jk40 Asks only meaningful questionse12jk40 Describing the Taske24ck80\f9b 8 Only ask the user to describe the original and the desired copies.e42jk80\f3 1f5 67b 8 Display only questions relevant to the particular task.e42jk80\f3 1f5 56b 8 Help user decide what he wants.e42jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Task descriptions evolve because of unknown:e42jk80\f3 1f5 1b 9 Functionality (e.g., stapling)l5539d4269e18(1270)\f3 1f5b 9 Costs (e.g., two-sided copies)l5539d4269e12\f3 1f5b 9 Restrictions (e.g., uncollated two-sided copies)l5539d4269e12\f3 1f5b (Demo Scenario)e24jk80(635)\f5b Topicse24ck80\f9b 8 Obtain description of task from userl7456e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b We Are Here => 8 Decide how to do the taske30jk80\f8 12f5b4f3B1f5 1b 8 Direct the performance of the taskl7456e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b Basic Procedurese24ck80\f9b 8 1-sided copies from 1-sided RDHable originalse24jk80\f3 1f5 1b 9 Load RDH.l4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 If copies on nonstandard paper, then load top paper trayl4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 Press Startl4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 Unload output trayl4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 If copies on nonstandard paper, then unload top paper trayl4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 Unload RDHl4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 8 Uncollated unstapled 1-sided copies using the BDAe24jk40\f3 1f5 1b 9 If copies on nonstandard paper, then load top paper trayl4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 Open the RDH.l4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 (L1) Place original on glass and close cover.l4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 Press Startl4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 Open cover and remove original.l4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 If finished, close RDH, else go to L1.l4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 If copies on nonstandard paper, then unload top paper trayl4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 9 Unload output tray.l4269e6jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b 8 2-sided copies from 1-sided RDHable originalse24jk40\f3 1f5 1b (two passes using the 8200's built-in procedure)l4269e6jk40\f5b 8 2-sided copies from 2-sided RDHable originalse24jk40\f3 1f5 1b (two passes using the 8200's built-in procedure)l4269e6jk40\f5b 8 Unstapled uncollated 1-sided copies from 2-sided RDHable originalsl3648d2999e24jk40\f3 1f5 1b (two passes followed by a merge by hand)l4269e6jk40\f5b Composite Procedurese24ck80\f9b 8 Either collated or stapled or 2-sided copies from a bound originale42jk80\f3 1f5 1b 9 [Make one 1-sided copy on standard paper from the bound original]l3634e18jk40\f3 1f5b 9 [Make the desired copies using the copy from the first step as an original]l4256d3634e18jk40\f3 1f5b 8 Multiple or stapled 1-sided collated copies from 2-sided RDHable originalse42jk80\f3 1f5 1b 9 [Make one 1-sided copy on standard paper from the 2-sided RDHable originals]l4256d3634e18jk40\f3 1f5b 9 [Make the desired collated 1-sided copies using the copy from the first step as an original]l4256d3634e18jk40\f3 1f5b 8 Copies from originals too thick for the RDH, but otherwise RDHablee42jk80\f3 1f5 1b 9 Divide the original into sections of less than 50 pages each.l3634e18jk40\f3 1f5b 9 For each section:l3634e18jk40\f3 1f5b o [Make the desired copies of the section]l4269e18jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b o Unload the output tray.l4269e18jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b o Append the copies to the copies of the earlier sections.l4269e18jk40\f3 1f0 1f5b Generator for 1-to-1 Using the RDHe24ck80\f9b 8 Enabling conditionse42jk80\f3 1f5 1b #OfCopies > 0 AND #OfOriginalImages > 0 AND InputProcessor = 'RDH' AND OriginalTooThick = 'No' AND TwoSidedOriginals = 'No' AND TwoSidedCopies = 'No' AND (Staple = 'No' OR Collate = 'Yes') AND (Staple = 'No' OR CopiesTooThickToStaple = 'No')l3840d2999e24jk40(0,3840)(1,65535)\f5b 8 Parameterse42jk80(635)\f3 1f5 1b Collate CopyBrightness CopiesOnStandardPaper NumberOfCopies Reduction Staplel4896d4269e24jk80\f5b Constraints Used To Derive New Valuese24ck80\f9b 8 Input Processorl3840d2999e18k40\f3 1f5 1b (OriginalsBound = 'Yes' AND Unbindable = 'No') IMPLIES InputProcessor = 'BDA'.l3840d2999e24jk40\f5b47f0B2f5b i.e., use the BDA for originals that are bound and not unbindable.l3634e18jk40\f5b [OriginalsPaperTooFragileOrThick = 'No' AND OriginalsTooLarge = 'No' AND OriginalsTooSmall = 'No' AND (OriginalsBound = 'No' OR Unbindable = 'Yes')] IMPLIES InputProcessor = 'RDH'.l3840d2999e36jk40\f5b i.e., use the RDH for unbound or unbindable originals that are not too fragile, too thick, too large, or too small.l3634e18jk40\f5b [(OriginalsBound = 'No' OR Unbindable = 'Yes') AND (OriginalsTooSmall = 'Yes' OR OriginalsTooLarge = 'Yes' OR OriginalsPaperTooFragileOrThick = 'Yes')] IMPLIES InputProcessor = 'Glass'.l3840d2999e36jk40\f5b80f0B2f5b i.e., use the glass for unbound or unbindable originals that are either too small, too large, too fragile, or too thick for the RDH.l3634e18jk40\f5b OriginalsStandardSize = 'Yes' IMPLIES (OriginalsTooSmall = 'No' AND OriginalsTooLarge = 'No').l3840d2999e30jk40\f5b i.e., standard size originals are not too small nor too large for the RDH.l3634e18jk40\f5b OriginalsOnStandardPaper = 'Yes IMPLIES OriginalsPaperTooFragileOrThick = 'No'.l3840d2999e30jk40\f5b31f0B2f5b (i.e., originals on standard paper are not too fragile nor too thick for the RDH.l3634e18jk40\f5b Constraints Used To Derive New Values (continued)e24ck80\f9b37f5 12f9 8 Original Too Thick for RDH and Copies Too Thick To Staplel3840d2999e18k40\f3 1f5 1b IF #OfCopySheets > 35 THEN CopiesTooThickToStaple = 'Yes' ELSE CopiesTooThickToStaple = 'No'.l3840d2999e36jk40\f5b (i.e., copies having more than 35 sheets are too thick for the 8200 stapler.l3634e18jk40\f5b IF (#OfOriginalImages > 50 AND TwoSidedOriginals = 'No') OR (#OfOriginalImages > 100 AND TwoSidedOriginals = 'Yes') THEN OriginalTooThick = 'Yes' ELSE OriginalTooThick = 'No'.l3840d2999e36jk40\f5b (i.e., originals having more than 50 sheets are too thick for the RDH.l3634e18jk40\f5b TwoSidedCopies = 'No' IMPLIES #OfCopySheets = #OfOriginalImages.l3840d2999e36jk40\f5b21f0B2f5b i.e., the number of sheets in a 1-sided copy is the number of images copied.l3634e18jk40\f5b TwoSidedCopies = 'Yes' IMPLIES #OfCopySheets = (#OfOriginalImages / 2).l3840d2999e36jk40\f5b22f0B2f5b i.e., the number of sheets in a 2-sided copy is 1/2 the number of images copied.l3634e18jk40\f5b Help Units For Tasks Without Procedurese24ck80\f9b 8 Collate = 'No' AND Staple = 'No'.l3840d2999e18jk40\f3 1f0 2f5b Comment: The 8200 cannot staple uncollated copies. It can make unstapled copies, which you can then staple.l5110d4269e12jk40\f5ub7U Action: Change Staple to 'No'.l5110d4269e12jk40\f5ub6U25f0B 8 TwoSidedCopies = 'Yes' AND Collate = 'No'.l3840d2999e24jk40\f3 1f0 2f5b Comment: The 8200 cannot make uncollated two-sided copies. It can make collated copies, which you can then uncollate.)l5110d4269e12jk40\f5ub7U Action: Change Collate to 'Yes'.l5110d4269e12jk40\f5ub6U27f0B 8 Staple = 'Yes' AND CopiesTooThickToStaple = 'Yes'.l3840d2999e24jk40\f3 1f0 2f5b52f0B Comment: Your copies will be too thick for the 8200 to staple. It can make unstapled copies, which you can then staple.l5110d4269e12jk40\f5ub7f0U3f5 111f0B Action: Change Staple to 'No'.l5110d4269e12jk40\f5ub6f0U1B2f5b22f0B 8 OriginalTooThick = 'Yes' AND InputProcessor = 'RDH' AND Staple = 'Yes'.l3840d2999e24jk40\f3 1f0 2f5b77f0B Comment: The 8200 cannot staple copies of an original that is too thick for the RDH. It can make unstapled copies, which you can then staple.l4269e18jk40\f5ub7f0U3f5 133f0B Action: Change Staple to 'No'.l5110d4269e12jk40\f5ub6f0U1B2f5b22f0B 8 ~(#OfCopies > 0).l3840d2999e24jk40\f3 1f0 2f5b17f0B Comment: Indicate number of copies desired.l4269e18jk40\f5ub7f0U3f5 34f0B Action: None.l5110d4269e12jk40\f5ub6f0U1B2f5b6f0B Topicse24ck80\f9b 8 Obtain description of task from userl7456e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Decide how to do the taskl7456e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b We Are Here => 8 Direct the performance of the taske30jk80\f8 12f5b4f3B1f5 1b (Demo Scenario)e18ck80\f9b 8 Remove the copy from the output tray and reverse the order of the pages.l4269d2999e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Use the copy just made as the original in the following steps.l4269d2999e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Place the paper on which the copies are to be made in the top paper tray.l4269d2999e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Place your originals in the RDH. first page on top.l4269d2999e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b (so that the RDH can automatically feed each sheet into the copier)l5539d4269e12jk80\f5b 8 Press the Start button.l4269d2999e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b (to make the 3 copies)l5539d4269e12jk80\f5b 8 Your copies are now being made. Each sheet of the original is being taken into the copier by the RDH, copied once, and returned. When all sheets have been returned, a copy will be stapled and put into the output tray. Each copy is made in the same manner.l3648d2999e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Remove your paper from the top paper tray.l4269d2999e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Remove your originals from the RDH.l4269d2999e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Remove the copies from the output tray.l4269d2999e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Thank you. Your job is completed.l3648d2999e30jk80\f3 1f5 1b Job Statee18ck80\f9b 8 Machine State (93 fields)l4269d2999e18jk80\f3 1f5 1b AddPaperl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b Copyl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b CopyModel5539d4269e6jk80\f5b DocumentInRDHl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b OffsettingCatchTrayl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b Outputl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b PaperTrayl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b RdhOpenl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b Readyl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b Reductionl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b ShadeOpenl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b Statel5539d4269e6jk80\f5b StatusCodeSeeInstructionsl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b .l5539d4269e6jk80\f5b .l5539d4269jk80\f5b .l5539d4269jk80\f5b 8 Plan Execution Statel4269d2999e18jk80\f3 1f5 1b FirstPageCopiedl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b CopiesMadel5539d4269e6jk80\f5b Pass1Donel5539d4269e6jk80\f5b PlanIntroducedl5539d4269e6jk80\f5b 1-Sided to 1-Sided on Nonstandard Papere18ck80\f9b Step 1: SetPanel.l4269d2999e12jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Step 2: TellUser "Place the paper ... in the top paper tray".l4896d2999e18jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Step 3: TellUser "Place originals in RDH".l4269d2999e18jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Step 4: MakeReady.l4269d2999e18jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Step 5: TellUser "Press Start". Requirements:l4269d2999e18jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Panel Set (if not, try Step 1) "Add Paper" light off (if not, try Step 2) DocumentInRDH (if not, try Step 3) Ready State (if not, try Step 4)l5539e6jk80\f5b Step 6: CompletePrintingStep. (sets CopiesMade) Requirements:e18jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Printing State (if not, try Step 5)l6809d5539e6jk80\f5b Step 7: TellUser "Remove paper from top paper tray".e18jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Step 8: Select BottomPaperTray. Requirements:e12jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b "Add Paper" light on (if not, try Step 7)l6809d5539e12jk80\f5b Step 9: TellUser "Remove originals from RDH".e18jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Step 10: TellUser "Remove copies from output tray".e18jk80\f5b7f0B2f5b Step 11: TellUser "Thank You. ... ". Requirements:e18jk80\f5b7f0B2f5b CopiesMade (if not, try Step 6) BottomPaperTray selected (if not, try Step 8) ~DocumentInRDH (if not, try Step 9) OffsettingCatchTrayEmpty (if not, try Step 10) Ready State (if not, try Step 4)l5539e6jk80\f5b Basic Procedure For Bound Originale18ck80\f9b Step 1: SetPanel.l4269d2999e12jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Step 2: TellUser "Pull BDA latch forward." "Raise the RDH."l4269d2999e12jk80\f5b Step 3: TellUser "Place first page of original face down on the glass, ..." "Slide document cover left over original ..." Requirements:l4896d2999e12jk80\f5b RdhOpen (if not, try Step 2)l6809d5539e6jk80\f5b Step 4: MakeReady.l4269d2999e12jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Step 5: TellUser "Press Start". Requirements:l4269d2999e12jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Panel Set (if not, try Step 1) ~ShadeOpen (if not, try Step 3) Ready State (if not, try Step 4)l5539jk80\f5b Step 6: CompletePrintingStep. (sets FirstPageCopied and CopiesMade) Requirements:l4896d2999e12jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Printing State (if not, try Step 5)l6809d5539e6jk80\f5b Step 7: TellUser "Press Start". Requirements:l4269d2999e12jk80\f5b Panel Set (if not, try Step 1)l5539jk80\f5b Ready State (if not, try Step 4)l5539jk80\f5b Step 8: CompletePrintingStep. (sets CopiesMade) Requirements:l4269d2999e12jk80\f5b6f0B2f5b Printing State (if not, try Step 7)l6809d5539jk80\f5b Step 9: TellUser "Slide document cover right." Requirements:l4269d2999e12jk80\f5b CopiesMade (if not, try Step 8)l6809d5539jk80\f5b Step 10: TellUser "Remove original from glass." "If more originals ... then place next ... on the glass. Slide document cover left ... . Otherwise, lower the RDH ..." (clears CopiesMade) Requirements:l4896d2999e12jk80\f5b ShadeOpen (if not, try step 9)l6809d5539e6jk80\f5b Step 11: TellUser "Remove the copies from the output tray."l4269d2999e12jk80\f5b Step 12: TellUser "Thank you ..." Requirements:l4269d2999e12jk80\f5b FirstPageCopied (if not, try step 6)l6809d5539jk80\f5b ~RdhOpen (if not, try step 10)l6809d5539jk80\f5b ~OffsettingCatchTray (if not, try step 11)l6809d5539jk80\f5b Ready State (if not, try step 4)l6809d5539jk80\f5b Summary of Bluebonnet's Behavioral Featuresz19297e24ck40(0,65535)\f9b 8 Frees user from mechanical details of copier.z19297l3634d2999e30k40(0,3648)\f3 1f5 1b e.g., asks "Copies on standard paper?" rather than "Top or bottom paper tray?".z19297l4904d4269e12k40(0,4904)\f5b79B 8 Asks only meaningful questions.z19297l3634d2999e36k40(0,3648)\f3 1f5 1b e.g., doesn't ask "Are originals 2-sided?" when the original is a bound document.z19297l4904d4269e12k40(0,4904)\f5b81B 8 Recognizes inconsistent job descriptions.z19297l3634d2999e36k40(0,3648)\f3 1f5 1b e.g., informs the user that the 8200 cannot make 2-sided uncollated copies.z19297l4904d4269e12k40(0,4904)\f5b75B 8 Determines the procedure for a given copy job.z19297l3634d2999e36k40(0,3648)\f3 1f5 1b e.g., use the BDA to make a master, then put the master in the RDH.z19297l4904d4269e12k40(0,4904)\f5b67B 8 Provides instructions for doing the job.z19297l3634d2999e36k40(0,3648)\f3 1f5 1b 9 Includes purpose of step.z19297l4904d4269e12k40(0,4904)\f3 1f5b 9 Describes what copier is doing.z19297l4904d4269e12k40\f3 1f5b 8 Monitors progress of job.z19297l3634d2999e36k40(0,3648)\f3 1f5 1b 9 Notices when steps have already been done.z19297l4904d4269e12k40(0,4904)\f3 1f5b 9 Requests steps to be redone when needed.z19297l4904d4269e12k40\f3 1f5b TITLEy720e36ck40(635)\f9b1Bi4f0I Overviewe24jk80\f5b Describe some ways of expanding a copier's capabilities to deal with user operability problems.e18jk80\b Demonstrate a prototype of these capabilities.e18jk80\b Indicate the AI programming techniques that provide experimental flexibility and portability.e18jk80\b System as a copying experte24jk80\f5b Obtains description of task from usere18jk80\b Decides how to do the task.e18jk80\b Directs the performance of the task.e18jk80\b Obtain description of copy jobe24jk80\f5b Describe originals and desired copies.e18jk80\b Not which paper tray or which input processor.e12jk80 Problem: what information is needed in the description?e18jk80\b Information needed to determine which procedure. Then parameters to procedure.e12jk40 Use determination of input processor as example. Show upper half of description panel. Show introduction of detailed questions, elimination of questions when bound.e18jk80\b Make the frequently occuring cases simple.e18jk80\b Ask only necessary questions.e18jk80\b Minimize work of user.e12jk40 Reduce confusion.e12jk40 Provide Advicee24jk80\f5b (one slide here reprising the points from above and introducing the main points here)e18jk80\b Main pont: task descriptions evolve. Unknown functionality (stapling), unknown costs (two-sided copies), unknown restrictions (uncollated two-sided copies).e18jk80\b User evolves a description of the task. Tennis shoe example.e18jk80\b Helps user decide what he wants by indicating cost tradeoffs of alternative jobs.e12jk40 Time Estimatese18jk80\b Help when task cannot be done.e18jk80\b Suggestion of task change to save time for multiple pass procedures.e18jk80\b Explanation of questions.e18jk80\b Determine a procedure.e24jk80\f5b Plan Generators with procedure builder, enabling conditions, parameters, time estimator, and advice giver.e18jk80\b Derivation Rulese18jk80\b Direct performance of procedure.e24jk80\f5b Make monitoring points about repeating and omitting steps.e12jk40 Flexibility and Portabilitye24jk80\f5b Procedure descriptions determine what questions to ask, what jobs are doable, what procedure to use.e18jk80\b "Help units" indicate when to apply them and what to do.e18jk80\b Derivation rules define relationships among job features.e18jk80\b Plan representation allows flexible monitoring without determining all possible situations after each step.e18jk80\b Summary Slidee24jk80\f5b Generator for BDA-No-Mastere24ck80\f9b 8 Enabling conditionse42jk80\f3 1f5 1b #OfCopies > 0 AND #OfOriginalImages > 0 AND (InputProcessor = 'BDA' OR InputProcessor = 'Glass') AND (NumberOfCopies = 1 OR Collate = 'No') AND TwoSidedCopies = 'No' AND Staple = 'No'l3840d2999e24jk40(0,3840)\f5b 8 Parameterse42jk80(635)\f3 1f5 1b CopyBrightness CopiesOnStandardPaper NumberOfCopies Reductionl4896d4269e24jk80\f5b 8 Procedure buildere42jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Time estimatore42jk80\f3 1f5 1b 8 Advice givere42jk80\f3 1f5 1b