%!PS-Adobe-1.0
%%Title: music.mss
%%DocumentFonts: (atend)
%%Creator: Glenn Reid and Scribe 5(1501)
%%CreationDate: 30 January 1987 09:13
%%Pages: (atend)
%%EndComments
% PostScript Prelude for Scribe.
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%%EndProlog
%%Page: 1 1 
BS
0 SI
15 /Palatino-BoldItalic AF
24752 8289 MT
(Sonata)SH
/Palatino-Bold SF
29882 XM
(Technical Design)SH
28796 10248 MT
(Specification)SH
10 /Palatino-Italic AF
25754 12647 MT
(last revised: Fri Jan 30 09:14:01 1987)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
12600 14385 MT
(The)SH
/Palatino-Italic SF
14709 XM
(Sonata)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
17921 XM
(music notation font, developed by)
184 W( Cleo Huggins at Adobe Systems, has been)183 W
12600 15582 MT
(carefully designed to be easy for a P)115 W
8 SS 
(OST)SH
10 SS 
(S)SH
8 SS 
(CRIPT)SH
10 SS 
34113 XM
(developer to work with.  Many of the deci-)116 W
12600 16779 MT
(sions on the sizes and orientations of the glyphs were made specifically)
268 W( with software)267 W
12600 17976 MT
(developers in mind.)
115 W( This)
482 W( document will outline some of the important aspects of the font)116 W
12600 19173 MT
(that will influence its setting in various environments.  Please refer to encoding sheets)
107 W( and)106 W
12600 20370 MT
(actual font characters for further enlightenment.)SH
12 /Palatino-Bold AF
12600 22606 MT
(Character widths)SH
10 /Palatino-Roman AF
12600 24116 MT
(Character widths in ordinary)
86 W( text fonts primarily govern the inter-letter spacing of the text.)87 W
12600 25313 MT
(The width of a)
271 W( character includes the "white space" on each side of the character \050the)270 W
12600 26510 MT
(sidebearings\051, and in P)29 W
8 SS 
(OST)SH
10 SS 
(S)SH
8 SS 
(CRIPT)SH
10 SS 
(, the)
29 W( character width determines)30 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
41899 XM
(where the current point is left)30 W
/Palatino-Roman SF
12600 27707 MT
(after printing that character.  When printing music, rarely are characters placed)
170 W( one after)169 W
12600 28904 MT
(anothere on a line, as is Roman text.)
272 W( In)
795 W( the P)273 W
8 SS 
(OST)SH
10 SS 
(S)SH
8 SS 
(CRIPT)SH
10 SS 
40329 XM
(environment in which)273 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
51222 XM
(Sonata)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
12600 30101 MT
(operates, the character widths are used solely to control the location of the current)
15 W( point after)14 W
12600 31298 MT
(printing that character.  For)
176 W( many of the)177 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
31981 XM
(Sonata)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
35186 XM
(character set, the width of the symbol is)177 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
12600 32495 MT
(exactly the left-to-right width of the symbol itself.)195 W
/Palatino-Roman SF
34296 XM
(In other words, most characters have zero)195 W
12600 33692 MT
(sidebearings. There)
580 W( are several deviations from this.  In situations where the subsequent)166 W
12600 34889 MT
(location has some importance, the character width of a symbol)
32 W( is designed to meet the needs)31 W
12600 36086 MT
(of setting that symbol.  For instance, the flag and stem characters are normally used in)225 W
12600 37283 MT
(conjunction with other symbols)
210 W( \050such as notes or noteheads\051, and the registration of the)209 W
12600 38480 MT
(symbols is extremely important.  Therefore, the)178 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
35050 XM
(widths)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
38203 XM
(of these characters)
178 W( are zero in the)179 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
12600 39677 MT
(Sonata)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
15652 XM
(font, so that the current point will not move when)
24 W( the next symbol is set "on top" of it.)23 W
12600 40874 MT
(See the discussion of composite symbols later)
196 W( in this document for a more thorough ex-)197 W
12600 42071 MT
(amination of this.)SH
12 /Palatino-Bold AF
12600 44307 MT
("Origins," or reference points)SH
10 /Palatino-Roman AF
12600 45817 MT
(Each glyph in a P)232 W
8 SS 
(OST)SH
10 SS 
(S)SH
8 SS 
(CRIPT)SH
10 SS 
26122 XM
(font has an)
232 W( "origin", or the reference point from which the)231 W
12600 47014 MT
(character is painted.  In the typical sequence of moving to a particular location)
19 W( on a page and)20 W
12600 48211 MT
(printing a font symbol, the point that was originally the "current point" becomes the origin of)16 W
12600 49408 MT
(the character)
49 W( as it is painted.  The origins of the characters in the)50 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
41945 XM
(Sonata)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
45023 XM
(font are designed to)50 W
12600 50605 MT
(minimize the effects of round-off when placing)
45 W( symbols.  Characters that are normally set in)44 W
12600 51802 MT
(close registration with one another are designed to require minimal repositioning to)
2 W( set them.)3 W
12600 52999 MT
(For instance, any symbol \050or)
151 W( note\051 that is normally set on the staff has its origin centered)150 W
12600 54196 MT
(about its horizontal axis.  To)
144 W( set most symbols on a staff line, one need only move to the)145 W
12600 55393 MT
(correct \050and exact\051 location of the particular line or)
152 W( space on the staff that is desired, and)151 W
12600 56590 MT
(print the)
119 W( appropriate symbol.  No complicated calculation is necessary to accurately locate)120 W
12600 57787 MT
(these symbols on the staff.  Most of the symbols \050with rare exceptions\051 have their origins at)79 W
12600 58984 MT
(the left edge of the character \050or)37 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
27171 XM
(in line with)37 W
/Palatino-Roman SF
32203 XM
(the left edge\051.  This)
37 W( decision was made in part to)38 W
12600 60181 MT
(accommodate screen display issues where font display required the)
26 W( origin of the character to)25 W
12600 61378 MT
(be at the left of the character.  The exceptions, are the composite characters.)SH
12600 64665 MT
(The staff character has its origin at the left edge of the shape,)52 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
40284 XM
(in the)
52 W( center)53 W
/Palatino-Roman SF
45718 XM
(of the bottom staff)53 W
12600 65862 MT
(line. Although)
470 W( this bottom line may be of infinitessimal thickness at most point sizes, it)
110 W( is)109 W
12600 67059 MT
(important to realize that the origin)
75 W( is in the center of the line, and no compensation for line)76 W
12600 68256 MT
(thickness is necessary for placement.)SH
ES
%%Page: 2 2 
BS
0 SI
10 /Palatino-Bold AF
33050 4319 MT
(2)SH
12 SS 
12600 8063 MT
(Size issues)SH
10 /Palatino-Roman AF
12600 9583 MT
(Since)SH
/Palatino-Italic SF
15241 XM
(Sonata)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
18336 XM
(is a font, it must typically operate in a world set up primarily for text.  In)
67 W( most)66 W
12600 10780 MT
(applications, this means that the notion of size is carried in the)67 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
41226 XM
(point size)67 W
/Palatino-Roman SF
45474 XM
(of the)
67 W( font.  This is)68 W
12600 11977 MT
(based on the printer's)
66 W( point, or 1/72 of an inch.  In music, this measure has little to do with)65 W
12600 13174 MT
(anything other than perhaps accompanying text.)
80 W( The)411 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
37187 XM
(Sonata)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
40296 XM
(font is set up so that the point)81 W
12600 14371 MT
(size carries some meaning.  In particular, the point size of)
168 W( the font is)167 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
45262 XM
(exactly)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
48533 XM
(the distance)167 W
12600 15568 MT
(between the topmost staff line and the bottom staff line of the)56 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
40721 XM
(staff)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
42752 XM
(character. This)
364 W( measure-)57 W
12600 16765 MT
(ment is "center to center," which means that no adjustment)
196 W( is necessary to allow for the)195 W
12600 17962 MT
(thickness of the staff lines themselves.  All other symbols in)
122 W( the font are designed propor-)123 W
12600 19159 MT
(tionally to be the correct size.  Note that the entire font can be scaled to any size, and that)
40 W( all)39 W
12600 20356 MT
(the symbols will all be scaled proportionately.)SH
12600 23643 MT
(The relationship between the staff height)
27 W( and the point size is important when setting music.)28 W
12600 24840 MT
(This allows one)
70 W( to easily determine the distance between staff lines, without extensive com-)69 W
12600 26037 MT
(putation.)SH
/Palatino-Italic SF
17280 XM
(The center-to-center distance between staff lines is always one fourth the)
75 W( point size of the)76 W
12600 27234 MT
(font)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
(. This)
290 W( is an exact measure, and placement of notes may depend on it.  If the font is)
20 W( scaled)19 W
12600 28431 MT
(to 24 points, the distance between the first and second staff)
133 W( lines is exactly 6 points.  This)134 W
12600 29628 MT
(allows software to easily set)
112 W( up a "coordinate system" based on the staff character that can)111 W
12600 30825 MT
(carry through all setting operations.  If the staff is not drawn using the)
116 W( staff character, but)117 W
12600 32022 MT
(instead the P)50 W
8 SS 
(OST)SH
10 SS 
(S)SH
8 SS 
(CRIPT)SH
10 SS 
23120 XM
(line-drawing primitives are used, it is important to set up the staff)
50 W( at)49 W
12600 33219 MT
(an appropriate size for the symbols being used.)
14 W( The)
279 W( rule of thumb given above for sizing the)15 W
12600 34416 MT
(staff should be followed if at all possible.)SH
12 /Palatino-Bold AF
12600 36652 MT
(Character Set)SH
10 /Palatino-Roman AF
12600 38172 MT
(There are many symbols in the)49 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
26782 XM
(Sonata)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
29858 XM
(character set which may not be needed by an applica-)48 W
12600 39369 MT
(tions program.  Many of them)
36 W( are designed specifically to help solve a difficult placement or)37 W
12600 40566 MT
(setting problem, and may)
87 W( not be needed by all applications.  For instance, there are several)86 W
12600 41763 MT
("backwards" note shapes, with the note head on the opposite side of the)
43 W( stem than expected.)44 W
12600 42960 MT
(These are designed to work in building chords)
153 W( which must share the same stem, without)152 W
12600 44157 MT
(getting alignment problems from having to do many "moveto" operations)
154 W( back and forth.)155 W
12600 45354 MT
(They are designed)
181 W( to be able to maintain a "fixed" X location and only move upward or)180 W
12600 46551 MT
(downward when placing notes for a chord.  Similarly, there are two)
83 W( different space charac-)84 W
12600 47748 MT
(ters, with different widths.  One of them,)
261 W( called "stemspace", is exactly the width of a)260 W
12600 48945 MT
(notehead)SH
/Palatino-Italic SF
17054 XM
(less)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
18846 XM
(the width of a stem.)
94 W( This)
439 W( can be used in special situations where the current)95 W
12600 50142 MT
(point must be left in exactly the right spot for printing a subsequent stem)
89 W( or flag character.)88 W
12600 51339 MT
(There are also two noteheads, a "quarternotehead")
9 W( and a "noteheadextra," which appear to be)10 W
12600 52536 MT
(identical. In)
450 W( fact, they are identical)
100 W( from P)99 W
8 SS 
(OST)SH
10 SS 
(S)SH
8 SS 
(CRIPT)SH
10 SS 
('s point of view, but they are differen-)99 W
12600 53733 MT
(tiated so)
47 W( that in screen representations an application can "customize" the look of an upside-)48 W
12600 54930 MT
(down composite note on the screen without affecting its placement.  In other words, the)184 W
12600 56127 MT
(printer-font characters are)
170 W( the same, but the screen font characters may differ slightly for)171 W
12600 57324 MT
(display reasons, although they will print identically.)SH
12 /Palatino-Bold AF
12600 59560 MT
(Encoding)SH
10 /Palatino-Roman AF
12600 61080 MT
(The encoding for the)52 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
22243 XM
(Sonata)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
25322 XM
(font is designed to be as mnemonic as possible.  The "encoding")51 W
12600 62277 MT
(refers to the indexing of symbols in the font)
108 W( by)109 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
34588 XM
(byte code)109 W
/Palatino-Roman SF
(, or ASCII code.  This is indirectly)109 W
12600 63474 MT
(tied to keyboard mappings, which generate byte codes, but is also important to a)
175 W( music-)174 W
12600 64671 MT
(setting application which does not even)
148 W( use the keyboard.  The encoding for)149 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
48501 XM
(Sonata)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
51678 XM
(is in-)149 W
12600 65868 MT
(tended to be easy to use for the lowest common denominator, which is a human being typing)8 W
12600 67065 MT
(at the keyboard.  The encoding is based on the Apple Macintosh keyboard)
165 W( layout, in the)166 W
12600 68262 MT
(sense that related characters are grouped by keys on the Macintosh keyboard.  The)
67 W( symbols)66 W
12600 69459 MT
(are typically either "visually related" to the key to which they)
177 W( are associated, or they are)178 W
12600 70656 MT
(related "mnemonically" through the actual letter on the)
62 W( keycap.  Related characters are typi-)61 W
12600 71853 MT
(cally grouped on the same key and are accessed by using the)348 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
43885 XM
(SHIFT, OPTION,)349 W
/Palatino-Roman SF
52306 XM
(and)SH
ES
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BS
0 SI
10 /Palatino-Bold AF
33050 4319 MT
(3)SH
/Palatino-Italic SF
12600 7933 MT
(COMMAND)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
18569 XM
(keys to)
108 W( get related characters.  For instance, the "q" key is associated with the)107 W
12600 9130 MT
("quarternoteup" glyph, "Q" \050or ")659 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
(SHIFT-)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
(q"\051 gives the "quarternotedown" character,)660 W
12600 10327 MT
(")SH
/Palatino-Italic SF
(OPTION-)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
(q" yields the "quarternotehead" character, and so on.)
76 W( The)
401 W( treble clef is located on)75 W
12600 11524 MT
(the ampersand key \050"&"\051, since)
57 W( it looks somewhat like an ampersand.  In general, the)58 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
51166 XM
(SHIFT)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
12600 12721 MT
(key will "flip" a character upside down, if that makes)
137 W( sense for a given character, and the)136 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
12600 13918 MT
(OPTION)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
16755 XM
(key will select the "notehead equivalent")
16 W( of a note.  There are many instances where)17 W
12600 15115 MT
(this is strictly not possible or practical, but there is a philosophy in)
1 W( its design that will become)SH
12600 16312 MT
(evident and which will allow a user to)
21 W( easily remember the location of most of the characters)22 W
12600 17509 MT
(in the font.)SH
12 /Palatino-Bold AF
12600 19745 MT
(Composite Symbols)SH
10 /Palatino-Roman AF
12600 21265 MT
(The)SH
/Palatino-Italic SF
14626 XM
(Sonata)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
17755 XM
(font contains)101 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
23945 XM
(composite)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
28262 XM
(characters which)
101 W( may be used to build up symbols from)100 W
12600 22462 MT
(pieces, rather than imaging an entire symbol at once.  There are standard notes up through)86 W
12600 23659 MT
(128th notes in the font, for instance, but there is also a separate note head, stem,)
139 W( and two)138 W
12600 24856 MT
(kinds of)
10 W( flags for building these notes up as composites.  This is done to accomodate as many)11 W
12600 26053 MT
("styles" of setting music as possible.)
96 W( If)
441 W( the internal data representation that you work with)95 W
12600 27250 MT
(builds up symbols piece by)
53 W( piece, you may find the composite characters to be very helpful.)54 W
12600 28447 MT
(Otherwise, you can just use the 128th note, or the 64th rest, or)
80 W( whatever you need from the)79 W
12600 29644 MT
(standard selection of characters.)SH
12600 32931 MT
(The composite symbols are special in many ways, since their)
35 W( only use is to be set in conjunc-)36 W
12600 34128 MT
(tion with other symbols.  They all)
6 W( have character widths of zero, so that the current point will)5 W
12600 35325 MT
(stay put while you build)
85 W( up a symbol.  When adding flags to a note, for instance, you may)86 W
12600 36522 MT
(want to)
205 W( move)204 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
19556 XM
(vertially)SH
/Palatino-Roman SF
23402 XM
(to build up many flags, but you needn't move horizontally.  If a)204 W
12600 37719 MT
(composite symbol is being set, it is best to set)
64 W( the flags, stems, or other composite parts first)65 W
12600 38916 MT
(\050since the)135 W
/Palatino-Italic SF
17314 XM
(current point)135 W
/Palatino-Roman SF
23220 XM
(will not be changed as the characters are painted\051, followed)
135 W( by the)134 W
12600 40113 MT
(note or notehead or other standard)
3 W( symbol upon which the composites may be placed.  There)4 W
12600 41310 MT
(are four different stems, six flags,)
125 W( no Georgia, and a host of "backwards" notes for chords.)124 W
12600 42507 MT
(Note that the eighth and sixteenth rests have widths that are narrower)
42 W( than the actual width)43 W
12600 43704 MT
(of the symbols.  This is designed to)
90 W( facilitate "stacking" rests without tedious placement.  If)89 W
12600 44901 MT
(you just move vertically after placing one rest, the current point will be just right)
18 W( for stacking)19 W
12600 46098 MT
(another rest on top of the existing one.)SH
ES
%%Trailer
%%Pages: 3 
%%DocumentFonts: Palatino-Roman Palatino-Bold Palatino-BoldItalic Palatino-Italic