Maxc OperationsBSYS Operation5315. BSYS OPERATIONThis section describes normal operating procedures for backup and archiving by means of BSYS.Further information on BSYS commands may be obtained from the document "BSYS - TenexBackup System" by Smokey Wallace, a copy of which is kept in the Maxc room book case.One should be aware of what procedures can and cannot be performed simultaneously. Only onedump of any kind (incremental or full dump, archiving, or backup to tape) can be in progress at atime. However, it is ok to perform archive retrieval (or retrieval of files from backup) at the sametime as a dump.15.1. Backup ProceduresA full dump of the file system is performed approximately once a month, and incremental dumpsevery weekday, onto disk packs mounted on auxiliary drives. At present, the backup packs consistof three sets of packs for full dumps and enough packs for incremental dumps to last about amonth. Successive full dumps alternate between the three sets of full dump packs, and theincremental dump packs are then recycled until they are all rewritten with data more recent thanthe last full dump, at which point it is necessary to perform another full dump. This procedureensures that (1) if the file system is wiped out, it will be possible to restore it to its state at the timeof the last incremental dump, and (2) if a user loses a file and notices its loss within one month, itwill be recoverable.Immediately following a full dump, the last set on which a full dump was performed will be rotatedwith the third set of full dump packs which are stored in Bldg. 37 (Ginn Building) archive area as afire safe set. This will provide protection in the event of disaster. There will always be two fulldump sets in the Maxc room (the most recent and the third most recent) and the second mostrecent will be the fire safe set.In addition to full and incremental dumps, a full backup to tapes is performed once every threemonths and the tapes stored in Building 34. This provides additional backup in case of acatastrophe such as a fire in the machine room.BSYS is organized around the use of tapes as the backup medium. Disk packs have been interfacedto BSYS at a very low level, with the result that most of BSYS still thinks it is dealing with tapes.The backup packs are laid out in a manner that allows several logical "tapes" to be stored on eachone. Every such "tape" has a "tape number" (just as with real tapes) whose format is "xxxyy",where xxx is the pack number and yy is the logical "tape" number (or "dump number") on thatpack. Hence, "Parc tape number 21402" means the second dump on pack number 214.When a full dump is performed, each pack contains a single logical "tape", since every pack exceptthe last is completely filled by its respective portion of the full dump. An incremental dump, onthe other hand, typically fills somewhat less than one pack. Hence it is possible to writeincremental dumps for several successive days onto a single pack. When a pack becomes full, thelast incremental dump will usually be split between the last logical "tape" on that pack and the first"tape" on the next pack. This is ok since each "tape" has its own directory and is completely self-contained. (However, the last incremental dump pack should not be allowed to overflow forobvious reasons.) fpi:qX Fp"`r ]KsA [+) YU VD5' TyA Re P J#rX Fs O D3. CL AR3' ?[ =M ;V :' [ 8] 4+7 3 d 1Ut s8 /; -t *Ns,3 (E &/ #G` !}>' E 9% R RP  W :( K< B Q K E V >]2BSYS OperationMaxc Operations54A record of usage of full and incremental dump packs is posted on the Maxc room bulletin board.It should be kept up to date.15.2.Incremental DumpsEvery working day, an incremental dump should be performed, preferably during periods of lightMaxc load (e.g. before 8 am or after 5 pm). The procedure is as follows.1.Consult the "Incremental Dumps" chart to determine the pack currently being used forincremental dumps. Mount that pack on any free drive. Wait for it to be on-line before startingBSYS.2.Login as someone with "wheel" or "operator" capabilities and execute the following procedure(user typein is underlined):@ENABLE password !CONNECT BSYS !BSYS TENEX BSYS 4.03 23-MAY-75*INCREMENTAL DUMP (CHANGED FILES) Dump since t&d? No Entire file system? Yes 3.You will now be asked to "Enter backup device (mtan:, dpkn:)". Here you should enterDPKn, where n is the unit number (drive A is unit 0, B is unit 1, ... H is unit 7). Then you will beasked for the pack number. When you supply this, BSYS will attempt a Tenex "Mount" of thepack. Assuming this is successful, one or more of the following things will happen:a)"Pack has no home block. Do you want to initialize the home block?" This should happenonly for a freshly-initialized pack, i.e. one that has not been used for backup before. Since all ourbackup packs have been used many times, you should not see this question.b)"Home block type is xxxxx. Do you want to initialize the home block?" The mounted packhas been used for some other purpose and should probably not be used as a backup pack. (This isespecially true if xxxxx is "TENEX"!)c)"n dumps already written on this pack", followed by a list of the dates and times of the dumps,followed by "Do you want to overwrite these dumps?" If you are appending to the pack that wasused in the previous day's incremental dump (i.e. the most recent date printed out is yesterday), youshould answer "No". If you are recycling a pack from the previous month (i.e. the dates printedare on the order of a month ago), you should answer "Yes".d)If the number of free pages on the pack is less than 2000 and you answered "No" to thequestion about overwriting existing dumps, BSYS will say "Insufficient room for more dumps" andwill ask you to mount another pack (on the same drive). The reason for this check is to ensure thatit will be possible to write the file DIRECTORY on the first logical "tape" of thisdump.)fqX ;pi  _sA ]K XrX UMs^ SI P26 NFH L{ I 2R G?C8CviCXBQA B@7Q?Q@7>m<[^RMaxc OperationsBSYS Operation554.BSYS will then ask "Listing to file:". We keep incremental dump listings on the BSYSdirectory in files named BSYS/mm-dd-yy.INC, where mm-dd-yy is today's date. So you shouldrespond with, for example, "BSYS/7-25-75.INC".5.Finally, BSYS will ask you to "Enter tape id:". You should respond with the same string asyou gave for the listing filename, e.g. "BSYS/7-25-75.INC".6.The dump should now proceed. BSYS prints a summary of files and pages dumped for eachdirectory (more detailed information is sent to the listing file).7.If the pack becomes full, BSYS will once again request you to "Enter backup device (dpkn:,mtan:)". You should dismount the pack, mount the next incremental dump pack, and repeat step 3above. In this case, you should always answer "Yes" to the question "Do you want to overwritethese dumps?" since you are recycling an old incremental dump pack. Be sure to update the charton the bulletin board.8.When the incremental dump is finished, BSYS will type an asterisk. The last step of the dailybackup procedure is to do an "Expunge" on all directories:*QUIT !DISCUSE SYSTEM TOTAL: 6679 PAGES LEFT, 129401 USED!EXPFILES [Long pause while expunges are done]!DISCUSE SYSTEM TOTAL: 9475 PAGES LEFT, 126705 USED!9.Tear off the listing and put it in the filing cabinet. (Fanfold to 8.5" x 11" for filing.)10.Occasionally you should delete obsolete incremental dump listing files, i.e., ones for dumps thathave been overwritten. This is most conveniently done using the program DELBSYSINC (on theBSYS directory). It requests a date and deletes all files of the form BSYS/mm-dd-yy.INC in whichmm-dd-yy is earlier than the date specified.15.3. Full DumpsThe full dump procedure takes 6 to 8 hours depending on load, so it is usually run during the day(unless you plan to be at Parc all night anyway).1.Consult the "Full Dumps" chart and select the least recently used set of full dump packs. Besure to update the chart. Mount the first pack on any free drive. Wait for it to be on-line beforestarting BSYS.2.Login as someone with "wheel" or "operator" capabilities and execute the following procedure(user typein is underlined): fpi:qX Fp _s2/& ]K1) [2 X2)2 VD? R2< QB M2D KB JD H6(8 Fk B2T A.:==er=X;Q; ; :'+8]Q8 8] 6$4Q4p 4 2+12 -28uF# *Ns2J (H &Q $, .r sF 1 23* 6.  x2R  g=[BSYS OperationMaxc Operations56@ENABLE password !CONNECT BSYS !BSYS TENEX BSYS 4.03 23-MAY-75*FULL DUMP (ENTIRE FILE SYSTEM) 3.You will now be asked to "Enter backup device (mtan:, dpkn:)". Here you should enterDPKn, where n is the unit number (drive A is unit 0, B is unit 1, ... H is unit 7). Then you will beasked for the pack number. When you supply this, BSYS will attempt a Tenex "Mount" of thepack. Assuming this is successful, one or more of the following things will happen:a)"Pack has no home block. Do you want to initialize the home block?" This should happenonly for a freshly-initialized pack, i.e. one that has not been used for backup before. Since all ourbackup packs have been used many times, you should not see this question.b)"Home block type is xxxxx. Do you want to initialize the home block?" The mounted packhas been used for some other purpose and should probably not be used as a backup pack. (This isespecially true if xxxxx is "TENEX"!)c)"n dumps already written on this pack", followed by a list of the dates and times of the dumps,followed by "Do you want to overwrite these dumps?" The dates printed out should beaproximately two months old. Since you are re-using a full dump pack, you should answer "Yes"to this question.4.BSYS will then ask "Listing to file:". We keep full dump listings on the BSYS directory infiles named BSYS/mm-dd-yy.FULL, where mm-dd-yy is today's date. So you should respond with,for example, "BSYS/7-25-75.FULL".5.Finally, BSYS will ask you to "Enter tape id:". You should respond with the same string asyou gave for the listing filename, e.g. "BSYS/7-25-75.FULL".6.The dump should now proceed. BSYS prints a summary of files and pages dumped for eachdirectory (more detailed information is sent to the listing file).7.When the pack becomes full, BSYS will once again request you to "Enter backup device(dpkn:, mtan:)". You should dismount the pack, mount the next full dump pack, and repeat step 3above.8.When the full dump is finished, BSYS will type an asterisk. The last step of the monthlybackup procedure is to do an "Expunge" on all directories:*QUIT !DISCUSE SYSTEM TOTAL: 6679 PAGES LEFT, 129401 USED!EXPFILES [Long pause while expunges are done]!DISCUSE SYSTEM TOTAL: 9475 PAGES LEFT, 126705 USED!)fqX ;pi _s8^i_X]KQ\ ]K[Q[)Q[YWWW0W~W Ty25 RE P M OT K2J I:, HI D2"6 B8( A % =2'8 ;T :'7 89 42X 29# 12% -2)2 +@ (2< &B #G2** !})7  @21( u:rX9Q 9 n+QM  $Q   D+ y  2=]RMaxc OperationsBSYS Operation579.Tear off the listing and put it in the filing cabinet. (Fanfold to 8.5" x 11" for filing.)10.Delete the listing file for the full dump that has just been overwritten.15.4. Full Backup to TapeThe procedure for backup to tape, performed quarterly, is identical to the full dump procedure withthe following exceptions:1.The first command issued to BSYS should be "BACKUP" rather than "FULL".2.The answer to "Enter backup device (mtan:, dpkn:)" should be MTS:MAGGIE.n, where n isthe tape unit on which the backup tape is mounted.3.The listing file should be BSYS/mm-dd-yy.BACKUP. After completion of the dump, this fileshould be printed in a small font (Gacha6R90) and then deleted.15.5. Continuing Interrupted DumpsBSYS records its state at the beginning of each logical "tape". If Maxc crashes in the middle of adump, this information may be used to restart the dump at the appropriate point. The procedure isas follows:1.Do not change packs or tapes, even if the dump began on a pack or tape different from the onecurrently mounted. (Exception: If BSYS already asked for a new tape or pack before the crashoccurred, change tapes or packs first.)2.Start BSYS and issue the "Continue Dump" command. Your responses to the questions "Enterbackup device" and the ones that follow should be the same as the answers you most recently gaveto the same questions.3.BSYS will print "Restarting at user xxxxx" and resume the dump (incremental, full, or backup).15.6. Restoring Files from BackupIndividual files may be restored from backup packs by the following procedure.1.Determine where the file was written, by poking around in the listing files (.FULL and .INC).When you have located in the listing file the name of the file to be restored, go up to the top of thepage to find the "Parc tape number", which will be in the form xxxyy, where xxx is the packnumber and yy the dump number as previously explained.2.Mount the pack so determined on an auxiliary drive. fpi:qX Fp _s28uF# [s2XI Tr QqsR O L52XG H2*tsts F2 C2I A? :rX# 7s W 5%< 3 02tsG .(6 ,' ){2E '.t s % "s2#; rX" AsN 2] $B :T o6 2X3 >\UBSYS OperationMaxc Operations583.Go through the following dialogue (xxx and yy are the numbers determined above):@ENABLE password !BSYS TENEX-BSYS 4.03 25-MAY-75*RESTORE FILES (FROM TAPE) Enter backup device (mtan:, dpkn:) DPKn Mount pack number: xxx Pack xxx mountedn dumps already written on this pack[Listing of dump numbers and dates]nnn free pagesEnter dump # yy Listing to file: TTY: Mounting tape directory4.BSYS will now prompt you with "Restore DPKn:", to which you should respond with the fullfilename to be restored (including directory). Editing and recognition may be used and "*" mayappear in any field; however, BSYS's filename logic is not as good as Tenex's, and you should becareful to specify a complete filename (including version) before hitting carriage return.5.After restoring the specified file(s), BSYS will again prompt with "Restore DPKn:", and furtherfiles in the same dump on the same pack may be restored. When you have no more files torestore, hit Delete.15.7. Restoring the Entire File SystemThis is the procedure to be followed if the file system has been wiped out and it is necessary torestore it from backup.1.Load Tenex using Micro-Exec, go into EDDT, set DBUGSW to 2, and start the system atSYSLOD. To the question "Do you really want to clobber the disc by re-initializing?" answer "Y".After some amount of churning and various error messages ("No SYSJOB", "No EXEC", etc.) youwill end up in the Mini-Exec.2.A copy of BSYS is kept on Save Area 4, so to load and start it:.Load program from area 4..Start.TENEX-BSYS 4.03 25-MAY-75*3.Consult the summary from the most recent incremental dump to determine the logical "tape"on which that dump started. This is in the form xxxyy, where xxx is the pack number and yy thedump number on that pack. Mount the pack. Note that this might not be the current incrementaldump pack. (If there have been no incremental dumps since the most recent full dump, then justmount the first pack of that full dump.))fqX ;pi  _s2XP[8[Mi[YQYQYXVDUVD,U~VDTy$)T"TyR RXRPO$MO#K I Ic6IG{G%GF$ B2X @ Q ?C =SZ 92W 8O 6K /rX' ,sQ *N &2$/ %\ #GW !}  2X?/B"B/wwW9 2F T 26t) gsts= ts U>]LMaxc OperationsBSYS Operation594.Go through the following dialogue:*RESTORE FILES (FROM TAPE) Enter backup device (mtan:, dpkn:) DPKn Mount pack number: xxx Pack xxx mountedn dumps already written on this pack[Listing of dump numbers and dates]nnn free pagesEnter dump # yy Listing to file: NIL: Mounting tape directoryRestore DPKn: <*>*.*;* Create users? Yes Creating users...Bypass restore checks? No 5.BSYS first obtains a copy of the DIRECTORY that was written in this dump. Thisdirectory is used to control what files get restored from this and all other backup packs, and is alsoused to restore the correct file attributes. This is why it is important that the first dump restored bethe first logical "tape" of the most recent incremental dump.6.BSYS now restores all appropriate files from the dump, then asks "More tapes?" to which youshould answer "Y". You should now specify the previous dump on the same pack, or the lastdump on the previous pack. You must restore all the dumps on each of the most recent full dumppacks and on each of the incremental dump packs more recent than the last full dump. It isessential that the incremental dumps be restored in reverse chronological order, and that allincremental dumps be restored before any full dump.7.When all files have been restored, answer "N" to "More tapes?"; then give the "Quit"command to exit BSYS and the Mini-Exec "Halt Tenex" command to stop the system. Now reloadand start Tenex in the normal fashion.BSYS also has a "RELOAD DIRECTORIES" command that may be used to restore the entirecontents of one or more user directories from backup, but less than the entire system. You shouldstart by reloading the first pack of the most recent incremental dump, just as for the full restore.15.8. Archive ProceduresWhen users request that files be archived, the files are simply marked for archiving. Twice a week(generally on Monday and Thursday), BSYS is run to archive these files onto two different tapesand then delete the files from disk (if appropriate). At any given moment, there are two "current"archive tapes. Files from successive weeks are appended onto these tapes until they become full.The tapes then have their write rings removed and are kept "forever", and new tapes are used forfurther requests. fpi:qX Fp _s2"[[M[,[M~[Y$)YYX WXVDTy$R#P O N6OMO{LMOKI ZIcI G GGuG~GF$DZ!VD"DZ#D~DZ @27 ?>( =SI ;= 82S 6KQ 4 t s% 2I 0ts? /!3 +26 )C (& $@ "b !d RrX sC /0 KE 8) E  >ZgOBSYS OperationMaxc Operations60The effect of archiving a file twice is obtained by simply running the archive system twice, oncewith the first "current" tape mounted and once with the second. Generally, both tapes will end upcontaining the same information. However, occasionally a user will make a new request betweenthe first archive run and the second. In this case, the file gets archived for the first time on thesecond tape and for the second time on the first tape next week. Hence the archive tapes may notbe simply copies of each other.When a user requests that an archived file be retrieved, the retrieval request is recorded in twoplaces. File RETRIEVE-REQUESTS.TXT is a human-readable text file containing allrelevant information (filename, tape numbers, requesting user, etc.) This file is deleted once aweek. File RETRIEVE-REQUESTS.BINARY contains the same information in a formreadable by BSYS. Every working day, BSYS is run to process accumulated retrieval requests andrestore archived files from tape to disk.15.9. Organization of the Archive TapesThe archive tapes are consecutively numbered starting at 700.1 First and second archive tapes arepaired. Each tape is labelled with an identifier such as "BSYS/7-21-75.ARC/1" or "BSYS/7-21-75.ARC/2", where the date specified is the starting date for that tape, and the trailing digitdistinguishes the first archive tape from the second. When an archive tape is full, the date onwhich it became full is also written on the label, and the write ring is removed. (Actually, weusually do this before the tape has become completely full so as to avoid having archive runs splitacross two tapes. However, no harm arises if this occurs.)The tape is also marked with the tape unit on which it was written. When possible, files should beappended to a tape using the same drive on which the tape was first written, and first and secondarchive tapes should be written on different drives.The archive tapes are located in tape cabinets situated in the Maxc control room. Primary tapes arein the cabinets on the east wall and backup tapes are in the cabinets on the west wall.15.10. Archiving Files to TapeTwice a week (preferably Monday and Thursday), the following procedure should be followed to write filesonto the archive tapes. User typein is underlined.1.If the newest "first archive" tape (marked ".ARC/1") is not full (i.e. has no ending date), makesure there is a write ring in it and mount it on the drive noted on the label. If it is full, mount thefirst unused tape on unit 0 (if possible).2.Login as yourself (assuming you are a wheel or operator; otherwise login as SYSTEM) and gothrough this dialogue:------------------------------1Tape number 999 was used on 6-28-79. At this point old tapes were scrounged up and the sequential numberingsystem went to pot. Tapes numbered 671 through 687 cover the period 6-28-79 to 8-28-79. Tapes numbered 039through 540 cover the period 9-2-79 to 6-26-80. At this point new tapes were purchased and put into use. They arenumbered from 1001 and continue consecutively.)fqX ;pi  _sN ]J \ P ZCP Xx#> V S<-4 Qq.* OB M9 L*5 JG) E-rX( As=BIvAs$ ?] >&G <\` :2. 8=& 6; 3Y 1Z /4 ,d *W %rX "-s us5 b3 27) &:. [* 2S  v L39 D( 3@ . * =]L(Maxc OperationsBSYS Operation61@ENABLE password !BSYS TENEX BSYS 4.03 23-MAY-75*ARCHIVE (USER FILES) Archival period (days) = 999999 Listing only? No Listing to file: LPT: Entire file system? Yes List for users? Yes Preface with special message? No Enter backup device (mtan:, dpkn:) MTS:MAGGIE.n where n is unit no.Density (n=800, p=1600): P3.BSYS will now ask "New tape?". If you have mounted a new tape, answer "Yes"; BSYS willthen ask you to supply the tape number. Otherwise, answer "No"; BSYS will ask you to verifythat there is a write ring in the mounted tape.4.BSYS will now space to the end of the used portion of the tape (if any) and start writing newfiles.5.If the tape becomes full, BSYS will rewind it and again ask "Enter backup device (mtan:,dpkn:)". You should label the tape as full, remove its write ring, and put it away. Then mount thefirst unused tape (NOT the "second" archive tape) on the same drive, and go through thisprocedure:Enter backup device (mtan:, dpkn:) MTS:MAGGIE.n where n is unit no.Density (n=800, p=1600): PNew tape? Yes Really?? Yes Parc tape number: nnnn Be sure to label the new tape properly.6.When the archive run is finished, BSYS will report the number of files and pages archived.Dismount the archive tape and put it away.7.Repeat the entire procedure (steps 2-6) to write the "second" archive tape, using the tapemarked ".ARC/2" if you append to an existing tape, and using tape unit 3 if possible. If thesecond archive tape becomes full and you get to step 5, be careful to use another new tape tocontinue archiving on. That is, don't append to the new archive tape written on during the firstarchive.8.If either archive tape is almost full (less than 1/2 inch of unused tape thickness on the reel),mark both tapes as full and remove their write rings before putting them away.9.Go to the Clover room, collect the two listings, and store them in the tape cabinet. At the end ofeach month bind the listings into a book using the Cheshire 750 Binder. fpi:qX Fp_s8^i_]KQ\Q]K[YY_0Y( Y_~YW#WW V! U"V!U~V!TV{STVRR4R!wR4~RPZPjPPj~PN%vN"N'N~NM,$)L M, 3lLM,t4*LM,s=Sts Ka$NK Ka G29 F$> DZ/ @2G ? ;2*. 9#A 8ts 6K 2X$)2 2 3l22t4*22s=Sts 1$N01/D ./D:.~/D-z-#-z-#~-z++X+ (=' $2@ #* 2? K :ts /O d 2G (N 2Xc G >ZgBSYS OperationMaxc Operations62Normally, we archive only those files specifically marked by users for archiving. However, it isoccasionally necessary to perform "forced" archiving of all files not referenced within the last n days(n is generally 90). The procedure for forced archiving is identical to the normal archivingprocedure with the following exceptions:1.The reply to "Archival period (days) =" should be 90 (or whatever interval is being used)rather than 999999.2.The reply to "Preface with special message?" should be "Yes". BSYS will then give control toSNDMSG, to which you should type an appropriate explanatory message, such as "This archiveincludes all files not referenced in the past 90 days. New users will find useful informationpertaining to how the archive system works by reading the file [Maxc]Archive-System.Doc.",followed by control-Z.CAUTIONIf the system crashes during Archive, restart Tenex and type ContinueDump to Bsys. If the crash occurred while writing a tape and thedirectory has not been written, then remount that tape to continue thedump. If it has written the Archive Directory and was waiting for anew tape to be mounted then mount the new tape and the continuationwill be correct.15.11. Retrieving Files from TapeThe following procedure should be executed once every working day to retrieve files from thearchive tapes.1.Login as yourself (assuming you are a wheel or operator; otherwise login as SYSTEM) and gothrough this dialogue:@ENABLE password !BSYS TENEX BSYS 4.03 23-MAY-75*RETRIEVE (ARCHIVED FILES) Process retrieval requests for all users? Yes 2.BSYS now sorts through all pending retrieval requests and tells you which tapes to mount:Mount Parc tape number nnnEnter backup device (mtan:, dpkn:) MTS:MAGGIE.n where n is unit no.Density (n=800, p=1600) P[Following question asked only the first time]Listing to file: TTY: 3.BSYS automatically restores all requested files from the mounted tapes, and automaticallynotifies users via SNDMSG. When BSYS is done, it prints an asterisk.)fqX ;pi  _s U ]KKts [ts[ Y( VD21( Ty Q2T O= P Mr^ K*5 I FFkrs)D:B5A 4?A!"=v 6rX" 3CsS 1y .2S ,<(8(si(X'Q&Q'%5#j##j,#~#j!**!I!-!I~! .2Y$)  3lt4*s=Sts '#'\.{:%  2: UE =YPMaxc OperationsBSYS Operation63If anything goes wrong during the retrieval process, it is possible to retrieve files from the secondarchive tape. You may first have to issue an Interrogate command for the files that were notretrieved from the first tape. Then run BSYS Retrieve in the normal way, but when it asks you tomount the first archive tape, mount the second one instead. BSYS will tell you that you mountedthe wrong tape, but will go ahead anyway, if you tell it to. (Second archive tapes not found in tapecabinets are stored in boxes in the Maxc machine room behind Maxc1 disk drives.) fpi:qX Fp _sO ]KT [U YI W?t V!OsX U=1F TIMESROMAN  TIMESROMAN  TIMESROMAN  TIMESROMAN  TIMESROMAN  TIMESROMAN TIMESROMAN #)0 9<@GJj/M KMaxcOps15.BravoRWeaverOctober 21, 1981 10:21 AM