<> <> <> <<>> <> <<8:30 Introduction / Beach (0:15)>> <<8:45 Quality Issues / Beach (0:15)>> <<9:00 Digital Typography / Bigelow (1:00)>> <<10:00 Two-Dimensional Imaging Model / Stone (0:45)>> <<10:45 Break ==============>> <<11:00 Page Description Languages / Beach (1:00)>> <<12:00 Lunch ==============>> <<1:30 From Rendering to Editing / Beach (0:45)>> <<2:15 Illustration Tools / Stone (1:00)>> <<3:15 Graphical Style / Beach (0:30)>> <<3:45 Break ==============>> <<4:00 Presentation Tools / Mackinlay (0:45)>> <<4:45 Issues for the Future / Beach (0:15)>> <<5:00 Dinner ==============>> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <<[picture of sequence: DialogueDesignLayoutRendering]>> <> <> <<· Subjective issue>> <<· Visual impact>> <<· Professional services>> <<· Quality costs>> -- No Jaggies [No Jaggies t-shirt design] No Jaggies [slide5b2Paul's face 32x32 enlarged-red international not symbol] No Jaggies [slide5b4Paul's images smoothed 700x700] -- Font Choices and Typography · Resolution · Type family · Typographic expectations Font Choices and Typography 48 pt at 72 spi RQAEN 48 pt at 300 spi RQAEN 48 pt at 1200 spi RQAEN -- Font Choices and Typography [three styles sans serif RQAEN serif RQAEN script RQAEN] Line Weights · Various weights add inter · Offset curves are hard · Endings vary Line Weights [three line weights zero line weight 1 point line thick line with square ends] [curves as thich lines] Colors and Reproduction · Powerful visual aid · Specificiation problem · Reproduction problem Colors and Reproduction [Gary's color calibration picture] Visual Interest and Consistency · Discipline · consistency · Creative content Visual Interest and Consistency [Dragon poster] <> From 2D Imaging Model to Page Description Languages · Capture Image Content of Page · Page = { Images } · Document = { Pages } · Graphic arts expectations Image Elements Typographic text Line drawings Shaded areas, tints Continuous tone images Color  flat and continuous Complex composition Range of Solutions rjbPDL3 · ASCII control sequences · Diablo630, Epson printer codes · Tektronic 4010 graphic codes · Imagen ImPress command sequences · Typesetter control sequences · Interpress & PostScript PDL Sophistication rjbPDL4 [chart with two axes: typographic sophistication vs language features] Interpress and PostScript · Both page description languages · Both very different from others · Both share common origins · Disclaimer Xerox people talking about a research problem, and not pushing a particular producteither one! -- Brief History · Laser Printing at Xerox PARC · XGP, EARS, Dover1972-74 · Press1976 · JaM1980 · Interpress821982 · PostScript1984 · Interpress3.01985 -- Page Description Languages · Original goal at PARC: Combine revisable and final forms · Abandoned incompatible goals · Separate forms: Interpress: final form Interscript: revisable form Alternative Choices · Bitmap facsimile resolution fixed to one device class square vs rectangular pixels possible compression fax transmission · Command streams compact encoding lacks typographic features Page Description Language · Why choose a language? Conditionals Define and execute functions Perform computations Regularities by computing Library of abstractions (images) Page Description Language · Why not an existing standard? Lack of typography Lack of imaging breadth · Why not a data structure? Requires linear encoding Cannot express computation PDL Interpreter · Tokens · Frame or Dictionary · Execution Stack · Imager Variables PDL Interpreter [Plass figure 2: tokens - interpreter - frame, stack, imager variables - imager - page image] Prototypical Interpreter while input remains do { token := nextLexeme(input); if lexicalType(token) = name then { tokenValue := lookup(token); if type(tokenValue) = executable then execute(tokenValue) else push(tokenValue) } else push(token) } -- Postfix Stack Model X Y MOVETO push X, push Y, execute MOVETO MOVETO: y _ pop( stack ) x _ pop( stack ) cp _ [ x, y ] -- Imaging Operators %!PS-Adobe-1.0 72 72 moveto 360 576 lineto stroke copypage newpath 200 200 moveto 300 400 lineto 0 -200 rlineto 400 200 100 180 360 arc 400 700 lineto 40 setlinewidth 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap stroke copypage 72 72 translate 360 72 sub 576 72 sub atan neg 90 add rotate /Helvetica-Bold findfont 90 scalefont setfont 70 10 moveto (etaoinshrdlu) show Imaging Operators [Reid, Figure 3] Imaging Masks · Lines (vectors or strokes) · End caps (round, square, butt) · Joints (miter, round, bevel) · Curves, arcs, conics · Dashed or dotted strokes Imaging Masks · Trajectories · Outlines (wrap number) · Areas (enclosed by trajectory or outline) · Bitmap masks · Text strings Variables, Functions and Arithmetic %!PS-Adobe-1.0 /xcoord 100 def /ycoord 200 def 10 setlinewidth /linefunc { newpath xcoord ycoord moveto 100 100 rlineto stroke /ycoord ycoord 100 add def} def linefunc copypage linefunc 20 setlinewidth linefunc copypage 10 setlinewidth linefunc showpage Variables, Functions and Arithmetic [Reid Figure 5] Coordinate Transformations %!PS-Adobe-1.0 /A { newpath moveto 100 300 rlineto 100 -300 rlineto -50 130 rmoveto -100 0 rlineto stroke} def 20 setlinewidth 50 50 A copypage 300 400 translate 0.5 0.25 scale 50 50 A copypage 1 2 scale -40 rotate 0.8 0.8 scale 0.5 setgray 100 -150 A showpage Coordinate Transformations [Reid Figure 6] Constant Colors · Black · White · Grays: [0..1] blackness · Color models RGB, HSB, HSL, CIE · Generic: highlight letterhead, private data stamps Sampled Colors · Pixel array Interpress: tile the plane PostScript: rectangular area · 1-bit sampled black · Multi-bit sampled gray halftoned · Multi-sample color separations Interpress Raster Encoding Standard · Defines sampled images as pixel array · Encoded as Interpress fragment · Compression schemes packed pixels (bitmaps) CCITT-4 (fax) adaptive (halftone images) Interpress Raster Encoding Standard · Image mask, if not rectangular · Photometric properties color models: linear, logarithmic color maps: pseudo colors scanning transformation thresholding parameters image statistics [examples ??? marble teapot???] Character Sets · Mapping from codes to glyphs · Typically 256 codes per font · ASCII · EBCDIC · ISO 646 · TeX Xerox Character Set · International standards ISO 646, 5426, 5428, ASCII, EBCDIC, CCITT G0 & G2, JIS C 6226 · Multilingual characters (VOA) European languages Cryllic, Greek, Hebrew, Farsi Japanese, Chinese, Korean · Typically 2 byte codes Extensible to 3 bytes Xerox Character Set º Paragraph \266\040Paragraph · Bullet \377\357\146\377\000\040Bullet di‘cult di\377\360\042\377\000cult &'()*+,-. [welcome to PARC in Hiragana] \377\044\150\046\106\075 \377\000\040PARC\377\044\130 -- Fonts · Show text operator current xy position font, color, transformation underline, strikethrough · Spacing operators font substitution creator metrics may differ from printer justified measure by amplifying spaces kerning by intercharacter spacing Fonts · Find font operator map name to font dictionary · Scale font operator apply transformation · Font metrics xy escapements, origin, bounding box · Font Interchange Standard definition Font Interchange Standard · Representing font masters · Accommodate various representations metrics only device rasters outline masters typographic properties · Accommodates any character set Font Cache · Outline master very general · Ultimate device raster · Scan conversion expensive · Cache mapping Tuning Fonts for Imaging Process · Xerography write-white versus write-black · Edge sharpness · Black coverage · Resolution Write Black Write White [illustrate overlaid black dots and white dots] Device Independence · Resolution independence · Color independence · Font independence · Finishing capabilities simplex vs duplex media choices stapling Examples of Devices Printing device Resolution Colors B&W display (soft proof) 72-100 Black Laser printers 300 Black Color display monitor 72-100 3(RBG) Color ink-jet printer 120-300 4 (CMYK) Color thermal transfer 200-400 4 (CMYK) Color electrostatic plotter 200-400 4 (CMYK) Publishing laser printers 400-600 Black Typographic master maker 1200-3000 Black Document Management · Distributed printing · Centralized printing services · Management of resources printer computation power printer file system service guarantees Page Independence · Collated printing front-to-back vs back-to-front duplex printing with paper path >1 page · Composing masters from masters concatenating masters merging figures into place selecting unclassified material · Imposition of masters duplex printing with binding margins 6-up slide printing Interpress Page Bodies · Master: Preamble + PageBodies · Page closure = Preamble+Body · Preamble font definitions composed operators sampled images PostScript page conventions · Embedded language · Comments define page structure · Manipulate embedded language · Flexible, but no guarantees Page Master Encodings · People vs software creators · People: editable character form · Software: compact encoding · Numbers: precision · Translation between encodings Encoding Case Study ``PostScript and Interpress'' paper PostScript 73,404 bytes (compressed to 26,125 bytes, 36%) Interpress 53,106 bytes (compressed to 22,243 bytes, 41%) Interpress master 28% smaller Distributed Printing · Range of printer speeds workstation: 5-15 ppm shared office: 20-30 ppm local production: 5060 ppm centralized production: 70-130 ppm master image maker: <1 ppm Distributed Printing · Transport protocols local area networks serial communications attached mainframes magnetic media Distributed Printing · Printing protocol spool print masters status enquiry capability enquiry · Print instructions copy quantity media selection single/duplex printing finishing . . . Functionality Sets Commercial set text forms with scanned graphics 90 degree rotations Publication set line drawings, rectangular clipping typographic text, scanned graphics functional color Professional Graphics set full transformation and clipping capability full grayscale and color <> Document Content Representation · PDLs are not enough · Using documents in other forms draft · Database searching for content locating keywords, spelling checkers Final Form vs Editable Form · Different semantics logical content relationships physical layout relationships · Necessary to associate them page references · PDL provides clean interface editing separate from printing Typical Document Preparation System (manuscript) PDL for final form DCR for revisable form -- Revisable Content Representations · Procedural markup troff, TeX, typesetter codes · Declarative markup GML, Scribe, LaTeX · WYSIWYG editors Bravo, Grif -- Range of Processing Capability · word processing terminals · WYSIWYG editing workstations · graphics workstations · page makeup workstations · foreign language workstations · database extracts · mainframe computers Range of Representation Standards · Markup languages SGML (Standardized Generalized Markup Language) · Content Structures Interscript ODA (Office Document Architecture) SGML · ISO standard draft · Markup of textual manuscript · Input through text editor · Rigorous syntax of document tags defines logical content sequence SGML · Catalog of tags text content · Nontextual content mathematical forumulae tabular material system-specific information SGML Content Definition Interscript · Xerox revisable format Interpress separate from Interscript · Interchange among computers humans use computers to create documents processing by computers to create final form · Language to express content interpret script to instantiate content Interscript · Various workstation capabilities text-only graphics illustrator publications management · Interscript base language · Tagged content nodes text paragraphs tables, spreadsheets synthetic graphics sampled graphics Interscript Layout · Layout described by regular expression pages, columns, boxes, lines of text, characters labels identify layout objects · Pouring algorithm matches labelled nodes to regular expression Interscript Sample { POUR TEMPLATE = { { BOX {GRAPHICS {logo}}} { MOLD TITLE {BOX . . . }} { MOLD ABSTRACT {BOX . . . }} { MOLD BODY {BOX . . . }} } { PARAGRAPH TITLE style=title " . . . " } { PARAGRAPH ABSTRACT style=abstract " . . . " } { PARAGRAPH BODY style=para " . . . " } } Office Document Architecture (ODA) · ISO standard draft · Combined representation logical content physical layout · Data structure representation ODA Document Components Document profile Generic logical structure Generic layout structure Document style Specific logical structure Specific layout structure ODA Document Structure [simultaneous logical and layout structures] Accommodating Illustrations · Object structure · Artwork content line drawings sampled images complex arrangements of text Accommodating Illustrations · SGML: inclusion of system info · Interscript: exchange of editable graphics · ODA: exchange of graphic metafiles ODA Graphics Activity · Incorporating graphics underway · GGCA Geometrical Graphical Content Architecture CCITT wants it before ODA useful · CGM Computer Graphics Metafile extensions to conform to CGI, GKS, PHIGS Revisable Graphics · What is a revisable graphic object? · How do we create them? <> Graphical Style Extending Document Style database of style rules changing rules to change appearance Applying Style to Illustrations -- Applications of Graphical Style · Printing copies of slides color background, white features white background, black features exchange black and white? · Reusing illustrations creating slide illustrations for paper · Collecting illustrations variety of sources and styles Two Variations [two forms of trapezoidal rule] Document Style · Style rules define appearance various rendering attributes font, size, leading, indent, color · Communication between tasks Graphic design and typesetting · Document formatters Scribe, LaTeX Style Matrix [typographic style matrix] Scientific American · Classic style of illustration · Line weights, font, colors, clean · Achieved through iteration · Artificial Intelligence, October 1982 [David Waltz article illustration] Typeset book · Instructions for draftsman line weights, typography, shading, arcs and curves · Iterative process · Need for lecture slides Textbook Style [Trapezoidal Rule-book style] Graphical Style · Content versus Form · Content: geometry, text · Form: rendering attributes Illustration Geometry [Trapezoidal Rulesketch geometry] Rendering Attributes · Common in graphics packages · Line weight · Line patterns, outlining · Color · Caption Typography Lecture Slide Style [Trapezoidal Rule-book style] Geometry Representation · Geometrical objects lines, curves, trajectories, outlines text sampled images · Transformations translate, scale, rotate Object Structure [slide of trapezoidal rule structure] Style Parameters · Bind attributes to objects · Collect attributes for 1 object style rule definition · Collect rules into dictionary Style Rules (name) "commentary" { value parameterName value parameterName . . . value parameterName } StyleRule Graphical Style Attributes lineWeight pathType { filled, outlined, filled+outlined } penType { square, rectangular, elliptical, italic } areaColor outlineColor Extended Rendering Attributes shadows { drop, offset } arrow designs arrowheads, arrow shapes border patterns mapping pattern onto geometry [Arrowswith drop shadow] Graphical Style Research Topics Obviously not widely integrated General purpose style machinery Interactive style specification Style for layout boxed text with arrows aspect ratio changes scale changes <> Documentation Graphics Recap Typography Imaging Model Page Description Languages Content Representation Illustration Sources Graphical Style Presentation Tools Future Research Questions Interchange of illustrations Color reproduction Graphical style Digital typography Graphic design tools Future Research Questions Imaging performance Multiple processor architectures Distributed system architectures User interface issues Automated presentation techniques <> <<[Chromalin process]>> <<[Thermal transfer printer]>> <<[color tool]>> <<[color tool, with CIE tool]>> <<[Versatec plotter]>> <<[Versatec plotter with mountain picture]>> <<[Trapezoidal Rule35mm color picture]>> <<[Trapezoidal Ruletypeset from book]>> <<[Typographic style sheet matrix]>> <<[Pascal syntax diagram]>> <<[Trapezoidal Rulebook style]>> <<[Trapezoidal Rulesketch geometry]>> <<[Trapezoidal RuleGriffin illustrator]>> <<[Trapezoidal RuleCedar collage with Tioga]>> <<[Arrowswith drop shadow]>> <<[Arrowwith parametric mapping]>> <<[Key designwith parametric mapping]>> <<[Autologic typesetter]>> <<[Imaging model]>> <<[old graphical style shots. . .]>> <<[Kurzweil scannerequipment]>> <<[Kurzweil scannerlearning characters]>> <<[EditTool]>> <<[Arrowdrop shadow]>> <<[Key designwith parametric mapping]>> <<[Arrowwith parametric mapping]>> <<[Dorado workstationLF & color display, Etherphone]>> <<[Imaging modelink, mask, image]>> <<[Dragon posterupright slide]>> <<[Xerox spiralFig 2 AIC]>> <<[LilacsFig 1 AIC]>> <<[Colored arrowsgraphical style]>> <<[ColorTool-purple]>> <<[Color calibration tool]>> <<[Image sourcepile of magnetic tapes]>> <<[Color separations4 negatives]>> <<[Color halftoningenlargement]>> <<[Chromalin proofMeyer's image AIC]>> <<[Desk InteriorMeyerPlate IV AIC]>> <<[Calibrated and uncalibrated InteriorAIC]>> <<[Vase and mirrorMeyerPlate III AIC]>> <<[Rural sunset silouetteMeyerPlate II AIC]>> <<[Calibrated and uncalibrated umbrella ladyAIC]>> <<[Medial imagingAIC]>> <<[Platemakerupright slide]>> <<[Cave Slave, Eric Larsonupright slide]>> <<[Calibration strips, ChromalinAIC]>> <<[Radiometer on calibration strips]>> <<[Chromalin and Monitor gamuts]>> <<[Chromalin and scaled monitor gamut]>> <<[Meyer vase and mirror gamut]>> <<[Rotated and scaled Meyer vase and mirror gamut]>> <<[ColorToolgreen]>> <<[ColorToolyellow=red+green]>> <<[ColorTooldark purple=red+blue]>> <<[ColorToolsaturated purple=red+blue]>> <<[ColorTooldesaturated purple=red+blue+green]>> <<[ColorTooldark desaturated purple=red+blue+green]>> <<[ColorToolcolor namesvivid bluish green]>> <<[ColorToolcolor namesvivid verylight bluish green]>> <<[ColorToolcolor namesvivid veryDark bluish green]>> <<[ColorToolcolor namesgrayish veryDark bluish green]>> <<[ColorToolcolor namesgrayish medium bluish green]>> <<[Image processingtriplane over PARCupright slide]>> <<[3 flamingo CG Cover]>> <<[CIE Chromaticity curves]>> <<[Eikonix scanner]>> <<[Dorado LF display]>> <<[continuity, various spline types]>> <<[basic shapes, various spline types]>> <<[Dorado in a rack]>> <<[Melba, Raven+Dicentra]>> <<[Versatec color plotter, printing b/w mountain painting]>> <<[Platemaker output station, optical bench setup]>> <<[Dragon cutout, synthetic versionupright slide]>> <<[3 flamingos, in pink]>> <<[Wallgren's Computer Graphics posterupright slide]>> <<[PARC mandellaspiral and PARC vignetted together]>> <<[John Doe awardupright slide]>> <<[Imaging technology pipeline]>> <<[Stethiscope and pillsSolidViews]>> <<[Xerox spiralupright slide]>> <<[LilacsGriffin illustration]>> <<[color correctionumbrella lady, half uncorrected+correctedupright slide]>> <<[Transfer station bluealbum cover]>> <<[Transfer station bluealbum back cover]>> <<[Cedar Performance ACEJaMGraphics]>> <<[MosaicNautilus shell scanned and enhanced]>> <<[Complex number wallpaperPlass' art contest entryupright slide]>> <<[Knight on carousel horseT'so art contest entryupright slide]>> <<[Sanctus Dominusscanned S in music compositionupright slide]>> <<[transformed fancy S]>> <<[PARC window posterWallgrenupright slide]>> <<[goblet, gray Griffin drawingupright slide]>> <<[Rockhopper, color Griffin drawingupright slide]>> <<[infinity spiralScott Kimupright slide]>> <<[unix spiral, cover of Dr. Dobb's journalScott Kimupright slide]>> <<[conic grid projectsequence of slides showing Transfer station blue album cover]>> <<[pixelizationconverting photograph to black/white pixels]>> <<[3 flamingo cover projectsequence of slides showing construction]>> <<[Fancy S]>> <<[PARC logo on display screen]>> <<[cute kidlaser printer output]>> <<[cute kidcolor corrected on color display]>> <<[cute kidrotated & scaled on color display]>> <<[G sampled >> <<[G control points >> <<[sampled to synthetic, a >> <<[candyparametric mapping]>> <<[geometry, styleflower petals outline, color flowers]>> <<[Scientific American illustration]>> <<[Quackerz baseball shirt]>> <<[cable car]>> <<[cable carTiogaArtwork]>> <<[Xerox spiral, black and white]>> <<[Dragon t-shirt design]>> <<[PARC mandella in color]>> <<[color workstation categories of workstations]>> <> <>