The Postlexical Phonology of Modern English 1. Foot-final tensing (in addition to stem-final tensing) I. V-lo --> +tense stem-finally (seen in all stress-neutral except -ful and -ly). A B C D city i iy i I cities i iy i I city hall i iy i I happiness i i I I -hood ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II. V -lo--> VV+tense in the final syllable of a foot (B and C) accounts for iy - i difference in B What about hood? hardihood, likelihood, livelihood Predicts dialect B liveli [iy] hood is ok Dialect c ONLY has rule II, not rule I. Predicts dialect C liveli [i] hood is ok Question : is this a post-lexical rule? IIa. V -lo : VV+tense / ... V (A, B C, and D ) in post-lexical feet? eon [i Y a n], go on [g o W a n] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- III. Vowel reduction V+lax --> schwa happiness (no schwa) but happily Dialect D has schwa here? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IV. AE Tensing ae --> ae +V / ...... NAS | FRIC | VCE STOPS (consonants) Foot-final syllable? Stressed syllable? Does the onset matter? e.g. k aeV mp but aemp? note rack stays ae. particles excluded. Eastern seaboard ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- V. AE Tensing/Breaking ae --> ae I / ...... NAS | FRIC | (VCE) STOPS (consonants) Foot-final syllable? Stressed syllable? how about rack? Does the onset matter? e.g. k aeV mp but aemp? particles excluded??. South, SW, NE, S mountains. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VI. Onset formation form r / c | a | V | raised V ...... V (post-lexical): back vowels? [o]? draw[r]ing form Y / i | e \ ...... V (post-lexical): -back vowels see[y]ing NE, NYC ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VII. Mid-West warsh rule squash, Washington, wash etc. MW ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VIII. Alveolar flapping non-aspirated alveolar stops flap between vocalic segments ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IX. Palatalization before r tree, droop --> chree, jroop b. Palatalization before palatals (actually y) nodule, get ya, *aboard ship, *get low ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- X. Foot de-stressing 1some2thing -->1something (disyllables?) XI> ng --> n in unstressed syl of foot *anythin, *everythin. *thin, but somethin' , nothin' , Washin'ton, goin' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XI. Regressive Nasal Assimilation n : m / .. labials | labialdentals (imput) n : NF / .. labialdentals (Banf, information)) n : NY / ... palatals (onion) n : G / ... velars (income) m : NF / .. labialdentals (triumph) post-lexical, optional (also lexical) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XII. Glottal Stop Insertion epsilon : ? / { V | epsilon} ... { V | nas | liquids | glides} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XIII. Palatalization of l l : Y / ..... y (will you -- [w I Y x]) million, etc. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XIV. Vocalization of l l : V / V +lo +rnd ..... & syllable finally??? (ball -- [b c c], cowl -- [k ae W W]) . l : xU+ tense / V -lo ..... & syllable finally??? (bowl -- [b oW xU], bill -- [b I xU] . ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XV. Cluster simplification a. t, d : epsilon / C .... C within a foot (post-lexical) "softness" b. t, d : epsilon / C .... syllable-finally (post-lexical) "soft" c. C +features : C / ... C (post-lexical) "gas shortage" (then assimilation) "bad news" "bad scene" *"mesh wire" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,MODERNMODERN*MODERN6MODERNMODERNMODERNMODERN³MODERN/MODERN,MODERNMODERNîMODERN/MODERNMODERNMODERNMODERNMODERN–MODERNMODERNÙMODERNÀz¸