(* The Syllabified Pocket Lexicon ***** Syl-pocket is the same as pocket lexicon, but has been syllabified. Syllable boundaries are marked by by a "-". However, when the boundary location was thought to be ambiguous because a consonant was ambisyllabic, the syllable boundary marker is "<", denoting that the consonant following the "<" is also associated with the preceeding syllable. Syllabification was done by a program, primarily using the principles of maximal onset and stress/vowel resyllabification. See Lori Lamel (sr.lamel@speech) for questions and complaints. 3/1/84 all words having a phonemic transcription with two successive phonemes the same such as dully (d1^lli), shrilly (Sr1Illi) have been reduced to a single phone. The only conditions where a phone can be repeated is in a compound word such as homemade h1om*m2ed ***** This lexicon contains the 19839 entries found in the the Merriam-Webster Pocket Dictionary of 1964. The pronunciations, however, are not the ones given in that dictionary but have been derived from a number of sources and have been checked and editted by several people including Dennis Klatt, Dave Shipman, and Meg Withgott. This lexicon also includes the occurence count from the Brown Corpus Rank List. Words which did not appear in the corpus are given a count of 0. Only one pronunciation per word is given. Syllabication is not given. However, a general boundary symbol, *, appears in many of the pronunciations. This is intended as a forerunner of a more extensive boundary scheme. The * symbol is used both for compound words (e.g., "adman" /1@d*m2@n/) and for situations where the syllabication is not derivable by a simple maximal onset scheme (e.g., "aeration" /2@r*1eS|n/). Primary and secondary stress markers immediately precede the vowel in the stressed syllable. Except for certain function words all pronunciations contain exactly one primary stress marker. These words are "a", "if", "is", "of", "the", "to", "was", and "were". The following phonemic symbols are used: 12*@abCcDdEefGghIiJkLlMmNnOopRrSsTtUuvWwXxYyZz^| These are interpreted as follows: Stops: p as in "pen" t as in "to" k as in "keep" b as in "but" d as in "day" g as in "go" Affricates: C as in "chair" J as in "joke" Strong Fricatives: s as in "sit" S as in "she" z as in "zone" Z as in "azure" Weak Fricatives and /h/: f as in "fill" T as in "thin" v as in "van" D as in "then" h as in "horn" Nasals: n as in "nod" m as in "man" G as in "sing" Syllabic Consonants: N syllabic /n/, as in "button" M syllabic /m/, as in "bottom" L syllabic /l/, as in "bottle" Glides and Semivowels: l as in "late" r as in "rat" w as in "win" y as in "yet" Vowels: i as in "meat" I as in "pin" E as in "met" e as in "fate" @ as in "lack" a as in "lock" W as in "loud" Y as in "like" ^ as in "luck" c as in "bought" O as in "boy" o as in "note" U as in "look" u as in "cougar" R as in "bird", a syllabic /r/ x schwa or back schwa | fronted schwa X retroflex schwa, as in "butter" Boundaries and Stress: 1 primary stress, appears before the stressed vowel 2 secondary stress, appears before the stressed vowel * general boundary marker, see above - syllable boundary < syllable boundary, consonant following < is ambisyllabic Notes on the Transcriptions: 1. X/R Alternation -- /X/ appears only in unstressed syllables and /R/ appears only in stressed syllables. 2. Schwas -- There are actually four schwas: /x/, /|/, /X/, and unstressed /U/. The /U/ in an unstressed syllable is to be taken as a rounded schwa. 3. Syllabics -- The transcriptions here are fairly liberal in the use of syllabics. For example, words ending in "-ism" are transcribed as /IzM/ even though typically a tiny schwa appears in the transition from the /z/ to the /M/. On the other hand, /N/ does not appear except immediately following a coronal. In general, /xl/ becomes /L/ except before a stressed vowel. Some exceptions are found in words ending in the "-ly" suffix. For example, "bodily" is /b1adxli/ rather than /b1adLi/. /Ul/, when it appears in an unstressed syllable before an unstressed vowel, as in "credulous" /kr1EJUlxs/, might have better been rendered as a rounded syllablic /L/, had a symbol for this sound existed. 4. Vowels preceding /r/ -- Nine of the vowels appear before /r/. In some cases, the differences are subtle, as between /cr/ and /or/, and /@r/ and /Er/. ar as in "aardvark" cr as in "horse" or as in "hoarse" @r as in "hairy" or "Mary" Er as in "herring" or "merry" Ir as in "fear" Ur as in "tour" Yr as in "fire" Wr as in "hour" Our IPA font will mistakenly print /or/ with a /w/ offglide on the /o/. In the /or/ combination, the /w/ offglide does not in fact occur. 5. /yu/ and /wa/ -- Some phoneticians consider the /yu/ combination to be a dipthong. Here, this sound is always transcribed as /yu/ in stressed syllables and as /yU/ in unstressed syllables. The French /wa/ as in "moire" could also be considered to be such a dipthong. It is here transcribed as /wa/ in all stress environments. (c) Copyright 1982 by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, all rights reserved *) POCKET 19839 a x 23178 aardvark 1ard-v2ark aback x-b1@k 2 abacus 1@