TheBriefingBlurb:ExploringtheEthernetwithMouseandKeyboard1983EditionByLyleRamshawofPARC/CSLAnimmigrationdocumentinthetraditionofRoyLevin'sAFieldGuidetoAlto-Land.June7,1983Filedon:[Indigo]Documentation>BriefingBlurb.tioga,BriefingBlurb.pressAbstract:ThisdocumentisageneralintroductiontothecomputingenvironmentatPARCslantedtowardstheneedsandinterestsofnewcomerstotheComputerScienceLaboratory.Ifyouarelookingatthisdocumenton-linefromwithintheeditornamedTioga,youmightwanttousethelevel-clippingfunctionstoseetheoverallstructureratherthansimplyplowingstraightthrough.Clickthe``Levels''buttoninthetopmenu,thenclick``FirstLevelOnly''inthenewmenuthatappears.Thatwillshowyouthemajorsectionheadings.Click``MoreLevels''toseethesubsections,orclick``AllLevels''toreadthedetails.XEROXXeroxCorporationPaloAltoResearchCenter3333CoyoteHillRoadPaloAlto,California94304ForInternalUseOnlypН ЛО^{НєНьqН ЛОY┘ННЬН!EН&`Н-їН2Н ЛОT▐ННrН ЛОO≥Н┌НGНdН┌sН ЛОJёН5 НBН1НъНiН%9Н&ЩН*tН/ ОJёН0vОJёН4 Н8cН:' sН ЛОGTН ∙НCuН ЛОDНяsН ОDН╛ОDП1Н3CvН ЛО@ЇsН#О@ЇНЪО@ЇН=ННwН║Н"вН*ШН,·Н/Н69 Н>■Н@,НDdН ЛО?Н▐Н"Н░Н┤Н█Н!ZН)EН+Н-іН4┬Н:@ НB╧НDНFЗН ЛО=hН+НЛНбН╧Н╚Н#&Н'}Н*Н.QН38Н7фН:їН>гНBcНD/НGН ЛО;а НН▄НdН;Н зН%ІН,Н0┐Н3СН8≥Н>2НC²Н ЛО:Н пН▀ НЦН╨Н≥Н SН#Н'еН+QН.ЧН:`НЫНBOНF≈Н ЛО8rН.НКНвН Н;Н"Н&⌠Н,Н4Н8 НAтНCННGН ЛО6кН~НXНтН÷Н!cН$йН'TwН ЛОГsН(НОГН-0 Н(НО?Н,IН/XН5ЫН(НО ≤Н,▀Н1■Н4Н(НОЯН,IН/╩ Н6gqН ЛО IНН⌡Н-kTVm$rН3Н"ъН+xН0 Н5buTVm$└THEBRIEFINGBLURB2Raisond'EtreThepurposeofthisdocumentistohelpimmigrantsadapttothelocalcomputingcommunity.By``thelocalcommunity'',ImeanprimarilytheComputerScienceLab,theImagingSciencesLab,andtheIntegratedDesignLaboftheXeroxPaloAltoResearchCenter,betterknownbytheacronymsCSL,ISL,andIDLrespectively.ImmigrantstoothercomputingcommunitieswithinXeroxmayalsofindthisdocumentofinterest,butImakenoguarantees.Ishallassumehereinthatsaidimmigrantsknowquiteabitaboutcomputerscienceingeneral.Hence,Ishallconcentrateupondiscussingtheidiosyncraticcharacteristicsofthelocalhardwareenvironment,softwareenvironment,socialenvironment,linguisticenvironment,andthelike.YouwilldoubtlessreadmanydocumentswhileyouareatXerox.Acommonconventionobservedinmanymanualsandmemosisthatfinepointsoritemsofcomplextechnicalcontentperipheraltothemaindiscussionappearinsmalltype,likethisparagraph.Youwillsoondiscoverthatyoucannotresistreadingthisfineprintandthat,despiteitsdiminutivestature,itdrawsyoureyeslikeamagnet.Thisdocumenthassuchpassagesaswell,justsothatyoucanbegintoenjoyferretingoutthediamondshiddeninthemountainofcoal.Thereisagreatdealofusefulinformationavailableon-lineatXeroxintheformofdocumentsandsourceprograms.Readingthemisoftenveryhelpful,butfindingthemcanbeanuisance.Throughoutthisdocument,referencestoon-linematerialareindicatedby,wherenisacitationnumberinthebibliographyattheendofthisdocument.Standardcitationstotheopenliteratureappearas[n].IfyouarefortunateenoughtobereadingthisdocumentfromwithinTioga(theCedareditor),youshouldpauseatthispointtotryoutthe``Def''command.Ifyouweretoselectthethreecharacters``''intheprecedingparagraphandthenclickthe``Def''commandwiththemiddlemousebutton,youwouldthenfindyourselflookingattheplaceinthisdocumentwhere``''isdefined,thatis,whereitappearsfollowedbyacolon.Youcouldthengetbacktothissectionofthedocumentbyclickingthe``PrevPlace''commandwithanymousebutton.The``Def''commandisalmostasgoodasanautomaticindexingfacility.Onanothertopic,youmighttryclickingthe``FirstLevelOnly''button(click``Levels''firstifyoucan'tfindthe``FirstLevelOnly''button),andthenclicking``MoreLevels''afewtimes.Tryscrollingabittoo.TheTioga``levels''commandsarealmostasgoodasanautomatictableofcontents.Readingadocumentfromfronttobackcanbemightyboring.Fortunately,thisdocumentissodisorganizedthatitisnotatallclearthatitreallyhasafrontandabackinanynormalsense.Youmightaswelljustbrowsethroughandreadthepartsthatlookinteresting.Tohelpoutthebrowsersinmyreadingcommunity,IhavemoreorlessabandonedthecustomofbeingcarefultodefinemytermsbeforeIusethem.Instead,alltherelevantterms,acronyms,andthelikehavebeencollectedinaseparateGlossary.SomeinformationiscontainedonlyintheGlossary,soyoumaywanttoskimthroughitlater(ornow,forthatmatter).The``Def''commandinTiogaisparticularlyhelpfulwhenbrowsingtheGlossaryfromwithinCedar;tryselectingtheword``Tioga'',andthenclickingthe``Def''buttonintheGlossaryviewer,forexample.WhilewritingtheGlossary,Iassumedthatyouhaveabasicknowledgeofcomputerscience,andamodicumofcommonsense:don'texpecttofindtermslike``computer''and``network''intheGlossary.1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% Оg'yН%ЯОg'xН+KОg'yН,3Оg'xsНHDОg'zН ЛО^УНsxНўО[·Н▄НуН∙Н=Н╟Н!"Н"вН%Ь Н-1Н1Н2╦Н5Н8kН?L НGsН ЛОYВНЖН7НxН{Н5Н#,Н%├Н, Н0ЩН4(Н6┌Н;ъНASНD~НG/Н ЛОXP НёНiН`Н7НІН ВН$/Н'gН-nН2kН6┌Н;&Н=@Н?ЎНFН ЛОV╗НЛН∙Н∙Нг Н"Н#╚Н';Н. Н6Н:HН>\НAPНDНFМН ЛОUНWННDНдНкН}Н ┌ Н(*Н)1Н,kН12Н5tН8AН; НBHНFН ЛОSZН1Н jНgНґН{НDН$*Н(НН*Н-h Н4ьН8┬ Н?НA∙Н ЛОQ╡НкН║НН│Н їН),Н.бН7FН;.НC╡ Н ЛОPНSН НjyНўОM┼Н-Н]НHНяНГН!┌Н$┤Н&юН(╙Н)ЧН.Н/cН3Щ Н9╡Н>gН?мНBЦНGHН ЛОKБН юНЛН4Н{НтНGН?Н╘Н!Н%фН)Ў Н/Н0pН2_Н53 Н:rН>Н?|НBjНE-НGZН ЛОJ; НАН\Н┤Н-Н┘НкНЪН#·Н&zН*yН,°Н.АН1ёН3ьН6eН:0Н;Є НAIНE.НFHН ЛОH■Н~НДННОН}НУНН Н"■Н&ЯН(FН*ЮН,ЬН.^Н0≥Н2бН4гН7лН9!Н<Н@∙НB┴НDlН ЛОFЛН іНЧНДНшННO Н&рН,├Н10Н2бН6щН8└Н:эН><Н?МНFьН ЛОBдН6НН█ННwН#Н&Н+ Н-⌡Н2^Н5БН8gН:SН;wНAМ Н ЛОAН≤Нg НСН╛Н hН%йН((Н.&Н0,{Н0эОAxН1⌡ОAН32{Н7UОAxН8╒ОAН:Н;LН@@НEwНG/Н ЛО?uНШН■НСН╚НdНН$NН*,Н/ Н1IН3╗Н7 Н=НA┼НC8{НC⌡О?uxНDYО?uНўО<ТН,НЮН1Н!ННЁН!║Н&▓Н)0Н/ Н2ЧН7@Н;Н=РНBНFьН ЛО;MН└Н│Н6НСНўНyН╪Н!NН#иН(Н/}Н1Н3НН7[Н9%Н=Н?}НC" Н ЛО9╔ННвНOНЎНYН"(Н%gН(╩Н+3Н/nН5ГН9Н;▓Н@RНDеН ЛО7ЧНіНьННСН8Н!.Н"йН%-Н(дН*vН-Н3▀Н7іН;ІН=%yНB│О7ЧНBыО7ЧНDбНF.Н ЛО6WННIНННіН╣xНKО6WНЧО6WН7Н",Н%|Н'НН+_Н-7Н0Н4хН6╚Н94Н?кНAПНG/Н ЛО4╞Н√НЖНН╟Н" Н'UН*,Н.NН4ўН6Н:}Н<*Н?°НAIНC8Н ЛО3Н≥Н НpН┐Н VН#Н'Н)CН.`Н0хН;╙Н@#НCЮ Н ЛО1aНвНJННxНyНКН$ьН*-Н,ВН00Н5X Н>UН?▒НBDНFНН ЛО/╧НoН≥НІНЭНтНЄ Н!ъН(дН+Н/}Н1+Н4²Н6KН8;Н>▓НAЗНCЁНўО-8Н@Н┐Н Н┴Н!Н"щН&=Н(АН*КН/╛Н5Н=Н?юНFFНGкН ЛО+▒НЭНЦНQНтНaННН!┐Н$iН%вН)╨Н,FН-┬Н1Н3БН5$Н8┐Н:HН=НAжНF─Н ЛО)ИН ЕН∙Н┘Н(НэНН!оН$ЛН'MН*ЇН-┤Н0ёН8;Н:dН=│Н?ЬНBZНHН ЛО(BНMНD НэНГН0Н еН"▄Н%#Н,8Н. Н3ZН5Н8ЦН=wН?(НCcНEдН ЛО&⌡НgН⌡Н<НЫНQНmН ЬН&fН*╣Н1bН4FН6яН9╗Н=Н@ёНF▀НHeН ЛО$СН.Н█НL Н юН"{Н(JО$СН(ШО$СxН+0О$СН+⌠О$СН,хН/Н5Н6╟Н9PН<>Н?└НAНDWН ЛО#LНWН░yН О#LН═О#LН└НDННnxНАО#LНjО#LНVН#▌Н*Н+фН/╨Н1:Н8≤Н=kНA4НG/Н ЛО!╔Н⌡ННFН[Н┌Н$Н&{Н* Н/°Н2SН5yН:▌Н<ННAНE┌НG/Н ЛОЩН┼Н6НbyН∙ОЩН╞ОЩНнН#┌Н%ZН*Н*ФН/KН1|Н3 Н6+Н7Н9аН?7Н@┼НEkН ЛОVНН НЛНMНзН┼НgН!зН#2Н%▀Н(⌠Н*ІН0©Н2К Н8LН9єН;┼xН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪTVm$rTHEBRIEFINGBLURB3NamingThingsAttheoutset,youshouldknowsomethingaboutthenamesofthecreaturesthatyouwillfindhere.Theprevailinglocalphilosophyaboutnamingsystemsisperhapssomewhatdifferentfromthetrendelsewhere.Wedohaveourshareofalphabetsoup,thatis,systemsandlanguagesthatarenamedbyacronymsofvaryingdegreesofcutenessandartificiality;consider,forexample:PARC,FTP,MAXC,IFS.Butwearetryingtoavoidmakingthissituationanyworse.Tothisworthyend,namesforhardwareandsoftwaresystemsarefrequentlytakenfromtheSunsetWesternGardenBook[1];Grapevineserversarenamedafterwines;Doradosarenamedaftercapitalships;PilotreleasesarenamedafterCaliforniarivers.Asthisconventionaboutnamesdoesnotmeetwithuniversalapproval,itseemsinappropriatetoofferajustificationoftheunderlyingphilosophywithoutofferingequaltimetotheopposition.Youwilldoubtlessprovokeafarmoreinterestingdiscussionifyouadvanceyourownviewsonnamingtoalmostanyonewanderinginthecorridors.Whileweareonthegeneraltopicofthenamesofthings,weshoulddiscussforamomentthelocalcustomsforconstructingsingleidentifiersoutofmultiplewordphrases.Supposethatyouwouldliketonameavariableinyourprogram``nameseveralwordslong''.Insomeenvironments,aspecialcharacterthatisn'taletterbutthatactssomethinglikealetterisusedasawordseparatorwithinidentifiers;thisleadstonamessuchas``name!several!words!long''or``nameseveralwordslong''.Nosuchcharacterisincommonuselocally,however.Instead,shiftingbetweenupperandlowercaseisusedtoshowthewordboundaries,leadingtothename``NameSeveralWordsLong''.Somepeople,includingDonKnuth,thinkthatidentifierswithmixedcaselookterriblyugly.Irefusetogetsuckedintoexpressingmyopinioninthisdocument;onceagain,Iexhortyoutoespouseyourviewsinthecorridors.ThereareseveralfinepointsthatIshouldmentionaswell.Asageneralrule,caseissignificantforidentifiersinthelocalprogramminglanguages,butcaseisnotsignificantinfilenamesorinGrapevineR-names.Thus,theCedaridentifiers``REF'',``Ref'',and``ref''arequitedistinct,butthefilenames``BriefingBlurb.tioga''and``briefingblurb.tioga''areequivalent,asaretheR-names``Ramshaw.PA''and``ramshaw.pa''.InMesaandCedar,thereisafurtherconventionthatthecaseofthefirstletterofanidentifierisusedtodistinguishfancyobjects,suchasproceduresandtypes,fromsimpleones,suchasintegersandreals.Thus,theidentifiername``ProcWithFiveWordName''beginswithanuppercase``P'',butthename``integerWithFiveWordName''beginswithalowercase``i''.Thelatterformlooksverystrangetomostpeoplewhentheyfirstseeit.Whenyoufirsttastedanolive,youprobablydidn'tlikeit.Now,youprobablydo.Givethesecapitalizationconventionsthesamechancethatyouwouldanolive.Thesecapitalizationconventionsdon'tworktoowellwhenacronymsandnormalwordsappeartogetherinoneidentifier.Suppose,forexample,thatIwantedtointroduceanidentifiernamed``FTPversionnumber''.Logicwoulddemand``FTPVersionNumber'',butthisdoesn'tlookquiteright;manypeoplewouldbeprobablywrite``FTPversionNumber''instead.Ofcourse,sinceaversionnumberisprobablyaninteger,itshouldreallybe``fTPVersionNumber''.Ugh.Perhapscaseisbeingusedfortoomanypurposes?1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% Оg'yН%ЯОg'xН+KОg'yН,3Оg'xsНHDОg'zН ЛО^УНxНўО[║Н╒НШНZН НН 7Н&сН*ўН-Н1DН2ЖН5NН;Н=АН@▒НC5НFН ЛОYЗНМ Н┌НЯ Н,Н"7Н'TН,}Н.Н3hН9ЩН?лНC\НEДН ЛОXS Н6НсНЛНDНАН▓Н!]Н'Н*гН-їН/}Н4▐Н7XН=╣Н@∙НBШНG⌠Н ЛОV╚ННсНЎН╣НpН"АН% Н-┌Н3UН5∙Н<Н@оНDNН ЛОUН JНяНщННЧН▓Н7Н"Н$▄Н*Н,▓Н1$Н31Н5╦Н:EН=:НAcНC├Н ЛОS]Н°Н ННP НЛН#єН'{Н)[ОS]Н*8ОS]Н-©Н3 Н7бxН;YОS]Н;╪ОS]Н>BНDЧН ЛОQ╣Н6Н╡НДНёН)Н rН$ОН( Н,}Н0ДН4!Н9!Н;kН?ГНC Н ЛОPН│Н┴Н" Н+НН"@Н%hН'тН+3Н.FН4Н:Н;gН?`НGЮН ЛОNgН dН╙Н<НН█ Н! Н(хН-ПН3CН7Н:aН<,Н>ї НF─Н ЛОL©НґНьНEН┘НбНk Н&: Н,сН.IН1Н6zН9кН<ЕН@╨НBжНGЮН ЛОKНQННрН─НЮ НўОH≥НҐНэН'Н%Н|НGН!╡Н#cН%╨Н)УН+іН0Н2-Н6║Н;6Н=jН>▄НCЯНFIН ЛОFРН&НZННЬ Н#fН%рН'┐Н,ТН0sН6(Н;єН>jНAНE>НGЮН ЛОEJН ёНеНСН≥НлНRН"╨Н'CН+GН/щН1єН5.Н>Н?3НCіН ЛОCёНЇН╛НрНbНЮН╙Н^Н"ЩН%╔Н&кН*[Н+цН.ЭН0іН1лН5QН;@Н?─НFМН ЛОAЭН jНН\Н█НўО?}НdН(Н#О?Ч└Н#≤О?}Н'╔О?Ч└Н()О?}Н+╡О?Ч└Н,6О?}Н ЛО<ЧН\Н Н░Н НдН│Н!Н%цН,=Н1vН6yН;ТН@НBиНF═Н ЛО;WНXН■НBНкН*НЁ Н!Н%ПН'·Н)ЧН 2О8ьН ЛО6YН пН╡НтНН жН$┐Н'_ Н-ДН1 Н5IН8EН;lН@YНD`НEwН ЛО4╠Н╘НН║Н┤ НCН╟Н#тН%▒Н(@Н/хН3Н7-Н8DН<╒Н?gНA$НFTН ЛО3 Н ╚НYН╧ НўО0▀НїНСН{Н@Н[Н!!Н""Н&√Н+ШН-║Н1ZН3cН4┘Н9PННu Н"Н'>Н+бН.≤Н2?Н4╠Н8YН=╔Н@EНBцНEKН ЛО+∙Н>НН'Н)w Н0▄Н2IН4╙Н7Н<Л НFьН ЛО)ННпНўНfН-Н ╛Н$DН%ЎН&ВН+ў Н2нН5╚Н8Н;Н<чН?MНB4НEвНG·Н ЛО(F НОНjНІНu НvН!;Н&@Н)┌Н+@ Н2WН5Н9Н<▓НAНD÷НGАН ЛО&÷НН╙НіНoНб Н!їН%YН6vН:╦Н=фН?╘НC÷НF─Н ЛО$ЬН├НЪНьН%┬Н)ПН-$Н.gН2KН5SН8╘Н;⌡Н?IНBиНF─Н ЛО#PНЄНlНсНYНН2Н"Н$rН&╦Н*шН-°Н0~Н4│Н6{Н:9Н<ЗНBжНFЦН ЛО!╘НFННчНдНоНJН"Х Н+X Н3Н5vН9Н=ўН@▒НC\НG·Н ЛО yНўО┐НЬ НЎ НЕНвН"ЇН$╩Н'(Н*5Н/8Н1zН5YН8╛Н НA~НE6Н ЛО4Н▒НїНьН╧Н IН#4Н&рН)ПН-°Н1 Н2ґН7kН:LНElН ЛО█Н≥НXН ННМНН?Н ЛН"Н&|Н'⌠Н+/Н.=Н/пН;|Н>ЁНBЕНECНFlН ЛОФН┌НMН;НDxН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩ╧TVm$ЯTHEBRIEFINGBLURB4LocalHardwareMostoftheofficesandsomeofthealcovesaroundPARChavepersonalcomputersinthemofoneflavororanother.ThefirstofthesewastheAlto.TherearemorethanathousandAltosinexistencenow,spreadthroughoutXerox,thefouruniversitiesintheUniversityGrantprogram(U.ofRochester,CMU,MIT,andStanford),andotherplaces.Inrecentyears,mostofthelocalAltoshavebeenreplacedbyvariousflavorsofD-machines:Dorados,Dolphins,andDandelions.BothD-machinesandAltoscomeequippedwithbitmapdisplays,mice,andEthernetinterfaces.Let'sdiscussthesecomponentsfirst,andthenturnourattentiontothevariouspersonalcomputersthatcontainthem.BitmapDisplaysFirst,let'stalkaboutdisplays.Differentdisplaysusedifferentrepresentationsofimages.Acharacterdisplayrepresentsitsimageasasequenceofcharactercodes.Thisisaverycompactrepresentation,butnotaveryflexibleone;textisallyoucanget,andprobablyinonlyalimitedselectionoffonts.Avectordisplayrepresentsitsimageasalistofvectorcoordinates.Thisworksverywellforcertainvarietiesoflinedrawings,butnotsowellforfilledareasortext.Abitmapdisplay,ontheotherhand,producesanimagebytakingalargematrixofzerosandones,andputtingwhitewherethezerosareandblackwheretheonesare(orviceversa).Thegreatadvantageofbitmapdisplaysaretheirflexibility:youcanspecifyatremendousnumberofimagesbygivingevenarelativelysmallarrayofbits.Cursorsandiconsaretwolargeclassesofprominentexamples.Ofcourse,youdohavetosupplyenoughmemorytoholdallthosebits.AltosandD-machinesstoretheirbitmapsinmainstorage.Analternativewouldbetoprovideaspecialchunkofmemoryonthesidewherethedisplay'simagesits;suchamemoryisoftencalledaframebuffer.TheprimarydisplayoftheAltoisabitmapthatis608pixelswideby808pixelshigh.Suchadisplayisalmostlargeenoughtodoareasonablejobofrenderingasingle8.5"by11"pageoftext.TheCRTonaD-machinehasthelongaxishorizontalinsteadofvertical,givingabitmapdisplaythatis1024pixelswideby808high.Ithadtobe808highsothatD-machinescouldemulateAltos,ofcourse.Theextraspaceallowsyoutohavesomethingelseonthescreenaswellasthesomewhatscrunchedpageoftextthatyouareediting.EreIleaveyouwithamistakenimpression,letmenoteinpassingthatbitmapdisplaysarenotthefinalsolutiontoalloftheworld'sproblems.Rasterdisplaysthatcanproducevariouslevelsofgrayaswellasblackandwhitecandepictimagesfreeofthe``jaggies''andotherartifactsthatareinherentinbitmapdisplays[2].And,forsomepurposes,coloriswellworthitssubstantialexpense.MiceButnowontomice.Amousehastwoobviouspropertiesitrollsanditclicks.Insidethemachine,themousepositionandthedisplaycursorpositionarecompletelyunrelated;butmostsoftwarearrangesforthecursorto``track''themouse'smovements.Thethreemousebuttonsgobyvariousnames;``left'',``middle'',and``right''isonesetofnames.Themousebuttonsarealsocalled``red'',``yellow'',and``blue''respectively,eventhoughphysicallytheyarenearlyalwaysblack.Thesecolorfulnameswereproposedatanearliertimewhensomeofthemicehadtheirbuttonsrunninghorizontallyinsteadofvertically.Usingcolors(evenimaginaryones!)workedbetterthanswitchingbackandforthbetweenthenomenclatures``top-middle-bottom''and``left-middle-right''.Micealsocomeintwobasicflavors:mechanicalandoptical.Ourcurrentmechanicalmicerollonthreeballs:twosmallones,andonelargeone.Motionofthelargeballissensedbytwolittlewipersinsidethemouse,onesensingsidetosiderollingwhiletheothersensesforwardandbackwardrolling.Themotionofeachwiperdrivesacommutator,andlittlefeelersslidealongthecommutator,producingtheelectricalsignalsthatthelisteningcomputercandecode.BuildingoneoftheselittlegadgetsisnotquiteashardasbuildingaSwisswatch,butit'sinthesameleague.Theopticalmiceareamorerecent1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% Оg'yН%ЯОg'xН+KОg'yН,3Оg'xsНHDОg'zН ЛО_Н▓xНўО[╡Н/НБН:Н▌Н>НкН }Н"жН'█Н,DН0╒Н3БН9_Н@НAўНE1НFЦН ЛОZ Н ЛН╨НІН≤НzН=Н яН#┤Н%ПyН(├ОZ xН)ИОZ Н-УН0RН3ПН7 Н8TН>RНAЗНC╡Н ЛОXcН 6Н▀ Н╒ННYН"LН)lН+ Н-V Н3РН7НyН=kОXcН=лОXcН?SН@і НFН ЛОV╪НдНЦxН`ОV╪Н,ОV╪НсНbН7Н ЖН% Н(зН,&Н-оН0Н3UН6ЦН:Н=fНBшНDгН ЛОUНNНН Н[Н*Н$gН' Н.ЬН2< Н9еННЛНLНН ≤Н'GН*Н.Т|Н ЛОNvНЄxНўОK'Н0НЛН┤НLН'Н%Н*#Н,|Н2Н;eН=НB6НCіН ЛОI─Н√ ННЦНГН█Н╞Н#▐Н%@Н+ Н/ЇН2иН4,Н5NН8TН=гНGН ЛОGьНyН ╨НЮНАН╧Н┴НН Н"БН%┘Н(=Н+Н0УН2╩Н5ЛН7-Н;ВНAЄНC┘НHН ЛОF1НCН* НЮННН .Н"Н#nН%ъН'лН,#Н4╟Н7ЧН<3Н?uНB≈НEН ЛОD┼НQН НфНРНvНМН ЄН#єН%ДН)zН,ЗН.юН2YН3ХН8·Н=╛Н?╣НBНE╦Н ЛОBБНАНХНННcНєН!"Н%⌠Н'cН+Н-яН1pН4>Н9Н<ВНA&НC°НG;Н ЛОA;Н▒Н(Н.Н{Н≤НыНН иН%│Н(GН+їН2Н3╡Н8SН=wН?╦НBЛН ЛО?■Н╛Н@НЕН Н═Н!уН#≈Н(0Н*5Н.`Н1ўН2А Н8шН<┌Н@НAуyНEcО?■НF.О?■Н ЛО=ЛННЙНфНХН═ННzНзxН%SО=ЛН&fО=ЛН'cН, Н.©Н0еН4 Н5ЇН:'Н?НD|НF*Н ЛО∙НAGНD╙НF─Н ЛО4тНпНMН_Н■Н╪Н=Н╗Н"мН% Н,'Н0ЕН2╙Н7АН<Н=DНBНFаН ЛО3,Н`НўН╒НЭНН·yН$О3,Н█О3,НWН!┼Н"ИН$}Н&∙Н) Н*░Н,ж Н2ВН6Н::Н=lН>сxНCО3,НCКО3,НEДН ЛО1┘Н ґНЕН╗НaНЁН aН##Н%5Н'═Н+ДН-·Н0≈Н2PН4╩Н;2НAаНEНFвН ЛО/чН╨НqНеНўО-bНAНHНнН┐Н⌡НцН ▓ Н'ьН)яН,#Н/;Н0ГН5╧Н8┘Н=6НBkНD╪НG/Н ЛО+╩Н $НmН$ННэНDНН&Н*_Н/²Н2sН5Н:gН?7НC НDйНGАН ЛО*НИНїН`Н'НВН▓НфН$fН'CН)Н+z Н1eН4,Н7шН=Н?УНBXНGАН ЛО(lН÷НжНґНН]НПН&Н)▄Н*ЬН-ЕН1щН3Ї Н:┤|Н ЛО%xНўО!нН:Н)ННЁНЇН.НsН!сН$jН)vН2Н5Н7їН8ХН=ZНAhНC╡Н ЛО 'Н>Н┼НЎНhН╨Н_Н#Н(ЄН*Ы Н1Г Н8ИН;\Н>╚НDН ЛОННfН┐Н НБН0Н V Н(WН+Н.∙Н2чН7цН9║Н;▀Н@BНEaН ЛОь НsНRН+НЎН░НтН ЄН&!Н) Н-║Н2ЎН58Н8+НН ЛО┴ННҐНкН+НnН@Н"ЯН$гН'DН*ЁН-┬Н0ЛН5ЪН;SНCНGжН ЛОБ Н■Н┬Н|Н.Н"▀Н&═Н+|Н/gН2Н8├Н;©Н>iНAнНG/Н ЛО;НН @Н"ЬНўО©Н>ННыН НYНчН$| Н+ІН.─Н4■Н7┼Н■НDсН ЛОиНаН{Н0Н^Н1Н:Н` Н'mН*!Н-NН1╔Н4щН8≤Н:У НCН ЛО "НT Н$Н°НsНшН!gН'⌡Н*/Н/оН5rН8&Н9ХН=yН@ЁНE╔НGН ЛО{Н qННPНЫНnН⌠НBН"█Н% Н'7Н(ЮН+:Н.ЁН3сН6їН;Н>jН@╦НAщНEkН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩ ыTVm$PTHEBRIEFINGBLURB5innovation.Anopticalmouselivesonaspecialpad,coveredwithlittlewhitedotsonablackbackground.Alensinthemouseimagesaportionofthepadontothesurfaceofacustomintegratedcircuit.ThisIChassixteenlight-sensitiveregions,someofwhichnoticethattheyarebeingshinedonbytheimageofawhitedotonthepad.AsthemouseslidesalongthepadonitsTeflon-coatedunderbelly,theimagesofthewhitedotsmoveacrosstheIC;itissubtlyconstructedsoastoobservethisphenomenon,andtakeappropriateelectricalaction.Formoredetailsonthisinterestingapplicationofacustomchip,youmightenjoycheckingoutDickLyon'sblue-and-whitereportonthesubject[3].TheEthernetTwo'scompany,three'sanetwork.AcollectionofmachineswithinreasonableproximityishookedtogetherbyanEthernet;ifthatdoesn'tsoundfamiliar,Iknowofsomeblue-and-whitesthatyoumightliketobrowse[4,5].EthernetsareconnectedtoeachotherbyGatewaysandphonelines,whichformostpurposesallowustoignorethetopologyoftheresultingnetwork.TheresultingnetworkasawholeiscalledanInternet.Occasionally,it'snicetoknowwherethingsreallyare,andthat'swhenamap<6>ishelpful.Ethernetscomeintwoflavors:oldandnew.Theoldonerunsat3MBits/sec,andshouldnowbereferredtoasthe``ExperimentalEthernet''.Theunqualifiedname``Ethernet''shouldbereservedforthenewone,thestandardizedversionusedinOSDproducts;itrunsat10MBits/sec.Weallknowhowuncommunicativecomputerscanbewhenlefttotheirowndevices.That'swhyweinventcarefulprotocolsforthemtouseintalkingtoeachother.TherearetwoentireworldsofprotocolsthatarespokenonourvariousEthernetsaswell:oldandnew.TheoldonesarecalledPUP-based(PARCUniversalPacket)[7].ThenewonesareknownbytheacronymNS(NetworkSystems)[8,9].I'msurethattheNSprotocolsmustbedocumented,butIdon'tknowwhere;sorry.Eachprotocolworldincludesahierarchyofprotocolsforvariouspurposessuchastransportingfiles,orsendingandreceivingmail.Inadditiontoconnectingupallofthepersonalcomputers,thenetworkalsoincludesanumberofmachinesgenericallycalledservers.Normally,servershavespecialpurpose,expensivehardwareattachedtothem,suchaslarge-capacitydisks,orprinters.Theirpurposeinlifeistomakethathardwareavailabletothelocalcommunity.Wetendtoidentifyserversbyfunction,sowetalkaboutprintservers,fileservers,namelookupservers,mailboxservers,tapeservers,andsoon.ManyoftheprotocolsforuseoftheEthernetweredevelopedpreciselysothatpersonalcomputerscouldcommunicateeffectivelywithservers.TheAltoTheinnardsoftheAltoarewonderfullydescribedinaclearandinformativeblue-and-whitereport[10];Iseriouslyrecommendthatyoureadit.IntheveryunlikelyeventthatyouneedtoknowstillmoreabouttheAlto,youmighttrylookingintheAltohardwaremanual<11>.Butforourpurposes,sufficeittosaythattheAltoisa16-bitminicomputerwhoseprimaryclaimtofameisthatitcomesequippedwithabitmapdisplay,amouse,andanEthernetinterface.D-MachinesTheD-machinesareafamilyofpersonalcomputers,eachmemberofwhichhasanamestartingwiththeletter``D''.Aslongasyoudon'tlooktooclosely,D-machineslookalotalike.Inparticular,theyareall16-bitcomputerswithamicroprogrammedprocessorthathandlesmostoftheI/Oaswellrunningtheuser'sprograms.Andtheyallgenerallycomeequippedwithaharddisk,abitmapdisplay,akeyboard,amouse,andanEthernetinterface.Therearedifferencesofcourse:insize,inspeed,andinflexibility.1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% 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Н4Н7*Н8KН;}Н>╨Н?зНD└Н ЛО OННpН≈НFНЗНХН!▀ Н(Н,Н.U Н5NН7НН=2 НD░НFЫН ЛОKQНН┘Н НьН| Н)<Н*МН/≈Н4bН7Н<Н?%НD3НG/Н ЛОI╙НлН┴НбНoНд Н!√Н&x Н-mН0√Н3Н6ъ Н<Н>уНFEНHeН ЛОHН|НН0НqНїН┬Н#"Н$~Н'·Н*²Н/Н1yН3dН4ю Н<дН?UНAГНE╦Н ЛОF[ Н4Н┬НдН└Н;Н"]Н%┐Н,] Н3╔Н6\Н9vН;%Н= Н@² {Н ЛОCН╞xНўО?╪Н>Н⌡Н НЪН!aН"│Н)÷Н.2Н/÷Н4SН7dН9ШН=іН?ЭНEШН ЛО>Н^НЩ НС Н#fН%5Н)zН.°Н2FН7■ Н?VНAhНFьН ЛОвНAНBпНGRН ЛО5пН (НЛНtНН ўН&дН)ъН+пН-╣Н2< Н<1Н?НB╗НDAН ЛО4(НэН⌡Н║Н╡НН+Н"rН%▐Н&╩Н)RН-з Н5Н8≥Н>+НC╪НFuН ЛО2│Н НоНcН█Н%НўО0Н+Н'Н└Н▀НН╔Н!LН$ГН(≤Н+╞Н-▒Н0°Н4BН:÷Н<─Н?ДНBёНDXН ЛО.^Н/НщН НGН#`Н',Н,гН1ЪН5■Н7eН9ФН=╡Н?┌НB;НDНFН ЛО,ІН'НзН2НвНЧН╟НсН"0Н#Н$ДН)░Н+ХН2Н3ЎН7ЭН:3 Н@Э Н ЛО+НГНЎНТ НшН!╪Н'JН(╣Н+┌Н/Н2КН7тН9▄yН=О+Н=uО+Н?║НA├НE-НGPН ЛО)hНSН#НUНcН╞xН▄О)hНнО)hН■Н"Н%8Н(oН+╪Н..Н2BН5 Н9*Н:DН=ZН?НC/Н ЛО'юН ґНШНЇНН3Н )Н$>Н'█Н.NН2zН3ыН7╚Н:ґН=д НDхНFН ЛО&Н Н╠НaН┌НЁН╣НїН%чН)Н,Н0Н2КН7┼ Н=iН>лНA▒НD?НG·Н ЛО$rН▐Н ЫННяН┐НМНФН#░Н&RН(╪Н.зН0QН1┘Н4╙Н7▄Н;З НBйН ЛО"йН<НН╨ННHНН6Н#=Н$ГН(≤Н*CН.ГН1CН4.Н7иН:}Н=GН@┴НCtНG;Н ЛО!#ННфНН└Н▌Н╡Н"оН&~Н).Н-ПН/Н4qН7!Н=Н?хНCНDгН ЛО|НyН■ННиННхНцН├Н$bН'²Н+PН-Н0ЎН2ПН5├Н:NН;ЯН?cНAмНEН ЛОтН ўНН╟НК Н ИН#AН%ўН'^Н*┬Н-фН10Н4oН:YН>TН@╚НEvН ЛО-Н╔Н* Н^НН#НеН"8НўО╠Н▌НиН НйН;Н╗НsНДН#1Н%╒Н*Ў Н1gН3лН6БН<фН>┘Н?аНDрН ЛО Н≤Н6НОН─Н"FН'_Н-5Н0Н2≈Н8Н:ыН=RН@чНE&НGАН ЛОcН SН]Н╟НэНЦН╒Н$@Н'сН,╪Н/÷Н3ЇН5 Н8HН=┴Н@ёНC{Н ЛО╩НИННЗНОНҐН(┐Н.БН1≥ Н8┴Н>▓НAvНGН ЛОН▄Н9Н$Н]НMН Н"ИН%ьН(nН-╪Н/╚Н4]Н9÷ Н@nНBRНFЦН ЛОm НСН~НЬНЁН!▓Н$VН(Н)р Н0lН4Н5{Н8ЗН;уН?uНEtНG/Н ЛОеНВН╒НИН▓Н<Н╠Н jН"йН(NН+ВН.ўН1├Н4б{Н ЛОvН╞xН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩ▒TVm$ЎTHEBRIEFINGBLURB7TheDicentraisthenewestD-machine.Essentially,itconsistsoftheprocessoroftheDandelionwiththetaskingstuffstripedoutsqueezedontooneMultibuscard.ItcommunicateswithitsmemoryandwithI/OdevicesovertheMultibus.DicentraswilltalktoanyEthernet,oranyI/Odeviceforthatmatter,forwhichyoucansupplyaMultibusinterfacecard;that'soneoftheDicentra'sstrengths.TheinitialapplicationoftheDicentraisasaprocessorforlowcostInternetgateways.TheDicentraandtheDandelionarenamedafterwildflowerspartiallybecausetheyareoutgrowthsofaninitialdesignofButlerLampson'scalledtheWildflower.TheDaffodilTheDaffodilisaD-machinethatdoesn'texistyet,butsomedaymay.Ifso,itwillbecheaptobuild,sinceitwillusecustomintegratedcircuits.TheDaffodilisproduct-related.Thus,pleasedon'ttalkaboutittoowidely.ImentionithearonlysothatyouwillknowwhatitisthatChuckThackeristalkingabout.TheDragonTheDragonisahigh-performanceprocessorbasedoncustomintegratedcircuitsthatisbeingdesignedinCSL;confusinglyenough,though,theDragonisnotreallyaD-machine.Forexample,theDragonwordsizeis32bitsratherthan16.TheunderpinningsofCedarwillbeadjustedasnecessarysothatCedarwillrunonaDragon;butthiswilltakesomedoing.AfewcommentsaboutBootingAllofthelocalprocessorscomeequippedwithahiddenbuttoncalledthe``bootbutton''thatisusedtoreinitializetheprocessor'sstate.TheAltohadjustonebootbutton,hiddenbehindthekeyboard;pushingitbootedtheAlto.OnDolphins,thesituationisonlyslightlymorecomplex:therearetwobootbuttons,oneatthebackofthekeyboard,andtheotherontheprocessorchassisitself.Theyperformroughlythesamefunction,buttheoneonthechassisisalittlemorepotent.OnDorados,thereisalotmoregoingon.Therearereallytwocomputersinvolved,themainDoradoprocessorandaseparatemicrocomputercalledthebaseboard.Itisthebaseboardcomputer'sjobtomonitorthepowersuppliesandtemperatureandtostage-managethecomplexprocessofpoweringupanddownthemainprocessor,includingthecorrectinitializationofallofitsRAM's.ThebootbuttononaDoradoisactuallyawayofcommunicatingwiththisbaseboardcomputer.Youencodeyourrequesttothebaseboardcomputerbypushingthebootbuttonrepeatedly:eachnumberofpushesmeanssomethingdifferent.Fordetails,seeEdTaft'smemoonthesubject<13>.IfthebaseboardcomputeroftheDoradohasgonewestforsomereason(asoccasionallyhappens),youronlyhopeistopushtherealbootbutton,alittlewhitebuttonlocatedontheprocessorchassisitself,far,faraway.Justasthebootbuttononthekeyboardisessentiallyaone-bitinputdeviceforthebaseboardcomputer,thebaseboardcomputeralsohasaone-bitoutputdevice:agreenlightlocatedontheprocessorchassis.Variouspatternsofflashingofthislightmeanvariousthings,asdetailedin<13>.ThereisonemorebitoffolkloreaboutbootingthatIcan'tresistmentioningeveryonceinawhile,Ihavetothrowinsomesubtletidbittokeepthewizardswhoreadthisfromgettingbored.Oursubjectthistimeisthe``longpushboot''.SupposethatyouhavebeenworkingonyourDoradoforawhile,andyouwalkawaytogotothebathroom.Whenyoureturnandreachtowardyourkeyboard,yougetastaticshock.Youareonlymildlyannoyedatthisuntilyounoticethatthecursorisnolongertrackingthemouse,andthemachinedoesn'tseemtohearanyofyourkeystrokes.ThescreenlooksOK,buttheDoradoisignoringallinput.Whathasprobablyhappenedisthatthemicroprocessorinyourterminalhasbeenknockedoutbythestaticshock.Yes,Virginia!InadditiontotheDoradoitself,andthebaseboardcomputer,thereisalsoamicroprocessorinyourterminal(locatedinthedisplayhousing),whichobservesyourinputactionsandsendsthemontothemainprocessorunderaprotocolreferredtoas``theseven-wireinterface''.WhatyouwanttodonowistoreboottheterminalmicroprocessorwithoutdisturbingthestateoftheDoradoatallafterall,youwereintheprocessofeditingsomething,1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% Оg'yН%ЯОg'xН+KОg'yН,3Оg'xsНHDОg'xНўО_/Н║НbНХНcН Н&3Н-tН.ЕН4Н5тН8NН>|Н@PНBкyН ЛО]┬Н]Н8НННqНxНЗО]┬Н~О]┬НтН"ВН%■Н+oН/?Н0╗Н9▓Н<÷Н>kНCкНFtН ЛО[ЮНцН≈Н╩Н&НЪН$4Н&КН)╛Н+eН.Н4Н5ИН8■Н;kН?╩НBНDэН ЛОZ9Н0НEНН∙Н Н=Н!-Н&ыН*УН.іН1YН3Н5 Н< НBдНEёН ЛОX▓ ННгН/НщНPНН8Н%TН'≥Н*AН-Н2ayН9ОX▓Н9мОX▓Н;`Н?ЛНBНDН ЛОVЙНхНgНЩ НыН(Н CН"ІН$⌠ Н*DН+єН-1Н0TН3гН5(Н8─Н>НA0НC {Н ЛОS⌡Н╞xНўОPLНёНEНнННOН";Н'Н*dН-"Н/юН5▌Н9╗Н;GН=│Н>ТНAҐНCкНGЮН ЛОNєН УНyНАН·Н$НТ Н#}Н):Н,$Н1╧Н37Н=ъНAфНEШН ЛОLЩНіН┼НЦНPН√Н╒Н Н!kН$┴Н'╔Н)lН,=Н.ВН1╔Н5gН8гН: Н;▌Н>_НBхНH#Н ЛОKVН}{Н ЛОHН╞xНўОDЇНхН Н╧Н%Н#├Н)эН.Н0IН5J Н<НAНDНEдН ЛОCН·НCН^ Н╗Н!АН&ДН):Н.0Н/▓Н1ЧН5©Н6ъ Н>фНAhНG/Н ЛОAiНЫН▐НGНюНЁНaН|Н"╟Н%▀Н(qН1√Н3\Н7┌Н::Н<8НAюНC{Н ЛО?аН╟Н~Н√НBНьНчНН!Н#├Н&'Н(сН+лН/_|Н ЛОН/сН2МН7═Н<2Н@дНC Н ЛО5тН9Н╔НXНнНОНcН$оН'DН,УН.vН1іН6└Н:-Н@зНDyНFЦН ЛО4-Н LНйН╔НmНШНrНZН!ИН(yН+`Н-ОН1ҐН3СН6┌Н<дНAoНFН ЛО2┘НeН⌡НН╧Н ╛Н#NН%нН(⌡Н*бН-BН1чН3kН4╣Н8Н;╩НA(НC╗Н ЛО0чН vНЦНН!Н╣Н─НeН hН"╪Н&┬Н)5Н/ЕН5ьН89Н;ЇН@цНFьН ЛО/7ННYНЮНл{Н !О/7Н рО/7xН%ГО/7Н'1О/7Н(·Н)ЪН,TН2ж Н9сН<2Н=уНCНEaН ЛО-▐Н;НТ НўНgНН&√Н(ВН.}Н3RН5 Н;Н=+Н?ДНC╟НFН ЛО+Х Н┴НоНaН$ Н&8Н(#Н*EН,0Н.<Н4CН7MН:╟Н?SНA▀НBГНH#Н ЛО*AНFНЄНпНмН╦Н#Н%ЭН,нН4\Н7╞Н<іН@%НE=НG/Н ЛО(≥Н┐НЇН╪НЩН fН#║Н( Н/шН3Н8KН:Н>÷НBЛН ЛО&Р Н@НтНeН║НҐН|Н#·Н%█Н'жН,hН0[Н1фН4Н:├Н@≥НB;НD└Н ЛО%KНVНіНІНХНoНЎНзН&oН,єН/тН2БН6JН7╙Н9NН<═{Н>ТО%KН?xО%KxНA═О%KНBgО%KНDеН ЛО#ёНН'НвН9НХНчН.Н%1Н)²Н-BН/╡Н1иyН6О#ёН6~О#ёН8=Н9┴Н;bН=ЦНAdНBЖНDоН ЛО!ЭН Н9ННъНеН%НФНцН#ВН)#Н*ЪН04Н5Н7MН9:Н:Н=АНAfНE┤НFlН ЛО UНyНEНЦНиНіНЛН ЩН%2Н&⌠Н*ІН,Н.1Н0©Н3ЎН7▓Н;Н/НD▐НGFН ЛО<НН┼Н1Н5Н~Н█НяН%VН&ДН)zН,ІН/cН3pН64Н8┴Н<╛Н> Н@ НDBН ЛО∙НAНХН∙НЙНcН Н#┴Н%-Н(<Н*рН,─Н/╠ Н7$Н9РН> НAЁНD╧НG/Н ЛОМНЩНpНННЕНyН ?Н"╩Н(⌠Н.ЯН0cН38Н5· Н? Н@тНDН ЛОFН├НН╟НKНkНОН ·Н%єН(ьН/kН1_Н6СН8фН;JН@zНDSНG/Н ЛО÷Н⌡Н?НЙНwНeН ╠ Н*MН,Н/yН5Н:mН<<Н>ҐНC▒Н ЛОВН Н╘НТН╞Н\Н"#Н%СН)█Н+ёН-bН/яН3_Н9┌Н=∙Н>оНDMН ЛО PНЇН │Нґ Н≤НН"ъН%╡Н),Н*ЖН-Н09Н1бН3▄Н8Н:Н@ Н ЛО╘НЛ НmНаНФН⌠НФН#ЕН%qН+mН-╘Н0TН3≥Н5;Н7▌ННB■ Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪ ЭTVm$`THEBRIEFINGBLURB8andyouarenowindangerofloosingthoseedits.Whatyoushoulddoistodepressthebootbuttonandholditdownforquiteawhile(morethan2.5seconds);andthenreleaseit.Thisisknownasa``longpushboot'',anditdoesjustwhatyouwantundertheseconditions:itrebootsyourterminalwithoutaffectinganythinghigherup.MAXC:ablastfromthepastBeforeweleavethetopicofhardwarecompletely,IshouldpausetomentiontheexistenceofMAXC(thenameissaidtobeanacronymforMultipleAccessXeroxComputer).Overtheyears,thefolkinCSLbuilttwoMAXC's.Eachwasagood-sizedmicroprogrammedcomputerthatspentitsdaysemulatingaPDP-10:runningTENEX,andtimesharingawaywiththebestofthem.OneoftheMAXC'sstillsurvives,theoneinitiallyknownasMAXC2,anditservesusnowprimarilyastheInternet'sinterfacetotheArpanet.VestigesofMAXC1stillsurviveassouvenirsinsomepeople'soffices.MostofthestuffgoingbetweentheInternetandtheArpanetiselectronicmail;ourmailsystemsunderstandaboutArpanetrecipients,sothereisnoneedtotalktoMAXCdirectlyjusttosendArpanetmail.ThereareafewothercomputingtasksthatMAXCcanperformandthatnoonehasyethadtheenergytosupplyinsomeotherway,suchasarchivingfilesontomagnetictape.ButmostfolksshouldbeabletospendtheirtimeherequitehappilywithoutevertalkingdirectlytoMAXC.1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% Оg'yН%ЯОg'xН+KОg'yН,3Оg'xsНHDОg'xН ЛО_/Н╣Н~НДНЫН╧Н]Н(Н!ЖН%їН)НН-юН0┴Н5Н7/Н8ґН:mН?iНAшНEН ЛО]┬Н╣НВН_Н;Н┼Н%Н`Н &Н$DН'{Н)иН0yН3BН6zН;Н=fН@▒НBНFіНHeН ЛО[ЮН АНjНнН╟Н2Н█Н ZН#БН&дН*LН.yН2. Н:%Н;іН@╟НDН ЛОZ9НЬН·НNН·|Н ЛОVсН╗НщН-НsНяxНўОSmННН┐НкН%НфН#І Н*РН+БН0EН4Н5єН:ЗН=AНCНDіН ЛОQфНмН√Н НКН║Н⌡Н■Н AН"┤ОQ\ЧVН"┤ОQфН#щОQфН(5ОQ\ЧН(5ОQфН)>ОQфН,ўОQ\Ч Н,ўОQфН-ЇОQфН0ыОQ\ЧЧН0ыОQфН1вОQфН8мН╟НB≥НEНGАН ЛОPНЭН$Н╟ННdНПНЗ Н&ЁН2 Н8*Н:ыН>cН@НC#Н ЛОNwН/Н~НнН╔Нu Н'Н*≥Н-лН0DН3AН5Н9╘Н<фН>≤НAНFНН ЛОLпyН⌡ОLпНСОLпН▒НеНуН└НМxН!©ОLпН"eОLпН$▀Н%ВН*Н+ЩН/Н5'Н6ЙН9_ Н?⌠НEMНGН ЛОK(yН1ОK(НЭОK(Н~НЕНgН┬Н YН!╦Н&⌡Н'ЗН*эН/*xН2РОK(Н4HОK(Н6┐Н8DН:╛Н=ФНA╦НG/Н ЛОI│Н=ННpНвНP Н!÷Н%сН(lН+■Н0╒ Н7ыН;иНA/ НGкН ЛОGзН tНчНЦН?НЛН║НOН6Н$*Н&йН(wН+╡Н1Н4ШН8ЭН;NНЬНB╔НF_Н ЛОD▀Н Н╪Н╠Н≈Н©Н ■Н$eН&ЪН*SН-їН2Н4Н6УН8°Н<√Н?уНBСНFН ЛОBДНАНМНЯН┌Н wН"&Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪЄTVm$⌠THEBRIEFINGBLURB9LocalProgrammingEnvironmentsVariousprogrammingenvironmentshavegrownuparoundthevariouspiecesofhardwarementionedabove.Youcangetasoftwaremeritbadgesimplybywritingonenon-trivialprogramineachenvirnoment.ProgrammingonMAXCSincewewerediscussingMAXCjustamomentago,let'sgetitoutofthewayfirst.Fromasoftwarepointofview,MAXCisaPDP-10.Thus,itisprogrammedeitherintheassemblerMacro-10orelseinoneofavarietyofhigherlevellanguages[14].Fortunately,therearen'tallthatmanynewprogramsthathavetobewrittentorunonMAXCanymore.BCPLThefirsthigh-levelprogramminglanguageusedontheAltowasBCPL,andquiteabitofprogramwritingwasdoneinthatenvironmentovertheyears.Bynow,however,essentiallynonewprogrammingisbeingdoneinBCPL.Thelanguageitselfwillbearoundforsometimetocome,sincethereareBCPLprogramsthatperformvaluableservicesforus:theprintserverprogramsPressandSpruceandthefileserverprogramIFSarethreeimportantexamples.Ofthebetter-knowncomputerlanguages,BCPLisclosesttoC.ThefundamentaldatatypeinBCPLisasixteen-bitword.Therearefacilitiesinthelanguageforbuildingstructureddataobjectsincludingrecordsandpointers.Butthereisnotype-checkinginthelanguageatall.Forexample,iffooisapointertoarecordoftypenodethatincludesafieldnamednext,thatfieldisreferencedinBCPLbywriting``foo>>node.next'',whichmeans``treatfooasapointertoanode,andextractthenextfield''.Inastronglytypedlanguage,youwouldn'thavetomentionthatfoowasapointertoanode,sincethecompilerwouldbekeepingtrackofthefactthatfoowassodeclared.TheBCPLcompiler,however,thinksoffooasasixteenbitvalue,justlikeanyothersixteenbitvalue.Forexample,itwouldbelegalinBCPLtowrite``(foo+7)>>node.next'',or``foo>>otherNode.next''.SomeofthestrictnessoftheMesaapproachtotype-checkingandversionmatchingdiscussedbelowmaybeareactiontoBCPL'sfree-wheelingwaysofhandlingtheseissues.FurtherdetailsabouttheBCPLlanguageandenvironmentcanbefoundelsewhere<14,15,16>.ThedebuggerintheBCPLenvironmentwasnamed``Swat''.Thisnameispreservedinthelocaldialectasthenameofthebottomofthethreeunmarkedkeysattherightedgeofthekeyboard.Variousdebuggersmaybeinvokedinvariousenvironmentsbydepressingthiskey,perhapsinconjunctionwiththeleft-handshiftkeyorthecontrolkey.(Therighthandshiftkeywon'tdo;itistooclosetotheswatkeyitselfforcomfort!)MesaMesaisastronglytyped,PASCAL-likeimplementationlanguagedesignedandbuiltlocally.ItfirstranonAltos.Herein,IshallcallthatsystemAlto/Mesa.DolphinsandDorados(butnotDandelions)canrunAlto/MesabyimpersonatinganAltoatsomelevel.MorerecentinstancesofMesanowrunonallofourD-machinesunderthePilotoperatingsystem.Inpassing,IshouldobservethatPilotisanoperatingsystemwritteninMesabyfolkinSDD.Itisaheavier-weightoperatingsystemthantheAltoOS,providingitsclientswithmultiprocessing,virtualmemory,andmappedfiles.Alto/MesaprogramsdonotusetheAltoOSatall,mostlybecauseMesaandBCPLhaverather1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% Оg'yН%ЯОg'xН+KОg'yН,3Оg'xsНHDОg'zН ЛО^УН▓ НмxНўО[іНё НН"┤Н%ґН)фН+ЇН0UН2■Н7<Н;4Н<лНBЄН ЛОYЪНuНZН╩НзНыН(НїН#▀Н'пН)╒Н.*Н0╚ Н79Н<·Н>"НA)|Н ЛОV╟ НrНmxНўОS`НKН[Н■ НСН еН#NН$`Н)ІН,▄Н/MН1~Н2╪Н5Н6╩Н9Н;бН?GНCНDН ЛОQ╧Н ┴Н?НпНЇН НHН ?Н$Н%gН&я Н.СН2щН4┴Н6ФН=9НCkНE,НGАН ЛОPН╠Н┐НфНfН8Н║НН$cН(Н0Н3іН7═Н9╘Н<▒Н@uНC|Н ЛОNjН╨НН╞Н═НSНН≈Н·Н#┤Н&'|Н ЛОKxНўОGлН┌НW НЄ Н!CН'Н*>Н,@Н.°Н1╡Н4ZН8яН;┘Н?Н@1НBKНDН ЛОF%Н▌Н*Н█Н+НЙ Н ИН#РН&BН*├Н,⌠Н/ъН5╚ Н<(Н>Н@Э Н ЛОD}НIННjН НКН╣Н!mН$╩Н'XН):Н-ЙН0Н3·Н6╣Н8UНН▓НН"|НўО>ЁНКНwНН n Н'=Н+▄Н-$Н1╚Н3├Н6=Н9B НAsНDєНGАН ЛО=Н5НхН ННН═Н иН#D Н(нН*ёН-)Н3Н5zН; НAфНDРН ЛО;eННЭНгНН нН$kН%КН(Н0зН2°Н5Н:ИН<√Н?┼НBIНH.{Н ЛО9ҐxН_О9ҐНбО9ҐН ИН1ННФН.Н°Нt{Н ёО9ҐН!aО9ҐxН$О9ҐН$oО9ҐН&МН,oН-ЇН1{Н5╛О9ҐН6jО9ҐxН8<О9ҐН97О9ҐН<$Н?sН@Ч НGАН ЛО8НН НўО5⌡Н ЛО3Н СН0{НО3НzО3xНXО3НЩО3НЪН"НДН!▄{Н"╞О3Н#mО3xН%iО3Н&?О3Н(ОН-e{Н/ҐО3Н0|О3xН2кО3Н3EО3Н7zН9CН:fН?═НCpН ЛО1xН╪Н▒НЯН╧Н@{Н 'О1xН √О1xxН"■О1xН#▓О1xН%YН&°Н+~Н-F{Н.┴О1xН/GО1xxН1CО1xН29О1xН5еН8=Н>НBYНDcН ЛО/яН iН,Н√НM{Н&О/яН■О/яxН└О/яН│О/яН:НН$}Н'_Н+▄Н1╙Н7░Н;Ґ{Н=│О/яН=ОО/яxН?ъО/яН@└О/яНA≈НBкНGrН ЛО.)Н НН▐Н;НшН{НН 4Н$╨Н'eН-6Н.▄Н2╨Н4╚Н7ЯН9÷Н=аН?pНўО+ўННтН ЛО)3Н ╡Н[Н╙ НwН НpН Н$ЬН&√Н/GН1ОН6іН<∙НB▌НF▀Н ЛО'▀НОН +Н─НAНRН!ВН%fН'1Н,ЪН0⌡Н5|Н:╔Н?НBШНElН ЛО%ДН╡Нi НxННТН#Н)LН,:Н.wНўО#hН≈Н╡НrНДН Н&8Н(ЖН-▌Н3KН6wН:HН;фНBНCвНFIН ЛО!аНAНщН+НыН│НоН┤Н .Н"|Н%ТН,pН/xН0ЪН3MН6█Н9цН;jН=╦НDyН ЛО Н{Н─НrНЄНdН!-Н)аН+Ў Н2└Н5&Н8Н=CН>Р НFtН ЛОrНAНН.Н╧НrНгН nН#йН'Н*XН-кН0шН3fН7&Н:Н;`Н<аН? НB|НD НFtН ЛОкН│НчН|Н ЛО|xНўО-НPНЄНвНН9 Н$Д Н.╪Н4{Н:/Н<ъН@НEGНFЇН ЛО┘НfНrНВНРННAНрН!іН&' Н-ЩН4Н6ЎНXНAШНDЫНG┴Н ЛО7НТН фНi Н"Н=Н╣Н"Н(KН-рН/╨Н4ЧН6Н:ЁН?уНB╪НFНG·Н ЛО▐ННzН(НпНtН jН#;Н$ДН)=Н*╞Н,Н-9 Н6lН<┘Н@ШНDНFuН ЛО ХНёНБНҐННН&HН*ёН0hН3Н8mНўОmН╨НИН Н÷Н!0Н#ґН&ЦН)_Н+Н-yН2Н7EН;Н=ъНBНE│Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪ ДTVm$PTHEBRIEFINGBLURB10differentphilosophiesabouttherun-timeworldinwhichtheyexist.SothefirstthingthataMesaprogramdoeswhenrunningonanAltoistojuntaawayalmostalloftheOS,andsetaboutbuildingaseparateMesaworld.ItisaconsiderablenuisanceforMesaandBCPLprogramstocommunicate,sincetheirunderlyinginstructionsetsarecompletelydifferent.So,mostoftheimportantOSfacilities,suchasthefilesystem,hadtobere-implementeddirectlyinMesa.Mesa'smemorymanagementstrategiesreplacetherevolutionarytacticsof``junta''and``counter-junta''withtherelativeanarchyofsegmentswapping.AfairamountofsoftwarewaswritteninAlto/Mesa,butlittlenewprogrammingisbeingdoneinthatenvironment;thatis,Alto/Mesaisn'tquiteatdeadasBCPL,butitisgettingthere.PerhapsthecrownjewelsofAlto/MesaarethesystemsLaurel,Grapevine,Mockingbird,andGriffin.Youwillbehearingmoreabouttheformertwointhesectiononelectronicmail;tofindoutmoreaboutthelattertwo,checkouttheirentriesintheGlossary.ThePilotversionofMesaisthehometolotsofactiveprogramminginseverallocations.First,itisthesysteminwhichtheStarproductwasandisbeingimplementedbyOSD.TheprogrammersinOSDhavedevelopedasetoftoolsforprogramminginMesavariouslycalledthe``ToolsEnvironment''or``Tajo''.Thisbodyofsoftwaremaysoonbemarketedunderthename``theMesaDevelopmentEnvirnoment''.Inaddition,PilotMesaisthecurrentbaseoftheCedarprojectinCSLandISL.MoreonCedarlater.AlthoughMesaprogramslookalotlikePASCALprogramswhenviewedinthesmall,Mesaprovidesandenforcesamodularizationconceptthatallowslargeprogramstobebuiltupoutofsmallerpieces.Thesesmallerpiecesarecompiledseparately,andyetthestrongtypecheckingofMesaisenforcedevenbetweendifferentmodules.Thebasicideaistostructureasystembydeterminingcertainabstractcollectionsoffacilitiesthatsomeportionsofthesystemwillsupplytootherportions.Suchanabstractioniscalledan``interface'',anditiscodifiedforthecompiler'sbenefitinaMesasourcefilecalledan``interfacemodule''.Aninterfacemoduledefinescertaintypes,andspecifiesacollectionofproceduresthatactonvaluesofthosetypes.Onlytheprocedureheadersgointotheinterfacemodule,nottheprocedurebodies(exceptforINLINE's,sadtosay).Thismakessense,sincealltheinterfacemodulehastodoistogivethecompilerenoughinformationsothatitcantype-checkprogramsthatusetheabstraction.Havingspecifiedtheinterface,someluckyhackerthenhasthejobofimplementingitthatis,ofwritingtheprocedurebodiesthatactuallydothework.Theseprocedurebodiesgointoadifferenttypeofmodulecalledan``implementationmodule''.Animplementationmoduleissaidto``export''theinterfacethatitisimplementing;itmayalso``import''otherinterfacesthatitneedstodoitsjob,interfacesthatsomeotherprogramwillimplement.Insimplesystems,eachinterfaceisexportedbyexactlyonemodule.Insuchasystem,thereisn'tmuchquestionaboutwhoshouldbesupplyingwhichservicestowhom.Infact,inthesesimplecases,thebinding,thatis,theresolutionofimportsandexports,canbedoneontheflybytheloader.Butinmorecomplexcases,theremightbeseveraldifferentmodulesinthesystemthatcansupplythesameserviceundersomewhatdifferentconditions,orwithsomewhatdifferentperformance.Then,thejobofdescribingexactlywhichmodulesaretosupplywhichservicestowhichothermodulescanbecomerathersubtle.Awholelanguagewasdevisedtodescribethesesubtlecases,calledC/Mesa.TheBinderistheprogramthatreadsaC/Mesadescription,calledaconfig,andbuildsarunnablesystembyfillingimportsrequestfromexportsaccordingtotherecipe.TheMesalanguageisdescribedbyamanual[18].Itliessomewherebetweenatutorialandareferencemanual.Somepeoplefindsomeportionsofitratherobscure;inparticular,thediscussionofinterfacesandimplementationsinChapter7isoftencitedasconfusing.Tomakemattersalittleworse,thatmanualdocumentsMesaversion5.0;thecurrentAlto/Mesaisversion6.0,andPilotmesahasadvancedevenfurther.FromthepointofviewoftheMesalanguageitself,themostimportantchangesthathaveoccurredsinceversion5.0aretheintroductionofsequencesandzonesinversion6.0;theyaredocumentedforyourreadingpleasure<19>.YoumayalsobeinterestedinJimMorris'scomments1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/НҐНвНЕНpН$LН(cН*=Н.vН1╡Н6Н8HН:сН=жНA√НD░НEФН ЛО]┬Н~Н╡НkНіН╟НєН"аН$0Н%БН)oН,ПН1YН3MН5 Н7lН:'Н<БН?НBХНHeН ЛО[ЮН<НщН⌠ННfН┤Н#mН) Н+?Н.ЮН1▐Н5╘Н;ЁН=YНFН ЛОZ9Н = Н8 ННйН ( Н'. Н-дН0.Н3∙Н5XН7бН>.Н@≤ НF]Н ЛОX▓Н╘НН▒НsН:НЬНЬ Н%ЭН+Н,ЎН1aН5ВН;s НC° Н ЛОVЙНсН[НЖНCН %Н%8Н(Н2!Н5eН7МН<УНBJНD,Н ЛОUCНўОRхНEНшНЯН╣Н8НОН$ґН&f Н-╦Н0DН3─Н6y Н?Н@█НDcНGАН ЛОQ НеНХНбН▒Н!▀Н$░Н(%Н)хН-1Н.ЙН3pН5ЭН7]Н8тН=qНAМНG/Н ЛОOyНН>ННЧН]НхН$тН)² Н0еН9dН<'НAлНDГНG·Н ЛОMрНБНvНZН╩НMНЗН!╘Н$ Н(╗Н*╟ Н0РН5Н6╪Н9╚Н<"Н?ЇНC НEШН ЛОL*НПНрНGН▌НЪНґННўОI╞Н░НЮН╠НtН'Н²Н!Н$ФН&·Н)>Н+Н.В Н7⌠Н9KН=Ф НD░НH9Н ЛОHНgН уН_НН9Н╗Н Н"лН%├Н(MН)гН-║ Н6Н8 Н<└Н?k НGАН ЛОFaН lН╣НOН{Н НUН╘Н!Х Н*}Н,-Н/ыН5ІН9╟Н<Н@▌Н ЛОD╧НъН╙НТН║Н┼Н 2Н#eН&шН(ШН/>Н3pН5ЪН9НН=-НA Н ЛОC НеН▓НWН°Н"CН#ґН& Н*рН-КН/╒Н1ЪН6Н:╠Н<]Н?▀НBAНEпН ЛОAkНРН НўО>ОН╞Н;Н1Н-Н 9Н".Н$╪Н*╠Н0іН4>Н8хН:YН<⌡Н@tНDН ЛО=HН╡Н/Нh НЯН"Н$ТН)0Н,іН2хН4┘Н6┘Н9шН;ЭН>─Н@HНEН ЛО;║Н ГНїН╧ННЭ Н%╦Н(iН*╙Н-Н1)Н42Н9ГН;≥Н?;Н@÷НFIН ЛО9ЫН░НkН5НBН"ЙН&Н'╨Н)²Н/▐Н0НН5÷Н7п Н?╪НDxН ЛО8R Н█Н/ НzН0Н╛Н"ВН$≤Н&ЮН+DН-вН20Н3гН7NН=^Н@╨НB⌠ Н ЛО6╚Н┘Н╘Нг НRН7Н╨НSН$нН'8Н)е Н0┴Н5_Н7:Н8▒ННОН#┌Н&Н,╔Н1яН3БН6шН9[Н?!НD НG/Н ЛО1╣НgН╨yН3О1╣НЇО1╣Н═НdНжН!гН#xН&О1╣Н&ЙО1╣Н)Н-EН14Н4÷Н6┤Н8ъН>}НCuНEБНG┬Н ЛО0 НXН НТНSННЬ Н$┌Н&FН)Н*kН,Ж Н3щН9ПН<ЎН?3НA⌠НўО-▓Н▒Н\Нй НвН#yН'=Н+ҐН.РН1vН3ДН6]Н8%Н@СНFНGжН ЛО+КН≈НПНlН©Н┤Н#√Н%√Н'НН,9Н04Н6╟Н;Н<ЛН?ҐН@ЮНFН ЛО*DНжНН0НRН"Н)Н+├ Н5√Н:гН#НCНF√Н ЛО"рН кНdНNН[НЮН ыН'-Н+CН0VН2 Н7(Н9Н<Н=дНAVНEдН ЛО!+{НJО!+НШО!+xН÷О!+НzО!+НGН Нi НсН ▀Н%∙Н(KН-vН0Н1ПН5aН7fН9еН;уН=оН@.НE@НGАН ЛО└Н ∙Н0НН╠НЎН еН%lН+(Н0цН2┤Н4ЩН9▌Н Н@─НE│Н ЛО▌НЦНwН▀НXН Н"Н#╩Н)&Н,ІН0кН4²Н8⌡Н>QНA0НEҐНG/Н ЛОФНhН$Н╟НхН Н#dН'I{Н(aОФН(ШОФxН+МОФН,ЇОФН/[Н3mН4└Н:CН>╛Н@∙НD└Н ЛО?НюН'НШН;НЙН!IНўОдНЄН▀ННН!qН#⌡Н$СН* Н-МН/▓Н25Н9┴Н?&Н@~НE─НHeН ЛОНДН÷НoНЕН нН$[Н)╧Н+lН,ҐН0еН6нН8w Н>ЪНAY НGжН ЛОu ННдН"НкН$Н%DН&╚Н*:Н-⌠Н/< Н6NН8qН< Н@ЗНBНEKН ЛОнНБНТН НчН!нН%XН'ъН,пН3ХН5{Н:kН='Н@НCuНGН ЛО&НЬН6Н╙НwНоН"fН$Н'IН(ЗН+RН.СН4╠Н8^Н:╣Н> НDbН ЛОНпН,НТН|НZН ╛Н#Н%▀Н-yН/HН5кН8≤Н<НCНFН ЛО ьНA ННZН≈Н▄Н#ЭН( Н+0Н.5Н1Н2У Н9BН:ЯН=·НCН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩ;TVm$═THEBRIEFINGBLURB11onhowprogramsshouldbestructuredinMesa[20].SmalltalkSmalltalkwasdevelopedbythefolkwhonowcallthemselvestheSoftwareConceptsGroup(formerlyknownastheLearningResearchGroup).TheSmalltalklanguageisthepurestlocalembodimentof``object-oriented''programming:Acomputingworldiscomposedof``objects''.Theonlywaytomanipulateanobjectistobepolite,andaskittomanipulateitself.Oneasksbysendingtheobjectamessage.Allcomputinggetsdonebyobjectssendingmessagestootherobjects.Everyobjectisan``instance''ofsome``class''.Theclassdefinitionspecifiesthebehaviorofallofitsinstancesthatis,itspecifiestheirbehaviorinresponsetothereciptofvariousmessages.GenealogistswillrecognizethatideasfrombothSimulaandLispmadetheirwayintoSmalltalk,togetherwithtracesofmanyotherlanguages.Forsomeyearsnow,thefolkinSCGhavebeenworkingattryingtogettheSmalltalklanguageandsystemoutintothegreatwideworld.ThefirstpubliceventthatcameoutofthiseffortwastheAugust1981issueofBytemagazine;itwasdevotedtoSmalltalk-80,includingacolorfulcoverdrawingofthenowfamousSmalltalkballoon.Inaddition,theSCGfolkarewritingseveralbooksaboutSmalltalk,andtheyareplanningtolicensethesystemitselftovariousoutsidevendors.Thefirstofthebooks,entitledSmalltalk-80:TheLanguageandItsImplementation,emergedfromthepressesatAddison-Wesleyjustrecently[21].FuturebookswillincludeSmalltalk-80:TheInteractiveProgrammingEnvironment,andSmalltalk-80:BitsofHistory,WordsofAdvice.Interlisp-DLISPisthestandardlanguageoftheArtificialIntelligencecommunity.PureLISPisbasicallyacomputationalincarnationofthelambdacalculus;buttheLISPdialectsincommonusearericherandbiggerlanguagesthanpureLISP.InterlispisonedialectofLISP,anoutgrowthofanearlierlanguagecalledBBN-LISP;formorehistoricaldetails,readthefirstfewpagesoftheInterlispReferenceManual[22].OneofthebiggeststrengthsofInterlispisthelargebodyofsoftwarethathasdevelopedtoassistpeopleprogramminginInterlisp.ConsiderthemanyfeaturesofInterlisp:aninterpreter,acompatiblecompiler,sophisticateddebuggingfacilities,astructure-basededitor,aDWIM(DoWhatIMean)errorcorrectionfacility,aprogrammer'sassistant,theCLISPpackageforAlgol-likesyntax,theMasterscopestaticprogramanalysisdatabase,andtheTransorLISP-to-LISPtranslator,tonameafew.Interlispitselfhasbeenimplementedseveraltimes.Interlisp-10isthewidely-usedversionthatrunsonPDP-10's.Interlisp-DisanimplementationofInterlispontheD-machines[23],producedbyfolkatPARC.IntheprocessofbuildingInterlisp-D,theboundarybetweenInterlispandtheunderlyingvirtualmachinewasmoveddownwardsomewhat,tominimizethedependenciesofInterlisponitssoftwareenvironment;thatis,functionsthatwereconsideredprimitiveinInterlisp-10wereimplementedinLispitselfinInterlisp-D.ButtheprincipalinnovationsofInterlisp-DaretheextensionsthatgivetheInterlispuseraccesstothepersonalmachinecomputingenvironment:networkfacilitiesandhigh-levelgraphicsfacilities(includingawindowpackage)amongthem.Bytheway,Interlisphasthehonorofbeingthefirstsystem(tomyknowledge)tousetheprefix``Inter-''.Thisprefixhasbecomequitetherageoflate:Internet,Interpress,Interscriptyougetthegeneralidea.Cedar1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_'НРНЖН Н┘Нv Н!ЗН#╗Н'Q|Н ЛО[вxНўОX┤Н÷Н(Н÷НxН╣Н"kН%MН(.Н*≈ Н1eН3╒Н9<Н?НCqН ЛОVъН░Н]НшНжНэН$ЙН'АН.Н3ЬН5┌Н8НuНDIНEПНпОNНўОLНєНҐН(ННгН ─Н$ НўОJ/Н⌠Нп Н(НўН!Н&вН(²Н* Н,`Н.G Н7яН9╒Н;Н@▀НCъНпОH┬Н~Н#НяН1Н Н!лН&■НўОFНвН·НвН аН$ZН'эН+4Н/ВН2йН5ЪН9зН==Н@0НC# Н ЛОDeНPНkНLННоНo НўОAИНqННЎН3Н╚Н⌡Н!aН$МН(LН+аН11Н2БН6ЭН8цН;%Н=²НCиН ЛО@BНЇНGНпН╪Н0НІН Н%Н'ВН*ДН/2Н2ШН5щН9┘Н<Н=шН@▒НDpНG/Н ЛО> НіНГН?НТН Н!(Н"zН%!Н*TН+ЪН4@Н:PН;uН@▓НDBН ЛО<СНФН┤НмНАН6Н#┴Н%≥Н+╒Н.CН1ВН5Н7єН<≤НAjНEґН ЛО;L НWН ННoН)НвН$QН&╟Н+*Н.├Н03Н4ШН9цН?иНB═НEwНG/Н ЛО9єН║{НЭО9єНыО9єНЦН Н&╛Н)╙Н, xН5JО9єН6┌О9єНН@▀НBъНFьН ЛО,gН-Н─НўНСНgН$ИН&]Н)Н-Н/@Н3)Н5"Н;цН=└Н?}НCиН ЛО*юН шН╨НННy Н!XН%ВН)Н+_Н..Н0фН4┬Н69Н8▐Н>НDyН ЛО)Н }Н├НDН╗НUН,Н ЙН&hН'ыН*>Н-╙Н1,Н2ЙН8hН;<Н=ІНDSНFН ЛО'qНe НУН║ НЯН$кН'(Н*ПН0Н1п Н8BН:0НAUНB} Н ЛО%йНН4НУ Н$ЇН%ХН/┐Н3ДН5Н9ЗН:tО%`ЧН:tО%йН;⌠О%йН<зО%`ЧaН<зО%йН>:О%йН@║О%`Ч└Н@║О%йНA╠О%`ЧVНA╠О%йНCО%йНFН ЛО$" НyНnНґН┌ Н%SН'хН,dН1╪Н4 Н:└Н?6НA╛ Н ЛО"{Н vННН Н дН##Н(CН0М Н7dН9Н<рН=ЭНўОЪННnНыН+ Н#rН'ЬН,iН3╡Н5Н7h Н>СНC╠НFtН ЛОXНЧН─ Н·НН Н'ЩН)цН/HН1ZН3ф Н;tН>┐НD╟НFЇН ЛО╟Н║ННН│НqНFН!эН)bН+чН2/Н7╨Н=OН@#НB÷ Н ЛО Н┼НRНAНН#Н*Н,Н2LН4ОН=╠Н?ўНEkНGЄН ЛОbНQН5НПН═Н"┼Н%DН(│ Н/SН5&Н6аН>НA= Н ЛО╨Н⌠Н╔НЗН║ННН qН&1 Н-┤Н/9 Н6CН8▐Н:Г НA┌НDIНG/Н ЛОНwН┌Н╒НbНсН iН&Н,ЛН5├Н:П Н@eНC. Н ЛОlН[ НЎ НKНuН!═Н'\Н+БyНўОПНcНOНБНHНEН1НtНшН"ИН$уН'!Н*╪Н,{Н.f Н4QН5╞Н7╛Н9≈Н<р НAбНDCНG}Н ЛОIН ЧНрН╦Н"Н┌НhНД Н#EН+qН-EН/+Н3|Н ЛОЫxН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪГTVm$THEBRIEFINGBLURB12Backin1978,folkinCSLbegantoconsiderthequestionofwhatprogrammingenvironmentwewoulduseontheemergingD-machines.Aworkinggroupwasformedtoconsidertheprogrammingenvironmentsthatthenexisted(Lisp,Mesa,andSmalltalk)andtoformacatalogofprogrammingenvironmentcapabilities,rankedbybothbyvalueandbycost.Asomewhatcleaned-upversionofthereportofthatworkinggroupisavailableasablue-and-whiteforyourperusal[24].Afterponderingthealternativesforawhile,CSLchosetobuildanewprogrammingenvironment,basedontheMesalanguage,thatwouldbethebasisformostofourprogrammingduringthenextfewyears.Thatnewenvironmentisnamed``Cedar''.Cedardocumentationisinaconstantstateofflux;indeed,itmightbesaidthatCedarasawhole,notonlyitsdocumentation,isinaconstantstateofflux.Muchofthedocumentationforthecurrentreleaseisaccessiblethrougha``.df''filenamedManual.df<25>.Hardcopiesofthispacketofstuff,entitled``TheCedarManual'',areproducedfromtimetotime,anddistributedtoCedarprogrammers.TheprogramminglanguageunderlyingCedarisessentiallyMesawithgarbagecollectionadded.Now,addinggarbagecollectionactuallychangesthingsquiteabit.Firstofall,itchangesprogrammingstyleinlargesystemstremendously.Withoutgarbagecollection,youhavetoenforcesomesetofconventionsaboutwhoownsthestorage.WhenIcallyouandpassyouastringargument,wemustagreewhetherIamjustlettingyoulookatmystring,orIamactuallyturningoverownershipofthestringtoyou.Ifwedon'tseeeyetoeyeonthispoint,eitherwewillendupbothowningthestring(andyouwillaggravatemebychangingmystring!)orelseneitherofuswillownit(anditsstoragewillneverbereclaimedastorageleak).Oncegarbagecollectionisavailable,mostoftheseproblemsgoaway:God,inthepersonofthegarbagecollector,ownsallofthestorage;itgetsreclaimedwhenitisnolongerneeded,andnotbefore.Butthereisapricetobepaidforthisconvenience.Thegarbagecollectortakestimetodoitswork.Inaddition,allprogrammersmustfollowcertainrulesaboutusingpointerssoasnottoconfusethegarbagecollectoraboutwhatisgarbageandwhatisnot.Thus,programsintheprogramminglanguageunderlyingCedarlookalotlikeMesaprograms,buttheyaren'treallyMesaprogramsatall,onadeeperlevel.Toavoidconfusion,wedecidedtousethename``Cedar''todescribetheCedarprogramminglanguage,aswellastheenvironmentbuiltontopofit.Cedarisreallytwoprogramminglangauges:arestrictedsubsetcalledthesafelanguage,andtheunrestrictedfulllanguage.Programmerswhosticktothesafelanguagecanrestsecureintheconfidencethatnothingthattheycanwritecouldpossiblyconfusethegarbagecollector.Theirbugswillnotriskbringingdowntheentireenvironmentaroundtheminarubbleofbits.Thosewhochoosetoveeroutsideofthesafelanguagehadbetterknowwhattheyaredoing.ThosewhowanttoknowmoreaboutCedarareonceagainencouragedtodredgeupacopyoftheCedarManual<25>.ItincludesdocumentationonhowCedardiffersfromMesa,annotatedexamplesofCedarprograms,manualsformanyofCedar'scomponentparts,aCedarcatalog,andlotsofothergoodstuff.Bytheway,themostauthoritativesourceforwhatthecurrentCedarcompilerwilldoonfunnyinputscanbefoundinadocumentcalledtheCedarLanguageReferenceManual,alsoknownbytheacronymCLRM.ThisislogicallypartoftheCedarManual,butitiscurrentlyboundseparately,andonlyavailableindraftform.TheCLRMsuggestsaparticulardesignphilosophyforbuildingapolymorphiclanguagethatisasupersetofthecurrentCedar,sincethatisthedirectioninwhichtheauthorsoftheCLRM,ButlerLampsonandEdSatterthwaite,wouldliketonudgetheCedarlanguage.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xНўО_/Н.НУН╛Н°НcН╛Н!рН#≥Н)+Н+єН1MН3Н6■ Н?@ НGgН ЛО]┬Н5НфНГНaН└ Н$8Н%ъН+QН/oН25Н7$Н8МН>┌Н@Э Н ЛО[ЮНҐНиН-НН"2Н&qН)f Н01Н3&Н5Н8╦Н: Н?Н@Э Н ЛОZ9 НН}Н Н "Н#eН%gН)Н+уН-вН1▌Н3!Н9⌠ Н@║НEpНG/Н ЛОX▓ННбН▄НЮНъНGН"ЧН$╘Н%о Н/HН1┌Н4╨Н9─Н=Н@⌡НG/Н ЛОVЙНhНЦНKН√НН!Н"ШН&ыН(AН+m Н4>Н<ЦНAНCHНEЕН ЛОUCННЧН?НCН╣Н$Н!tН$ЦН&╞Н)M Н1РН6vН8ХН< Н>ЎНCGНF║Н ЛОS° НШНfНМ НўОQНдН(Н▒Н=НeН#рН'Н(╦Н,┴Н1fН2╨Н6╞Н8·Н;tН>@НBVНDНE*Н ЛОOuНsН÷Н▀ Н[НыН≥НуН%VН(≥Н*dН.;Н2PН4Н6▄Н@НBTНDеН ЛОMмН°Н1 Н⌡НЩНPН ВН#┼Н(;Н/Н3┤ Н:ПН<сН?·НD#НFН ЛОL&НМНuН█Н╛НЪН%Н(├Н+╛Н-ZН0ьН3▐ Н:│Нґ НEН ЛОGЪН ·Н*НE НsН"└Н'╙Н+╪Н/@Н0dН3QН6▒Н8DН:├Н;жН@Э Н ЛОFWН ^НMНУН6Н"(Н'ьН-: Н4 Н7Н:┴Н╙НEbНG/Н ЛОAaН вН⌡НXНПН,НжН?НтН!≤Н$-Н&HН(ЪН-Н1 Н3JН6Н8ьН:ЪН>QНCDНE╧Н ЛО?╨Н НиНpН┴НвНн{Н"╔О?╨Н#╩О?╨xН$ЮО?╨Н%dО?╨Н)ёН+bН.Н2аН4uН6?Н8ФН;ДН=5Н@aНB6НFДН ЛО>Н рНч НJНН!░Н%JН*├ Н0жН2] Н8▀Н<Н=вНA{НG÷Н ЛО√НAШНEЕН ЛО7uН9НЩН╚Н НнНзН9Н#ZН(ИН,кН0(Н1■Н6╣Н9lН<иН>5НўО4ЖН┐Н∙НBН║ Н#3Н(Ь Н/ГН3ЧН7Н8@Н:QН<ШН@ёНGН ЛО3NН НШНтН▄НўН VН"ґН$бН%ШН*▒Н.пН1Н4у Н;┤Н=ҐНBННD╚НG/Н ЛО1їН ╚Н$НрН6Н∙Н ґ Н)?Н/]Н1Н3ЬН5іН8 Н@НC[НEaНGжН ЛО0НZН░НННл Н!| Н)Н*H Н0eН4╡Н8г{Н;DО0Н;иО0Н>%xНC`О0НDZО0НG/Н ЛО.XНlНКНu Н"зН%рН(ЖН*≥Н,ЛН/ґН5gН7ФН:{Н>╘Н@JНB· Н ЛО,╠НиНМНйНХН┌НН!ХН'DН,]Н.кН3З Н:┐Н>QНAіНD`НFДН ЛО+ Н°Н▓НН6 Н"pН'ZН+Н,ИН.?Н2яН4ІН8▀Н<нН?ЧНD╠НF▀Н ЛО)bН╣НnНнН НaНН"Н%пН)-Н,=Н.░НўО&ЦНдНхН$НяН▐Н "Н$Н(Н*lН-╡Н1Z Н8ўН:[Н>ЛН@ЩНB&НEwНG/Н ЛО%;НН9НyННsН'ИН)ЪН-Н1:Н5≥Н9Н= НC▓Н ЛО#■Н╪НЛНnНСНHН"*Н#ЗН)Н0EН4Н5]Н9█Н>єНArНD НEПН ЛО!МН nН НфН5НtНЦНOН'dН+цН.Н1}Н3ЛН8еН<МНBЇНErНG┴Н ЛО EН ИНН≥Н└Н▄Н5НZН#аН'ЄН*Н.!Н4fН:ЦН@KНCНG⌠Н ЛО·Н_ННАНН█Н"Н%Н&яН)CН-oН2ПН5└Н6МН8lН>\НBк Н ЛОВНгННЦН╣Н5НюН"╩Н'їН-Н.e Н4©Н91 Н@gНBхНHeН ЛОO ННЬНБНiНўН#"Н$ЖН'qН,VН0АН4oН7YН8ЮН;[НA=НCНG/Н ЛО╗НжН▐НОНН=Н"FН$ЩН'0 Н/пН3ЧН6╙Н8XН<┤Н>ФНBЧН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЩTVm$ыTHEBRIEFINGBLURB13LocalSoftwareThissectionisaonce-over-lightlyintroductiontosomeofthemajorsoftwaresystemsthatareavailableintheAltoandCedarworlds.First,letmemumblesomegeneralwordsabouthowsuchsubsystemsaredocumented.ThemostcommonlyusedAltosubsystemsaredocumentedinatomecalledtheAltoUser'sHandbook[26].Thelesscommonlyusedonesaredocumentedinacatalogentitled``AltoSubsystems''<27>.Inaddition,SuzanJeromewroteaBravoprimeraimedatnon-programmers[28].InCedar,thecurrentbestsourcesaretheCedarManualmentionedabove<25>,andabrandnewpublicdatabase,sittingonAlpine,containingwhiteboardsofCedardocumentation.Unfortunately,Iwon'thearaboutthelatteruntilDealertomorrow,sothatIcan'ttellyouanymoreaboutitatthemoment;I'msorry,butthat'slifeinarapidlychangingworld.Wow!I'veseenthewhiteboardsstuffnow,andit'sflashy!MaybethisisthelastversionoftheBriefingBlurbthatI'lleverhavetowrite.FilingWhenprogrammingintheAltoworld,orincurrentCedar,youaredealingwithtwodifferenttypesoffilesystems:localandremote.Thelocalfilesystemsitsonyourmachine'sharddisk.Remotefilesystemsarelocatedonfileservers,machineswithbigdisksthatarewillingtostorefilesforyou.Localfilesystemshaveseveralunpleasantcharacteristicsincomparisonwiththeremotesystems:theyaresmall,andtheyaren'tveryreliable.Bothoftheseproblemshaveconsequences.Becauselocalfilesystemsaresmall,itisn'tingeneralpracticaltostoremorethanoneversionofafileonthelocaldisk.Thus,inourcurrentlocalfilesystems,writinga``newversion''ofafilereallymeanswritingontopoftheoldone.Nearlyeveryonewhoisn'taccustomedtothis(particularlyPDP-10hackers)getsburnedbyitatleastonce.Thereisoneimportantexceptiontothisgeneralruleof``nooldversions'',however:ourtexteditorsmaintainonebackupcopyofeachfilebeingeditedasaseparatefile,whosenameendswithadollarsign.Thatis,thebackupcopyof``foo.tioga''isstoredinthefile``foo.tioga$'',andsimilarlyforBravo.Notethatourremotefileserversdomaintainmultipleversionsoffiles.Lettingoldversionsofthingsaccumulateisoneeasywaytooverflowyourdiskusageallocationonaremoteserver.Nodiskiscompletelyreliable.Ourremotefileservershaveautomaticbackupfacilitiesthatprotectusfromcatastrophicdiskfailures.Butthelocalfilesystemshavenosuchautomaticprotection.Sincethisprotectionisn'tprovidedautomatically,itbehoovesyoutoadjustyourbehaviorappropriately:makesurethat,onaregularbasis,backupcopiesoftheinformationonyourlocaldiskareputinsomesafeplace,suchasonaremotefileserverwheresuitableprecautionsareconstantlybeingtakenbywizardstoprotectagainstdiskfailure.DoingthisisonefacetofwhatismeantbythephraseLivingCleanly,whichdeservesitsownsection.LivingCleanly(alsoknownas``Keepingyourbagspacked'')Thephrases``livingcleanly''and``keepingyourbagspacked''refertoaparticularstyleofuseofyourlocalfilesystem.Inordertounderstandthecosmicissuesinvolved,weshouldpausetodiscussthewaysinwhichlocalandremotefilesystemshavebeenusedovertheyears.BackintheAltodays,personalfileswereusuallystoredonone'sAltodiskpack,whileproject-relatedandotherpublicfileswerestoredonremoteservers.Carefulfolkwouldoccasionallystorebackupcopiesoftheirpersonalfilesonremoteserversaswell,incaseofaheadcrash.But,asageneralrule,onethoughtofone'sAltopackastherepositoryofone'selectronicstate.ThismadesharingAltosquiteconvenient,sinceyoucouldturnanyphysicalAltointo``yourAlto''justbyspinningupyourdiskpack.InthegloriousworldoftheCedarfuture,allofyourpersonalfilesaswellasallpublicfileswillliveonfileserversinthenetwork.Thediskattachedtoyourpersonalcomputerwill,fromtimetotime,containcopiesofsomeofthisnetworkinformation,forperformancereasons;butyouwon'thavetodo1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'zН ЛО^УН▓xНўО[іННэН┐НХН"ЁН*гН,╠Н0─Н2uН5Н9BН>ЖНD1НG;Н ЛОYЪНпН╗Н0НtНTН√Н$4Н'ЭН*!Н,·Н26Н5РН:НН?%НC0НF]Н ЛОXX НГН$ НґНnН!ЄН(aН+┤Н.┼ Н5┘Н7ц Н?┘НAНB0НE≤Н ЛОV╟НqН╠ННЗНлН!йН$┘Н+nН.пН2%Н4÷ Н<·Н>qН?аНD▌Н ЛОU Н дНвННРН!гН%НН*оН.ЁН/КН3ЗН8▐Н<юН>fН ЛОSbН nН:Н╗ННкН╛Н"}Н$нН'+Н+@Н0SН7+Н;*Н>еНAzНB║НF║Н ЛОQ╨НIН^НєНмНм Н&╘ Н.┐Н0^Н4≥ Н? НH├Н ЛОPН ЮН$Н/Н╦НvНФН#▀Н*aН,NН/FН0xН3ТН6|Н9\Н<&Н?ЦНCННEmНG/Н ЛОNlН\НХН©НBНОНZН! Н"6Н&ЙН,иyН1∙ОNlН2╞ОNlН5HН7uН9РН;ы НBНD√НGHН ЛОLдНўНўН^НyН°Н┌Н┌НUНІН!°Н%ьН(СН+1Н,ЙН/TН1СН3K|Н ЛОIvxНўОF'Н╨ Н@НЦН6Н DН$|Н&4Н'жН,⌠Н0ЬН3ёН5ЙН:╡Н=аН@aНEШН ЛОDН╙НННkН'НЄН"▒Н%эН(JН,кН/.Н1:Н4zН:ЮН>!НAУНG%Н ЛОBьНЛН@НЪННpНYН%bН(~Н*щН.PН1Н3sН7ЫН9╗Н=Н?СНB1НEдН ЛОA1Н}НєННк Н ыН)бН+≤ Н3Н6aН8ХН=ЇНDНG;Н ЛО?┴Н БН Н╘Н▀Н≥Н ^Н#╩Н%tН(ЩН/Н2LНўО=НСН<Н╗Н╚НН"ШН$TН'PН)Н-вН3`Н5Н8pН<Н?0НAчНF╘НHeН ЛО;gНmН▀НН`НZНGН Н ╟Н%▒Н(ОН+pН0ЮН5╙Н6КН:║Н@1НBНCDНEеН ЛО9юН#НиНбН+НвН)Н├Н ТН%qН+@Н.7Н1$ Н8┌Н:$Н<╦НDnН ЛО8НlНKН&Н4Н°НFН}Н#цН'жН)TН,Н2└Н8кН:▄Н=?НB$НE НFьН ЛО6qНA Н│НзНPНСН"eН(Н*ёН/dН2║Н4EН7bН9ЇН=mНA┬НC!НD6Н ЛО4йН©НЪНпННIН┘Н █Н$nН'гН)°Н, Н0ТН4WН6!Н=CН>юНBУНDЄНG%Н ЛО3"НШН╘Н9НmН!8Н$іН'kН)МН.▀Н0КН5sН7pН="НB⌠НGжН ЛО1{Н нНёННrН7Н \ Н'°Н)Н+лН.эН1юН3{Н96Н<~Н?xНCO Н ЛО/тНРН НцНўО-YННЖН^ НVН Н"СН'√Н)ЭН.┴Н1лН8Н<П НBOНEН ЛО+╠НдН3НрНхН▓Н"<Н$ёН'РН*cН/kН2╧Н4хН8Н>` НEыН ЛО* Н{ НЖНщН° Н$TН%≤Н+▌Н.2Н/нН3иН6РН<▐ НEшН ЛО(cНРН%Н8НnН-ННН оН% Н&пН)< Н0рН2ЕН6-Н9─НзНAhНC"НFбН ЛО&╩Н ДН!НзНЛН!НсНHН!`Н%└Н*╔ Н2Н4d Н:РН>хНB■НD⌡Н ЛО%Н╚НeНННhН!╡Н$dН%АН(²Н,Н-йН18Н2╣Н6ТН9Н;q{Н?ГО%Н@зО%НD?xНH╡О%Н ЛО#mН ЗНsНMНQ{Н ЛО Н3Н+НqНяН┼Н"Н% Н(ЄxНўОоН²Н·Н;Н╙Н!xН'lН*ЎН-ШН3vН6чН8єН9Е Н@2НCyНEJНGжН ЛО(Н >Н НН·Н└НOН Н'SН)хН.eН2]Н8eН:ёН?5НC-НDРН ЛО─НKН╗НVНcН╙НaН Н"rН'qН*╦Н.Н1QН4jН6йНўОНЬН┴НкНхН(Н▐Н"`Н%■Н*)Н.0Н0Н3└Н6─Н9QН<сН@kН ЛО^Н█НН:ННLНYН IН$зН*Н.ЫН1╨Н5рН=\Н@╒НEaН ЛОІНюН!НюНиНЙН╛Н#WН% Н(│Н*IН-SН/&Н0kН3ЦН8┬Н;²Н=fН>╙НC≤НFЦН ЛОН,НН╗НЮНDНН█ Н&!Н'ЬН+· Н1ШН6CН9{Н=YНBJНFН ЛОh Н;Н╘Н[Н"Н"Н ЎН&Н)Н+ОН/уН3⌡Н67Н8.Н=цН?яНCНEПНўО МН░ННXНXН$Н≤Н"цН'SН)WН+$Н.sН4 Н7Н8мН;оН=░Н?■НCБНFЦН ЛОEН│Н|НзН`ННWНtН"AН%$Н*■Н,7Н/gН4ЮН;Н=ЬНATНDnНFН ЛО ·НеНМН═Н-НЮН|Н!мН)╙Н+А Н3ъН9╞Н<*Н>шНB÷НEЮНG┬Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪ бTVm$THEBRIEFINGBLURB14anythingtoachievethis,andyouwon'thavetoworryabouthowitisdone.Fromtheuser'spointofview,allfileswillactasiftheywereremoteatalltimes.Indeed,exceptinafewfunnycases,therewon'tevenbeanynotionof``localfile'';``file''willmean``remotefile''.Atthemoment,wearesittinginanunpleasanttrasitionalphasesomewherebetweenthesetwostylesofusageofthelocaldisk:weareattemptingtosimulatethelatterstatebymeansofmanualmethodsandsocialpressure.Wewantyoutothinkofyourdataasreallylivingoutonthefileservers.Thatistheproperpermanenthomeforyourpersonalfilesaswellasforpublicfiles.Youwillhavetobringcopiesofthesefiles,bothprivateandpublic,toyourlocaldiskinordertoworkonthem.But,attheendofeacheditingsession,youshouldstorethenewversionsoffilesthatyouhavecreatedbackouttotheirpermanentremotehomes.Noneofthishappensautomaticallyatpresent;youhavetomakeithappenmanuallybyusingvariousfileshufflingtools,suchasthe``DFfiles''discussedbelow.Usingthesetoolsisahassle,andlearninghowtousethemcanbeconfusing.But,therearefourimportantbenefitstobereapedfromadoptingacleanlivinglife-style.First,youaretakingasteptowardsthegloriousfuture.Secondly,youareprotectingyourselfagainstfailuresofthelocaldisk.Acleanliveronlyholdsinformationonherlocaldiskforthedurationofaneditingsession.Thisputsareasonableboundontheamountofinformationthatshecanlosebecauseofadiskcrash.Thirdly,therearevariousreasonswhyerasingyourlocaldiskisagoodideawhenupdatingtoanewreleaseoftheCedarsystem;sometimes,infact,itisrequired.Sincecleanlivingfolkdon'tkeeplongtermstateontheirlocaldisks,thisdoesn'tbotherthemintheslightest.Finally,andperhapsmostimportantly,cleanlivingisthekeytosharingdiskspaceonmachineswithoutremovabledisks.WhenyouuseapublicDolphinorDorado,youareforcedtoshareitsdiskspacewiththeothermembersofthecommunity.Thissharingispredicatedonapolicyofcleanliving:whenyoursessionisover,youmuststoreawayallofyourfilesonremotefileservers.Thepersonwhousesthemachinenextmayneedtofreeupsomediskspace;ifso,sheisperfectlyentitledtodeleteyourfileswithoutqualmorpause.Andyouwon'tmindabit,itsayshere,becauseyouhavebeenlivingcleanly.Theaboveparagraphisthe``letterofthelaw''regardingthesharingofpublicdiskspace.Peoplewhowanttobewellregardedshouldalsopaysomeattentiontothe``spiritofthelaw'':sharingthingsisalwaysmorepleasantwheneveryoneactswithamodicumofpolitenessandcare.Don'tdeletetheprevioususer'sfilesifshewascalledawaybysomedisasteranddidn'thaveachancetocleanup.Trynottodeletethestandardsystemfiles,suchastheCompiler,thatsitinthelocalfilesystem,sincewhoeverfollowsyouwillbejustifiablyaggravatedbytheirabsence.Evenmoreimportant,ifyoudoexoticthingssuchasbringingovernon-standardversionsofsystemfiles,trytoputeverythingbacktonormalwhenyouleaveereyoucausewhoeverfollowsyoutobecomehopelesslyconfused.LocalfilesystemsThelocalfilesystemintheAltoworldiscalledeitherthe``Altofilesystem''orthe``BFS'',thelatterbeinganacronymforBasicFileSystem.ThebiggestthataBFScanbeis22,736pages.ThisissubstantiallybiggerthantheentirediskonanAlto.However,DolphinsandDoradoshavemuchbiggerlocaldisks.Hence,whenaDolphinorDoradoisemulatinganAlto,itslocaldiskissplitupintoseparateworldscalledpartitions,eachcontainingamaximum-sizedBFS.Dolphindiskscanholdtwofullpartitions,whileDoradodiskscanholdfive.Whatpartitionyouarecurrentlyaccessingisdeterminedbythecontentsofsomeregistersthatthediskmicrocodeuses.Thereisacommandcalled``partition''intheExecutiveandtheNetExecthatallowsyoutochangethecurrentpartition.WhenoperatinginthePilotworld,adiskpackiscalledaphysicalvolume,anditisdividedintoworldscalledlogicalvolumes.(Pilot,youwillrecall,isthenewoperatingsystemwritteninSDD.)The1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/Н╗НbНWН\ННАН"ЇН& Н'цН+еН/╡Н2аН4#Н5 Н9ЪН=ъН@JНD+НGжН ЛО]┬Н ≤Н║Н╗НlН╧Н─НЗН#Н!█Н&NН'ЪН*Н.юН3ыН8CН: Н;LН>НB"НFН ЛО[ЮН ЇНЩННН▐НИН╒Н≤Н#╟Н'zН*%Н-ЕН3<НўОYeН∙НАН■Н╗НХНЬН ⌠Н"o Н)B Н/▐Н3]Н:qН?лНCBНEзН ЛОWЎН╞Н┐НEНўНЧНЩН.Н▀ Н&{Н(3Н-╣Н0Н3╪Н6ВН8ЭН=IН?НCЪН ЛОVНіНtНдНQН╠НkН!Н$ЎН&zН)╦Н,юН.qН2>Н6Н8▐Н:≤Н<ЗН?gНDыНH#Н ЛОToН\НИНъНфНН!`Н&ТН)СН+╡Н.╟Н0oН2ҐН7Н:СН>Н@оНD&НEЕН ЛОRхН$НФНxНгН НЁН!sН&Н'фН+Н.ZН1QН3 Н6фН8~Н<Н>НB▀НE▌НG/Н ЛОQ Н·НRН~НННЇН".Н%┘Н'ЮН*иН0Н1дН4ґН7vН:(Н=jНB.НEpНGЮН ЛОOyН HНDННaН"EН$Н&кН,OН4ьН6├Н<┌Н?OНB╚НDoНH9Н ЛОMрНМНННсН╡Н"2Н(Н+оН/Н0шН3QН6ёН:XН@xНE█Н ЛОL*Н ├НИНfН═ННтН =Н#RН%Н'≤Н+2Н-нН/п Н7Н:Н=ЁН@НC-Н ЛОJ┐ННгНЇН>Н╔Н aН!▀Н%Н(Т НўОHНLННVН└НўН▓Н"ЁН%Н*TНўОE▄ННХН] НН$eН)#Н.#Н/ЧН2Н5ГН9ТН;╒Н?XНB·НEзН ЛОCЕ Н┘Н≥ННrНnН╨Н!(Н&фН(▌Н*█Н/8Н4мН7УН; ННДНsН6Н÷НаНM Н&hН( Н+.Н,▌Н.Н4┐Н8BН;ъН?ЎНB÷НF=Н ЛОН,CН1$Н2°Н4нН7ZН8щН>╔НC╪НE│Н ЛО1ЁН НВНСН)НчН}Н"┬Н%0Н(КН,{Н-√Н/ЭН1CН4Н7zН<█Н?5НBlНE╨Н ЛО0НўО-░Н▓Н═Н.НіНН"bН$'Н&⌠Н)зН0Н2{Н7ZН9Н=eН@_НE Н ЛО+ИНСНRННВНГН╔Н!$Н#СН&√Н*,Н/ЖН1їН4 Н8EН:Н╟Н@bНCЫНFНН ЛО&СН░НnН╚Н:НН╞Н#$Н&┘Н(cН*РН1≈Н4∙Н6÷Н8|Н;Н>│НAНFН ЛО%LН┴Н_Н/НТНЧ Н"y Н)wН+▄Н.МН5Н8ЎННD╦НG┬Н ЛО#єН ЭН"Н`ННґНтН(?Н-≤Н/_Н3ХН7;Н9pН;,Н=╨ НD▄НGЮН ЛО!ЩН╘Н^НН²НПНїН!]Н&АН+²Н.TН0Н5 Н;╟{Н ЛОўН бНxНўО^НvН╛ННqНН_Н iН$EН%║Н)┬Н-eН/ЄН3oН5хН:ДН<≤Н>ХНC╚НEШН ЛОЇН КННХНYОNЧГНYОЇН@ОЇН ОNЧГН ОЇНОЇН+ОNЧгН+ОЇНРОЇН%-Н(9Н-Н0Н1tН4бН7│Н9╔Н;EН?гНDуНH#Н ЛОНфНЖННiНLН"0Н$-Н&Н)ВН0#Н6Н8еН>KНA┬НEVН ЛОhН Н>НпНoН┌НФН!⌠Н&┬Н'щН.3Н0 Н3iН5-Н8]Н;5Н<┼Н?yНAuНD6Н ЛОаНі{НХОаН≤ОаxНgОаН█ОаН Н$Н%─Н/ЁН4=Н:Н=ҐН@⌠НDНGН ЛО НqН3НLНлНdН"ёН&PН*Н/гН2▀Н4ЛН:вН@лНBF Н ЛОrНЯНZНрН∙Н1Н²Н!uН#чН&уН-█Н1uН5─Н6УН8(Н>⌠НB⌠Н ЛОкН Н ЗНEНЭН[НОН!ҐН%ЙН(║Н*PН.ЬН1WН6! НўО PНьН НкН=Н√Н"МН$)Н'*Н*└Н,Н0Н1IН6╘Н;ЩН>гН@0НA╞НFЇН ЛО╗НWНIН·НчН ПН#╒Н&IН*QН+ЇН.Н0ШН7Н;▀Н@9НAБНFЇН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩTVm$╒THEBRIEFINGBLURB15areaofthediskdevotedtoPilotvolumesmustbedisjointfromtheareadevotedtoAlto-stylepartitions.MostDolphinsthatrunCedararesetupwithahalf-sizedAltopartition,andtheotherthree-quartersofthediskdevotedtoPilot;mostDoradosthatrunCedarhaveonefull-sizedAltopartition,andtheotherfour-fifthsofthediskdevotedtoPilot.IncurrentCedar,manyprogramsstillrestrictyoutoworkingwithfilesinthelocalfilesystem,whichismaintainedbyPilotintheappropriatelogicalvolume.TheeditorTioga,forexample,willletyoureadremotefilesspecifiedbyafullpathname,butitwon'tletyoueditthem;onlylocalfilesmaybemodified.InsubsequentCedar's,therewillbeanewlocalfilesystemanddirectorypackage,theNucleusandFSrespectively,togoalongwiththenewvirtualmemorymanager(alsopartoftheNucleus).Thesewonderswillmakeitsomewhateasiertoignoretheexistenceofthelocalfilesystem,exceptforitsbeneficialeffectsonperformance;thatis,theywillmakecleanlivingmorenearlyautomatic.Allofourlocalfilesystemsusearepresentationforfilesthatdrasticallyreducesthepossibilityofahardwareorsoftwareerrordestroyingthedisk'scontents.Thebasicideaisthatyoumusttellthedisknotonlytheaddressofthesectoryouwanttoreadorwrite,butalsowhatyouthinkthatsectorholds.Thisisimplementedbydividingeverysectorinto3parts:aheader,alabel,andadatafield.Eachfieldmaybeindependentlyread,written,orcomparedwithmemoryduringasinglepassoverthesector.TheAltofilesystemstuffsauniqueidentificationofthediskblock,consistingofafileserialnumberandthepagenumberwithinthefile,intothelabelfield.Now,whenthesoftwaregoestowriteasector,ittypicallyasksthehardwaretocomparethelabelcontentsagainstdatainmemory,andtoabortthewritingofthedatafieldifthecomparefails.Thismakesitprettydifficult,thoughnotimpossible,towriteinthewrongplace.Furthermore,itdistributesthestructuralinformationneededtoreconstructthefilesystemoverthewholedisk,insteadoflocalizingitinoneplace,thedirectorydatastructures,wherealocaldisastermightwipeitout.EachlocalfilesystemalsohasautilityprogramcalledaScavengerthatrebuildsthedirectoryinformationbylookingatallofthedisklabels.RemotefilesystemsThemostimportantlocalfileserversareIFS's,anacronymforInterimFileSystem(oneofthecrownjewelsoftheBCPLprogrammingenvironment).LikeIalwayssay,``temporary''means``untilitbreaks'',and``permanent''means``untilwechangeourminds''.IndigoandIvyaretwoprominentlocalIFS's;Indigostoresmostlyprojectfiles,whileIvystoresmostlypersonalfiles.MAXCalsoservesasafileserverforsomespecializedapplications.JuniperwasCSL'sfirstattempttobuildadistributedtransactionalfileserver;itwasoneofthefirstlargeprogramswritteninMesa.AlpineisanewefforttobuildsuchabeastinthecontextofCedar,insupportofdistributeddatabasesandothersuchwonderfulthings.SomeWalnutusershavebeenstoringtheirmaildatabasesonAlpineforamonthormore.Thereisnocoherentlogictotheplacementof``generalinterest''filesanddirectories,noreventothedivisionbetweenMaxc,Indigo,andIvy.Browsethroughtheglossaryattheendofthisdocumenttogetaroughideaofwhat'saround.IfsomethingwasmadeavailabletotheuniversitiesintheUniversityGrantprogram,thenitisprobablyonMaxc(orarchivedoffofMaxc),sinceMaxcisthemachinethattheuniversityfolkcanaccess.IFSsuppliesageneralsub-directorystructurewhichtheMaxcfilesystemlacks,andasaresulttherearelotsofplacetolookforafileonanIFS.Forexample,onMaxcyoumightlookfor[Maxc]MyFavoritePackage.presswhileonIFSyouwouldprobablylookfor[Indigo]Doc>MyFavoritePackage.press,or[Indigo]MyFavoritePackage>Documentation.press,orperhapssomeotherpermutation.Thisrequiresabitofcreativityandalittlepractice.However,ifyougetinthehabitofusing``*''sinfilenamespecifications,youwillfindallsortsofthingsyoumight1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/НэН█НЦНиНЬН²НшН#@Н&÷Н(┤Н-hН0фН3Н6 Н;<Н<Б НC Н ЛО]┬Н ┘Н■НsННBНіН!тН#ВН'"Н(] Н.╒Н1л Н7пН:≤Н=Н@╦ Н ЛО[ЮНЁН!ННdН Н│НЛН%┴Н(fН+ Н/1Н2├Н5@ Н;@Н>h НDjНG/Н ЛОZ9Н ▀ ННрН1НН WН"НўОWЎНєН∙Н,НН"XН% Н)ыН,ЇН.█Н4Н7MН:bН<7Н>ЎНB+НD╩Н ЛОVННr Н═Н╒НОНёН Н'oН+оН1║Н4Н8┬Н<фН? НDАНG⌠Н ЛОToН÷Н╣НWНAНЬНОН Н"⌡Н%ҐН)пН,MН-÷Н1eН3\Н6Н8мН=KН@`НC╒НF▀Н ЛОRхНЬНФНп НН!|Н% Н'ФН)РН+6Н.?Н1═Н4%Н8╩Н;█НAzНG/Н ЛОQ Н*НцНвН┘ННГН"┤Н%└Н'дН*■Н.пН4Н9 Н<аН?├НA НCaН ЛОOyН ЗНН7НВНYН!рН%ЎН'yН+хН.4Н4Н5БН8NН;═Н>НBУНGRН ЛОMрНф ННVН\Н!^Н$,Н%ПН)Н+╛Н/`Н2ТН6иН:\Н>┴ НўОKVНЩН╡Н:Н}НЦНъН PН!w Н*jН,єН/▌Н2Y Н8ьН=уН@1 НF╟НHeН ЛОI╞НЭНгНGНю Н!uН#шН'ґН.Н0ЕН4_Н7_Н8рН;їН>eНAтНD:НF║Н ЛОHНgН├НКНшН НЪНЭН!╧Н%Н&оН)ОН+╧Н/■Н2Н4МН8PН; Н>╠НA┘НE┌Н ЛОF`НЧНa Н╙Н²НЬН!єН%▓Н(bН)▌Н-gН.┬Н3_Н4─Н8,Н:шН;ЭН>ЫНBТНF^Н ЛОD╧НъНЎН╟НН Н!ЎН(Н+Н0tН4тН5МН9гН<╞Н?╦НBНFЇН ЛОCН Н°Н.НЗН:НЫ Н&lН(<Н*╠Н-ІН1Е Н8QН: Н;`Н=ЮНA∙НFьН ЛОAjНQН²НоНН~НFН!#Н#┬Н&ЙН+Н.юН2zН4ъН:^Н=}Н?1НBЄНCДНH9Н ЛО?цН·Н╨НGН}НYН#"Н%╞Н)9Н.жН3═Н6рН8ўН>║НA├НCcНG/Н ЛО>Н╟Н{НМННFН╧Н+Н"вН&еН)ЯН.;Н/єН3╦ Н9[Н> Н@ї НGЮН ЛО│НD?НHeН ЛО7~НnН<Н┼НИН ╩ Н(EН*AН/4Н0мН2ҐН4vН6уН9ц{Н ЛО4/НзН.xНўО0ЮН╘Н(НґННёН$VН&мН*эН,ОН2ЇН5О0vЧ└Н5О0ЮН5°О0ЮН:0О0vЧГН:0О0ЮН;О0ЮН=*О0vЧгН=*О0ЮН=ЯО0ЮНBНESНG/Н ЛО/8НННфНН7 Н"бyН,О/8Н,нО/8Н.⌡Н/hН2ЕН5 Н;lН>оНAУНCНGHН ЛО-▒Н∙Н Н?ННфНыxН#zО-▒Н#ЧО-▒Н'ЛН*╟Н-&Н/├Н2?Н9НН!\Н&Н'рН,mН0ЧН2uН3╘Н6╒Н:xН<1Н?эНCНDMНGАН ЛО&ТН:НЧН╔НН║Н°НD Н&%Н,3Н.ыН2gН5┤Н<Н@ЮНD╔Н ЛО%LН jН╟Н Н·НЕНЪН%Н'$Н+╙Н-ГН/Н3wН5;НўО"яНҐН6НJНЧН\НН!┘Н(,Н)РН/┐ Н5 Н8Н:АНAУНD█НGЮН ЛО!)НVН▄НН3НШН"ҐН&Н*УН08Н2╒Н7ЦН9├Н;ПН>╡Н@vНC"Н ЛО┌НцН4Н├Н╠НсНЄНyН#О┌Н#kО┌Н$VН)еН, Н/)Н3ъН5WН7^Н=@Н>╦Н@© НF7Н ЛОшН╔Н*Н;Н^НН╔НґНxН"КН$ґН&Н)ЎН,─Н/┴Н0╛Н2▓Н6ЭН9:Н; Н@2НBxНD│xНўО_НUН⌠НґНpН"ЎН(kН,jН.╧Н2uН4нН9:Н<ЙН?▓НA0НBJНFН ЛО╦Н?НуН▌Н"НяНЙН'НQН╩Н аН"╠Н&DН(ОН.юН0гН4▒Н7HН;@Н>YНўО=П'Н ЛОаН ║НїН^ННCНН".НўОFП.Н+НўОйП8Н ЛО OН╪НТН■Н?Н!Н$&Н)Н*╣Н,чН.ё Н4╒Н7eН8⌡Н;вНAМНH.Н ЛОїНёНЛН≥НЫН┌Н;НДНЧН ╛Н#Н&уН/∙Н2KН4ЖН7ЕН9уН=Н>хНBАНE≤Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩTVm$LTHEBRIEFINGBLURB16nototherwiselocate.Notethata``*''inarequesttoanIFSwillexpandintoallpossiblesequencesofcharacters,includingrightanglebracketsandperiods.Thus,forexample,arequestfor*pressreferstoallfilesonallsubdirectoriesofthePackagesdirectorythatendwiththecharacters``press''.A``*''won'tmatchaleftanglebracket,bytheway.Thus,ifyouaskfor``*.press'',youarereferringtoallPressfilesonthecurrentdirectory.Ifyouaskfor``<*.press",youarereferringtoallofthePressfilesontheentireIFS(expectsuchasearchtotakealongtime!).Warning:OnceyouhavegottenusedtotheIFSconventionsabout``*''sinfilenames,youwillfindtheTENEXrulesquiterestrictiveandunnatural.OnTENEX,asteriskscanbeusedforonlytwopurposes:eithertowildcardtheentireprefixofthefilenameortowildcardtheentireextension.IfyouwanttorefertoallofthefilesonaTENEXdirectory,youmustsay``*.*'',notjust``*'';ifyouwanttorefertoallofthefileswhosenamesstartwithan``H'',youaresimplyoutofluck.Thislackof``forwardcompatibility''(theoppositeofbackwardcompatibility?)hastrippedupmanyasearcher.ThereisamovementafootintheCedarworldtosimplifyourfilenamingconventionsbyreplacingthevariousflavorsofbracketswithaUNIX-likeslash.Thus,insomeCedarsystems,suchastheFileTool,thedocumentationfilementionedabovecouldbereferredtoas/Indigo/Packages/MyFavoritePackage/Documentation.press.FilePropertiesThe``size''ofafileisitslengthmeasuredindiskpages;the``length''ofafileisitslengthmeasuredinbytes.The``createdate''ofafileisthedateandtimeatwhichtheinformationinthatparticularversionofthefilewas``created'',thatis,thedatewhenthisthatsequenceofbytescameintobeing.Copyingafilefromonefilesystemtoanotherdoesnotchangethecreatedate,sincetheinformationinthefile,thesequenceofbytes,isnotaffected.Thecreatedateisalmostalwayswhatyouwanttoknowaboutafile.Someofoursystemsalsomaintaina``writedate''ora``readdate'',buttheyarelesswelldefined,andnotasinteresting.EditingandTypesettingIntheoutsideworld,documentproductionsystemsareusuallyde-coupledfromtexteditors.Onenormallytakesthetextthatonewantstoincludeinadocument,wrapsitinmysteriouscommandsunderstoodbyadocumentprocessor,feedsittothatprocessor,andpuzzlesovertheresultingjumbleofcharactersonthepage.Inshort,oneprogramsinthedocumentprocessor'slanguageusingconventionalprogrammingtoolsaneditor,acompiler,andsometimesevenadebugger.Programmerstendtothinkthisisneat;afterall,onecandoanythingwithasufficientlypowerfulprogramminglanguage.(Remember,Turingmachinessupplyasufficientlypowerfulprogramminglanguagetoo.)However,documentprocessorsofthissortfrequentlydefinebizarreandsemanticallycomplexlanguages,andonesoondiscoversthatallofthetimegoesintotheedit/compile/debugcycle,notcarefulprosecomposition.BravoistheeditorandtypesetterintheAltoworld,anditrepresentedamodeststepawayfromtheprogrammingparadigmfordocumentproduction.Asingleprogramprovidedboththeusualeditingfunctionsandareasonablecollectionofformattingtools.Youcan'tprogramBravoasyouwouldadocument``compiler'',butyoucangetverytolerableresultsinfarlesstime.Thesecretisinthephilosophy:whatyouseeonthescreeniswhatyougetonpaper.Youusetheeditingandformattingcommandstoproduceonthescreenthepagelayoutyouwant.Then,youtellBravotoshipittoaprintserverandpresto!Youhaveahardcopyversionofwhatyousawonthescreen.Soundssimple,right?Ofcourse,itisn'tquitethateasyinpractice.Therearedozensofsubtlepointshavingtodowithfonts,margins,tabs,headings,andonandon.Bravowasasuccessbecausemostoftheseissuesare1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/НgН≈НwНСНхНЬН!⌠Н#HН$xН)RН+Н,ЩН/╩Н2lН7FН:%Н<НAcНGжН ЛО]┬ {Н╠О]┬НО]┬xН■О]┬НО]┬НФН▐Н"СН%╙Н+eН/;Н1xН7IН8sН=HНўО[Н ЛОX▒Н фНyНmН_НjН_ Н!$Н"АН%EН+Н0ЯН3дН6Н9÷Н< НBt yНH7ОX▒Н ЛОVИНЫНЧНKН5Н)НН<НнН╟Н"÷Н%ґН&цН(ЛН*жН,²Н1≤Н3юН5≥Н:!Н;vН<ЪН?оНB#НCЎНE═Н ЛОUB Н`НёНщНзН╡НMН┤Н qН%Н&sН(Н)}Н+qН.SН0╧Н2eН4ZН7▀Н9еН=╗Н@DНAAНD╟НFНH├Н ЛОS⌡Нg{НўОQxНтОQН┼ОQНCННtН!хН%Н&ГН)`Н,1 Н3АН7щН;Н<ыН?\НDНFДН ЛОOxНДНMНҐН#НІ Н"Н$л Н+ЭН.dН4,Н9ёН<8Н>3НAxНC©НFЦН ЛОMяН≤НwНН╗НШН!зН%оН'|Н)оН/gН1Н2юН8OН:╒Н>│ НEbНFьН ЛОL)Н EНОН<НФНрН┤НЦНлНнНТН%V Н+|Н./Н1⌠Н3МН7ъН:PН<МН@xНAуНD┬НGЮН ЛОJ┌Н -НлНґНVНіН└Н╒НжН"вН%БН'бН+Н-ЇН/ШН4[Н6аН8kН<,Н?6НB НCЁН ЛОHшyННОHшНPОHшН6Н═ННЬxН'sОHшН(:ОHшН)ХН.ҐН0пН4 Н5дНўОF_Н╗НН.НЙНkНН!iН%yН)]Н+Н0IН2лН5.Н: НA╗НC°Н ЛОD╦Н┐Н┌Н4Н%НюН!Н"sН)·Н.EН2SН48Н8Н╘Н@qНCY Н ЛО6╗НтНўН.Н╦Н┘Н(Н"Н#ШН&{Н)║Н-wН09Н3(Н91Н; Н>©НBtНElН ЛО5НwН²ННeН НrНЙН!■Н&⌡Н)хН,9Н0щН39Н77Н:░Н=ЪН@[ НGАН ЛО3YНGНН`НDНЫНАНIН ╨Н&еН)≥Н-≈Н0≤Н2Н6aН:аН>Н@мНD%НEпН ЛО1╡Н сННSН/НМН~Н┐Н"UН(Н)EН-yН14Н2ЧН4-Н7ЧН<Н>≈НAґНDНF║Н ЛО0НDНЭНqН|Н ЛО,╩НЁНS xНўО)lН┤НПНцНН ┤ Н'≤Н,╒Н.ЪН3╩ Н:ЦН>TНAНF▀Н ЛО'еНЛН≤Н'НННФН"ЖН$тН)БН+юН-Н4 Н83Н9╦Н;∙ НB╙Н ЛО& ННН1Н≈ Н ЭН$┴Н%ыН'─Н*H Н0ґН3^Н8*Н;=Н=√НC5НGжН ЛО$v НNНIН²Н╗НlН7Н вН&ъН(│Н*жН17 Н8Н=вНAuН ЛО"о НyН▒НФН Н$Н&йН-}Н0ҐН1АН8╩ НA&НDGНEПН ЛО!'Н{Н тН?НiН·Н7Н╟НєН#BН&JН'bН.aН4 Н<═yНCО!'НC~О!'Н ЛО─Н █НZНБНиНkН! Н'АН,yxН/lО─Н0▄О─Н5≥Н;Ч НB█НD>НFьН ЛОы Н~Н╔Н/НуН#▐Н) Н/▓Н28Н4яН8Н=шН@≈НBuНDНFiН ЛО1Н НчН=НЎН"┴Н$ЧН)░Н-EНўОІНеНGНҐНжНє Н!ШН#©Н&5Н)eН-юН0█Н1З Н9{Н:╩Н? НB■НF(Н ЛОН? НфНьН Н#j Н+5Н,╣Н0■Н6Н;эН?НA_НDРН ЛОg{НОgНбОgxНщОgН/Оg Н% Н!┌Н#c Н*NН.кН2Н5{Н;2Н?[НA0НDНHeН ЛОюН▓Н@НЗНКН ╞Н#1Н&yН,cН0ЛН2сН54Н8Н'НB╛НDdНFtН ЛОїН уН┌НщННЕН" Н$ъН'ЧН,Н.ХН00Н5Н:BН=ҐН?■НC<НG;Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩ @TVm$ THEBRIEFINGBLURB17resolvedmoreorlessbyfiatsomeonepreparedacollectionofconfigurationparametersandasetofformsthataccommodatedmostdocumentproduction.Manyoftheconfigurationoptionsaren'tevendocumented,soitishardtogetenoughropetohangyourself.Theneteffectisthatonespentmoretimecomposingandlesstimecompiling.InBravo'swake,severalneweditorsofunformattedtextappeared:theLaureleditor,andtheeditorintheToolsEnvironmentareprominentexamples.TheLaureleditorisparticularlynoteworthyinthatitpioneeredthedevelopmentofamodeless(oratleastlessmodal)userinterfaceforaneditor.TheStarproducteditorandTiogaaremorerecentlocaleditorsinthefullBravotradition:theycanhandleformattingandmultiplefonts.TiogaistheeditorwithinCedar,anditsuserinterfaceisveryclosetothewidelybelovedLaurelmodelessinterfacetrygoingbacktoBravoafterusingTiogaforawhile,andseehowhorribleitfeelstohavetoremembertotype``i''and``ESC''allthetime.Tiogashowsformattedtextonthescreen.Togetahardcopyofthattext,thecurrentpathinvolvesrunningacompanionprogramcalledtheTSetter,whichwillcomposeyourpagesforprintingandsendthemtoaprintserver.Tioga'sdocumentationisparticularlyconvenient,sinceitusuallyavailableiniconicformatthebottomoftheCedarscreen<29>.DealingwitheditorbugsAlltexteditorshavebugs.Furthermore,youareoftenmostlikelytotickleoneoftheremainingbugsinaneditorwhenyouareworkingfuriouslyonahardproblem,andhence,havebeeneditingforalongtimewithoutsavingtheintermediateresults.Asfatewouldhaveit,theseareexactlythetimeswhenitismostdamagingandmostupsettingtoloseyourwork.Thereisnothingquitelikethesinkingfeelingyougetwhenalargenumberofyourpreciouskeystrokesgurgleawaydownthedrain.BothBravoandTiogahavemechanismsthatcan,insomecases,saveyoufromthehorriblefateofhavingtodoallthosehoursofeditingoveragain.Bravoattemptstosafeguardyoubykeepingtrackofeverythingthatyouhavedoneduringtheeditingsessioninalogfile;incaseofdisaster,thislogcanbereplayedtorecapturemostoftheeffectsofthesession.IfyouhaveadisasterwheneditinginBravo,becarefulNOTtorespondbyrunningBravoagaintoassessthedamage.ByrunningBravoagaininthenormalway,youwillinstantlysacrificeallchanceofbenefitingfromthelogmechanism,sincethelogallowsreplayonlyofthemostrecentsession.Whatyouwanttodoinsteadisruntheprogram``BravoBug''(``Bravo/R''isnotanadequatesubstitute).Itwouldn'tbeabadideatoaskawizardforhelpalso.Whileyouarelookingforawizard,tryandthinkofsomegoodanswertothequestion``WhyareyouusingBravo,anyway?'',whichsaidwizardwillalmostcertainlyask.ThemostcommonperhapsIshouldreallysay``theleastrare''sourceofeditingdisastersinTiogaisproblemswithmonitorlocks.Unfortunately,thisclassofproblemusuallymakesfurtherprogressinanypartofCedarimpossible,sinceTiogaissobasictotheCedarsystem.IfyoucangettotheCoCedardebugger,youmightbeabletosaveyoureditsbycallingtheprocedure_ViewerOpsImpl.SaveAllEdits[]RumorhasitthatCedarversionsfrom4.2onwillallowyoutoinvokethisprocedurebyhittingaspecialcollectionofkeysinCedaritself,evenafterTiogahasbecomewedged.Afurtherrumorhassuppliedmoredetails:holdingdownboththeleftandtherightshiftkeysandtheSwatkeyformorethan1secondwillinvokeSaveAllEdits[].Whilethesavingistakingplace,thecursorwillbecomeablackbox.PrintingIngeneral,ourprintersarebuiltbytakingaXeroxcopierandaddingelectronicsandascanninglaserthatproducealightimagetobecopied.Therearemanydifferenttypesofsuchprinters,andtherearemultipleinstancesofeachprintertypeaswell.Therearealsomanydifferentprogramsthatwouldliketoproduceprintedoutput.ThePressprintfileformatwasourfirstanswertotheproblemofallowingeveryprintingclienttouseeveryprinter.PressfilesaretheEsperantoofprinting.Mostprint1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/НmННЛН∙НєН"дН(╙Н)Г Н00Н1ЭН:┐ НA²НDhНE╔НGжН ЛО]┬Н ПНвНbНвН$] Н,rН0│Н2SН4лН=WНBOНFIН ЛО[Ю Н.ННhНДН1НОНHН#BН&┐Н(BН+╨Н1ВН4ЮН7OН;+Н<їН?┘НBAНEЭН ЛОZ9Н НЖНўНCНi НўОWЎНjН5НН─Н[Н"оН$u Н,FН.ЙН5╣Н8НжН@÷НCН ЛО>ОН 4НЦНтНьН█НEН Н"РН(╧Н*юН+КН/(Н5Н7ЎН<Н?VНBЄНGRН ЛО=HН$НLН─Н НАНOН%WН*÷Н,ЎН/└Н3аН7Н8сНлНCwНEЕН ЛО;║Н ⌡НКНQН╗НЛН²НТН%БН'┼Н*QН-├Н1сН5оН74НВНAўНCfНGЮН ЛО6╚НДН фНWННиНXНcН"лН&©Н,AН-АН4Н6╠Н8·Н=╩НA НBк Н ЛО5Н╪НtН╪Н0Н╒НН!║Н&>Н'МН)Н+mН.вН0├Н3vН50Н:~Н=!Н?vНBНCТН ЛО3\Н⌡Н╠ННхН(НyН3Н!⌠Н'Н(▐Н+GН.▌Н/╧Н4╞Н8eН=Н>╠НCНDЩН ЛО1╣Н √НLН√Н≥НьНАН#▓Н%HН)0Н+≈Н1≤Н3╪Н8ШН=Н@╣НBkНDрН ЛО0 Н 4ННфНnНсНшН$┘Н&V Н,ПН0oН2ГН5R Н<ТН@НBЖНEbН ЛО.fН-Н[Н'Н Н НAН"ъН&ЁН)~Н,НН.╟Н0йН5░Н7Н9╧Н<,НAнН ЛО,©НєН4НмНАНБН%ІН'QН-0Н/EН0▓Н3nН6▀Н8]Н:ЙН<8Н@кНC,НFkН ЛО+ННяН/Н.НvН╚Н ~Н"╟Н%sН)Н*АН.Н1ЭН6ёН8\Н:гН@bНDyНFьН ЛО)pН √НО Н{Н┴НaН#яН&|Н*АН0|НўО&УНsНЎ НdН[Н#дН'|Н)хН,фН/ыН8{Н:"Н>╛НDНE╞Н ЛО%MН`НpН⌠НэНE Н'▒Н*;Н-sН/4Н4юН9zН=╩НBkНGАН ЛО#іН~НSНЩН НН┌Н#SН$╟Н&eН)иН+iН-╧Н1цН6ЭН8oН;Н=■Н?нНAmНCЎН ЛО!ЪНMННЭНЛНФН■Н ≤Н#сН'Н)Н-{Н/зНўО└Н:Н sН ЛОН ННGНННLН!ёН#яН%хН(dН+ЧН.╔Н0DН4╟Н7BН=ІН?╒НCЫНEН ЛОa Н;Н Н@НН:НН"hН%ҐН)ЇН,EН1uyН7▐ОaН8АОaН<╞Н@$НB0НF╦Н ЛО╨Н)Н1Н9НоН╣Н╛НвНҐН"dН$ЮН'ZН)├Н+kН.Н0-Н1ВН4рН7WН8MН;УН>НA╛НHuН ЛОН 2ННyН°НТННЩНUН!xН%┼Н&xН)f|Н ЛОцxНўОtН⌠НуНvНёН Н!kН#}Н'аН)Н-;Н1Н4MН8Ж Н?яНB·НCъН ЛОмН НзН%НAНdНcНН ФН&Н*Н,QН0Н5іН9-Н:ьН=ШНC\НFН ЛО&НEНдН°НZН▒Н!(Н$>Н%ЯН)фН-мН0'Н2ЫН6иНishairy,andsomeprintserversdon'tsupportthefullgeneralityofPress.Generally,however,suchserverswillsimplyignorewhattheycan'tfigureout,soyoucansafelysendthemanyPressfileyouhave.APressfilecanaskthattextbeprintedinoneofanextensivecollectionofstandardfonts.Unfortunately,youmustbecomeawizardinordertoprintwithyourownnewfont.Youcan'tuseanewfontunlessitisaddedtothefontdictionaryonyourprinter,andaddingfontstodictionariesisadelicateoperation:asadstateofaffairs.IfthePressfilethatyousendtoaprinterasksforafontthattheprinterdoesn'thave,itwillattemptareasonablesubstitution,and,inthecaseofSpruce,tellyouaboutthesubstitutiononthebreakpageofyourlisting.Ifyouhavechronicfontdifficultiesofthissort,contactawizard.Thereisanewprintfileformatunderdevelopment,calledInterpress.TheprintserversthatarepartoftheStarproductspeakadialectofInterpress.AprintfileinInterpressformatiscalledamaster.OurlocalplansforprintingInterpressmastersinvolveconvertingthemfirstintoaprinter-dependentprintfileinso-calledPDformat(withconventionalextension``.pd'').Fromthere,arelativelysimpledriverprogramoneachprintershouldbeabletoproducethefinaloutput.TherestofthissectionwascontributedbyJulianOrrofISL:PARChasavarietyofprintersavailableforyourhardcopyneeds.Wehavehighvolumeprintersforquantitiesoftext,listings,anddocumentation;wehaveslowerprinterswithgenerallyhigherqualityformorecomplexfiles;andwehaveveryslowprintersforextremelyhighquality.AllofourcurrentprintersexceptPlatemakeroffer384spotsperinchandshareacommonfontdictionary.WeusetwodifferentsoftwaresystemsforprintingPressfiles,bothrunningonAltos:oneiscalledSpruce,andtheotheriscalled(confusingly)Press.Spruceoffersspeedandspooling,butitcanonlyimagecharactersandrules,andnottoomanyofthem.Thismakesitlimitedingraphicsapplications.Furthermore,Spruceislimitedtotheparticularsizesoffontsthatithasstoredinitsfontdictionary:itdoesnotknowhowtobuildnewsizesbyconvertingfromsplines.Pressisslower,butcanhandlearbitrarybitmaps,andcanproduceodd-sizedfontsfromsplines.ISLisdevelopingInterpressprintingcapabilities.Printing``.pd''filesisnowanoptiononmostPressprinters(thatis,onprintersrunningtheprogramPressasopposedtoSpruce).Justshipyour``.pd''filetotheprinterinthestandardway:itissmartenoughtofigureoutwhetherwhatyouhavesentitisinPDorPressformat,anditwillinvokePDPrintorPressasappropriate.Documentationonthesetwoprintingprogramsisavailable,bytheway<31,32>.PDprintingshouldnotbeundertakenwithoutconsultationwithawizard.DoverprintersrunSpruceforhighvolumeprinting,producingapagepersecond.CSL'sDover,namedClover,isfoundinroom2106;ISL'sDover,namedMenlo,isinroom2305.SamplesoftheDoverfontdictionarymaybefoundnexttoCloverandMenlo.InstructionsformodifyingthequeueandgenerallyrunningtheseSpruceprintersaretobefoundnexttotheirAltoterminals.LilacisourcolorPressprinterandmaybefoundin2106withClover.Itisathreecolor,composite-blackmachine;itgenerallyproducesgoodqualityoutput,butisoccasionallytemperamental.AnyoneinterestedincolorprintingorthestateofLilacshouldjointhedistributionlistLilacLovers^.pa.IntheISLmazearea,room2301,wehaveanassortmentofblackandwhitePressprinters,answeringvariouslytothenamesofRockNRoll,Quoth,andStinger.TheprintersaretwoRavens(RavenisaXeroxproduct),oneHornet,andoneGnat(thelattertwoareprototypes).Theprintqualityisnormallyexcellent.Instructionsforinterpretingstatusdisplaysarepostedlocally.Tobeinformedofwhichprinterisfunctioningandwhere,jointhelistISLPrint^.pa.Thereshouldbethreeprintersupformostofthesummer.PeriodicallyoneoranotheroftheseorLilacarepre-emptedfordebugging.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/ННнН·ННСН"цН%|Н(╨Н*jН-УН/ХН1≤Н5"Н:}Н=≥НAъНD≤НGЮН ЛО]┬НжНЁНjН╟Н^НщН#ЙН'Н(иН,QН0мН5Н6EН:RН<ЩН@хНBvНEъНўО[НXНДН┌НЙНxН {Н#UН' Н*∙Н/HН2ЪН8-Н:╞Н=\ НCтНE╞Н ЛОYe Н╦Н╗НМН▓Н!QН%тН*,Н-²Н0юН4&Н8<Н;Н<УН?юНB_НFSН ЛОWЎН uНН·ННЎНўОUBН┐НTННшН▌Н╔Н іН"ЮН'ЩН)УН,ИН.КН1%Н7` Н=чН?ЮНEеН ЛОS⌡ Н>ННyН°НтН$RН& Н)пН+▄Н/Н2*Н5sН8┘Н;─Н?fНB┌НEБНHeН ЛОQСНЕНчННlНЦННкН5Н". Н(╟Н*аН.Н2ШН5ҐН:ZН=вН?░НFОНHeН ЛОPLНШ Н╒НпНHН}Н:Н#KН$яН'4Н*юН--Н/ЪН2╨Н5ЫН7╚Н8ыН=nН@`НB║НCнНFаН ЛОN╔НeННГН═ННтН"ЗН$= Н+%Н3 Н66Н7ЩН:vН=~Н?PНD`НFьН ЛОLЩН юННzНsНеН█Н"еН$qН'·Н,vН-ЙН0■Н3лН8╘Н;┼НBAНCЛНF─Н ЛОKVН╚НуНўОHшНеНGН├Н┼НН┤Н!Н%1Н-оН1э Н9EН<3Н?╠НDWНG;Н ЛОG3НдНrНфН·Н╣НН·Н!ЬН#і Н*кН,LН/╘Н2Н3╘ Н9ЪН>oН?оНC╩{НDыОG3НEООG3xНHЁОG3Н ЛОE▄НЯНZНН{Нъ Н"cН'zН,o Н3VН7Н9ЭН<ЖН>BН ЛОCЕН lНЛН╡НyНН≥Н"DН*vН0╚Н5ЗН9ФН=ъН?! НE*Н ЛОB=Н ЫН┬Н▌Н©НQН!мН#ҐН&ЇН(eН-ЎН0Н3NНўО?бН├Н'НЮН│ННй Н%*Н'&Н+>Н-ъН/≤НўО=FНН НнН]Н Н ?Н&Н(KН+▐Н1ёН6rН9НН@wНB5НDеН ЛО8PННq НїНН ЇН$EН&иН)ХН,╞Н0]Н1√Н7UН:S НAеНD^НFЦН ЛО6╘Н▓НННIН!▀Н%Н(ZН+≈Н0нН2уН7qН:Н;┼Н?│НDxНG/Н ЛО5Н °НН!НxНЧН$╛Н(·Н,░Н/XН5EН7вН9>Н;зН?НC" Н ЛО3ZНфН·НxНН°Н┼НeН#Н&MН*╘Н,"Н0ВН2хН8YНAН ЛО1ЁН|НшН─Н!Нs Н⌡Н!ҐН#hН&мН)▌Н*вН->Н1TН2УН4бН7ё Н>ЩН@EНChНEпН ЛО0Н НеНxНyН╪Нк Н!╒Н%Н*╔Н.AН/юН4yН7Н9╛Н>FНCЪН ЛО.dНёН/Н┬НҐН/Н!√НўО+ИН├Н Н< НЎН$"Н,_Н1мН5╨Н8иН:VН=|Н?▌НD НF2Н ЛО*BН ≈НяН<Н#НMН├Н$ЮН'cН-Н0аН2▓Н8/Н:Н@:НC7НFTН ЛО( Н дН;НЖНcННЎН+Н"тН&дН('Н)║Н-yН2pН4,Н8;Н:ЎН@НC└НFHН ЛО&СНрН*Н≤НHН©Н├ННФН ÷Н!ЬН$╔Н)"Н.┬Н0NН3ьН5┬Н=хНG┴Н ЛО%LН ┤НEН≥НЎН< Н#aН%nН'ЮН*иН-иН1^Н3ЕН99Н=гН@NНBQ Н ЛО#єНЬН╞НйНТНўО!)НВННеНsНаН"ВН'ЯН-°Н4:Н5uН8лН;RН@ЮНDЧН ЛО┌Н┘НkНИН НйН├Н"НН&∙Н+8Н/яН4║Н6Н7ЮН;°Н?ЦНEdНG/Н ЛОзН4Н2 Н╧НмНмН ЙН$ Н%гН*QН-Н2xН:НцН@wНAХНE╧Н ЛОНН─НяН!╡Н'┼Н*ВН/▐Н4TН6пН87Н?р Н ЛОiН НXННxН╣Н!tН#нН&ЗН(ґН,Н0▒Н3XН5╡Н=Н?PНўОМНcН╗НEНЎНУН└Н!Н#Н&BН( Н.ДН0┐Н4Н6╟Н:VН=дНCН ЛОFНФН╡Н0Н▓Нi Н"+Н&ЯН)гН/²Н2⌠Н7гН:9Н=НAУНFшНHeН ЛО÷ННЛН▄Н≤НCН ДН$aН'/Н*ЇН-XН/═Н7ёН:pН=лНB^НCЎН ЛОВ НХН⌡НН"ЎН&гН,0Н.ІН3OН8ИН;CН=fНC√НE│Н ЛО PННЛ НAНЫНjН!8Н#≤Н%вН.нН2яН7NН9@Н<йНAАНCТНF2Н ЛО╘Н╔НН-Н╛НXН Н%'Н&ЮН*iН,-Н/÷Н1С Н9RН;░ Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪyTVm$dTHEBRIEFINGBLURB19OurbestqualityprinterisPlatemaker,whichisnormallyoperatedat880spotsperinch,butcanberunupto2200spi;itisnotnormallyusefultogobeyond1600.Platemakerusesalasertowriteonphotographicpaperorfilm.Colorimagescanbedoneinindividualseparations,whicharethenmergedusingtheChromalinprocess.ThePlatemakerprintingprocessisusedforfinalprintsoffineimagesorforprintingmastersforpublication.Ifyouwishtohavesomethingprinted,speaktoJulianOrr,EricLarson,orGaryStarkweather.SendingandReceivingMailWerelyveryheavilyonanelectronicmailsystem.Weuseitformailandalsoforthetypeofannouncementthatmight,inotherenvironments,bepostedonaphysicalorelectronicbulletinboard.Inourenvironment,aphysicalbulletinboardisprettyuseless,sincepeoplespendtoomuchoftheirdaysstaringattheirterminalsandtoolittlewanderingthehalls.Electronicbulletinboardsmightworksatisfactorily.Butabulletinboard,beingasharedfiletowhichmanypeoplehavewriteaccess,isarathertrickythinginadistributedenvironment.Itprobablypresupposesadistributedtransactionalfileserver,forexample.Mumble.Forwhateverreason,thefactremainsthatwedon'thaveanelectronicbulletinboardfacilityatthemoment.Asaresult,announcementsofimpendingmeetings,``forsale''notices,andthelikeareallsentasmessagesdirectedatexpansivedistributionlists.Ifyoudon'tcheckyourmessagesonceadayorso,youwillsoonfindyourselfoutoftouch(andsaddledwithamailboxfullofobsoletejunkmail).Andconversely,ifyoudon'tmakemovestogetontherightdistributionlistsearly,youmaymisslotsofinterestingmail.Thisbusinessofusingthemessagesystemforrapiddistributionofannouncementscangetoutofhand.Oneoccasionallyreceivesnoticesoftheform:``meetingXwillstartin2minutesallinterestedpartiespleaseattend''.Grapevineisthedistributedtransportmechanismthatdeliversthelocalmail[33].WhentalkingtoGrapevine,individualsarereferredtobyatwo-partnamecalledan``R-name'',whichconsistsofaprefixandaregistryseparatedbyadot;forexample,``Ramshaw.pa''meansRamshawofPaloAlto.Inadditiontodeliveringthemail,Grapevinealsomaintainsadistributeddatabaseofdistributionlists.AdistributionlistisalsoreferredtobyanR-name,whoseprefixconventionallyendsinthecharacterup-arrow,asin``CSL^.pa''.DistributionlistsareactuallyspecialcasesofaconstructcalledaGrapevine``group''.GroupscanbeusedforsuchpurposesascontrollingaccesstoIFSdirectories.ThereisaprogramnamedMaintainthatallowsyoutoqueryandupdatethestateofthedistributionlistdatabase.Infact,therearetwoversionsofMaintain:thedocumentedonewiththeunfortunateteletype-styleuserinterfaceisusedfromwithinLaurelortheMesaDevelopmentEnvironment<34>;theundocumentedonewiththefuturisticmenuinterfaceisusedfromwithinCedar.SomedistributionlistsaresetupsothatyoumayaddorremoveyourselfusingMaintain.IfyoutrytoaddyourselftoFoo^.paandMaintainwon'tletyou,theproperrecourseistosendamessagetothedistributionlistOwners-Foo^.pa,askingthatyoupleasebeaddedtoFoo^.Atthemoment,Grapevineprettymuchhasamonopolyondeliveringthemail.ButthereareseveraldifferentprogramsthatgiveusersaccesstoGrapevine'sfacilitiesfromdifferentenvironments.FromanAlto,oneusesLaurel,whichismentionedelsewhereasapioneerofmodelesseditorinterfaces.Evenifyouaren'taLaureluser,IrecommendthatyoureadChapter6oftheLaurelManual[35],whichisanenlighteningandentertainingessayonpropermannersintheuseofthemailsystem.IntheMesaDevelopmentEnvironment,theprogramHardyprovidesservicesanalogoustoLaurel's.FromwithinCedar,mostfolkuseWalnut,whosedocumentationappearsaspartoftheCedarManual<25>.Walnutrepresentsasteptowardsthefutureinsomerespects,sinceWalnutusesCypress,theCedardatabasemanagementsystem,tostoreyourmailinadatabase.AccesstoGrapevinefromwithinCedarcanalsobehadwithoutthedatabasefrillsthroughaprogramcalledPeanut,whichstoresyourmessagesinastructuredTiogadocumentinsteadofinadatabase.Finally,incasetravelshouldtakeyouawayfromyourmulti-functionpersonalworkstation,thereareserversontheInternetknownbythename``Lily''towhomyoucanconnectfromanyrandomteletypeinordertoperusethemailsittinginyourGrapevinemailbox.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xНўО_/Н┴НeНШН┘НИ Н$aН(gН)кН/■Н5>Н6оН9]Н<сН?@НB║НEНG·Н ЛО]┬Н≥НаН├НЦН╔НН■Н Н"Н&6Н'ШН*Н/Н3Q Н:▌Н=·Н>чНB0НCТНG┴Н ЛО[ЮН?ННоН┐НYН#ъН&`Н(FН+ўН-Q Н3иН;3Н?6НAНD Н ЛОZ9Н ≈НЬНщН▐Нi Н&▒Н+тН0╘Н2Н5SН7▓Н:цН>╠Н@kНC9НGкН ЛОX▓Н;Н▐Н√НЕН!Н"╛Н%uН(ЇН*xН-пН4┘Н9дН=╛Н?lНC√НF║Н ЛОVЙНЮНєН,|Н ЛОS⌡Н,НлНxНўОPLНYН;НjНHНoН─ Н$ЮН(Н-ЁН0^Н2ТН4jН6хН:Н<зН?хНB%НD╔НGжН ЛОN╔Н?ННzН6НДН(чН*щН/QН1fН2·Н7ЗН9л Н@НE@Н ЛОLЧНыН┌ННNН╨Н"НН'Н(█Н,ўН1╙Н5;Н9тН=УН@|НDqНFHН ЛОKVН Н░Н*НsНrН+Н!≈Н$иН+└Н-ЕН1Ъ Н8┐Н=°НBНFН ЛОI╞НИН╘НРН'Н √Н$─Н%хН*MН,уН.ёН2пН6╧Н;TН>╧НBVНFзНHeН ЛОHН ВНжНhНН< Н+Н(Н)┤Н/V Н7Н83 Н?#НG%Н ЛОF`Н\Н╔НН·Н UН&=Н*ЗН-eН0Н5TН8.Н:aН>НASНCO Н ЛОD╧НН0НяН┘НЪН"Н$╚Н%ОН*.Н4Н5ФН<ФНCНF(Н ЛОCНФН║НН╣НННЙН²Н%}Н*пН,mН2╪Н:+Н=рН?YНBНEґН ЛОAjН 4ННoНіНSН$НMН!Н#хН'Н*Н/dН1ФН3╚Н7▐Н:лН?ЕНCНDBН ЛО?цН▄НYНяННўНщ Н&Н'xН*DН-МН1ІН6Н7яН:.НЎНB$Н ЛО>Н╡НvН2Н:НXНСН╟ Н$nyН(lО>Н)%О>Н*КН/GН0╚Н3²Н5┤Н9пН=jН?8НB!НHН ЛОНCSНGЮН ЛО6╙ НЬ ННН2НcН!Н"МН$Н){Н-+Н1Н2Р Н9щН=шНBйНDsНE█Н ЛО5НьН6НTН╗НьН6Н!Н#└Н)┼ Н3.Н7іН>%Н@НCaНGюН ЛО3\НbН Н▄НСНmН$8Н'Н-TН.┘ Н5Н;"Н<ЦНDUНHН ЛО1ЄН┘НРН▄Н┤НЬНуН!ЪН$Н)ГН.DН2u Н;яН?;НAНCіН ЛО0 Н3НщН┬yНaО0 НGО0 Н!■Н#фН%÷Н)ўН-AН0Н1^Н2IН7Н:*Н;Н@{ НEtН ЛО.fНЛН qНЧНюНEНшН+ НўН"ДН$3Н&VxН,MО.fН-4О.fН0CН1єН2цН8GН<бНB·НEbН ЛО,ЎН╪Н└Н┴НYНН~НхН! Н$Н+≈Н-МН4√Н6Н9²Н=?Н?╛НBqНGжН ЛО+НН┬ ННHН!─Н#Щ Н+⌡ Н4 Н7!Н<ДН>mНAфНEJН ЛО)pН^Н/Н⌡НQ НГ Н'DН+║Н.Н7┌Н::Н=bН?н НEўН ЛО'хН≤ННNН╩НН!Н$ДН,VН/Н1yН3°Н5╣Н7─Н:UН=Н@НBшНDіН ЛО&!Н6НХН╪НFНН 6Н!МН$ґН)ВН+ўН1 Н3мН9╪Н=░Н?■НB╚НEН ЛО$zНtНОН╛НЖН/Н∙НSН аН(:Н*┤Н5DН9√НН▌Н$ГН&1Н+АН/ЬН5Н9=Н=>Н@ НF√НHeН ЛОн НxН`НуН▒Н!RН#Н$:Н*аН/сН1┴Н4─Н8^Н<БН?ЦНB╒НF(Н ЛО&Н ; НgНЧН#сН'pН)вН.{Н0∙Н3Н8^Н<ВН?НAyНELН ЛОН┐Н≥Н9Н╛Н╛НШН└Н$█Н)╒Н+9Н.жН0mН4╩Н7Н:Н>Н?їНBкН ЛО ьН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩVTVm$▀Н ЛО ьН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩyTVm$√THEBRIEFINGBLURB20PackagingSystemsandControllingVersionsIntheBCPLworld,theprimaryfacilityforpackagingupagroupofrelatedfilesandeitherhandingthemoutorstoringthemforlaterrecallwasthedumpfile.Adumpfile,givenconventionalextension``.dm'',issimplytheconcatenationofthedumpees,togetherwithenoughheaderinformationtoallowthedumpeestobepulledapartagain.Dumpfileshavefallenoutoffavor.IntheAlto/Mesaworld,andmorestrongly,intheCedarworld,acollectionofsoftwarecalled``DFfiles''hasgrownupthatattackstheproblemofdescribingandpackagingsystems,detailingtheirinterdependencies,andcontrollingtheversionsofthings.YoucanfindoutalotaboutDFfilesbyreadingEricSchmidt'sdissertation[36].YoucanfindtheanswerstodetailedquestionsaboutthebehaviorofthevariousprogramsthatdealwithDFfilesbyreadingthereferencemanualforDFfiles<37>.AllthatIwilltrytodohereistogiveyousomeideaofwhatDFfilesaregoodfor,andhow,inageneralsense,theyareused.Onewayoranother,allCedarprogrammersmustmaketheirpeacewithDFfiles:theyperformvaluablefunctions,andtheyhavenocurrentcompetition.Inthesimplestcase,aDFfilejustconsistsofalistofthenamesofarelatedsetoffiles.Atthislevel,aDFfileissomethinglikeadumpfile:giventheDFfile,youcangetateachofthefilesthatitdescribes.Ofcourse,youwanttobesurethatyougettherightversionsofthedescribedfiles,sojusthavingtheDFfilelisttheirnamesisn'tquiteenough.IftherewereanInternet-widenotionofversionnumberthatmadesense,wecouldgetaroundthisproblembyspecifyingtheversionnumberalongwiththefilename.Butthereisn't.TheclosestthingtoaInternet-wideuniqueidentificationstampthatwehaveisthecreatedateofthefile.Thus,whataDFfilereallycontainsisalistoffilenamesandassociatedcreatedates.ThefirstprogramthatyouwillmeetthatdealswithDFfilesisBringover.Bringover'sjobistoretrievetoyourlocalfilesystemthesetoffilesdescribedbyaparticularDFfile.ThiswouldbesomethingofachallengeunlesstheDFfileincludedsomehinttoBringoverconcerningwhereinthegreat,wideInternetthecorrectversionsofthesefilesmightbefound.SoDFfilesdoindeedincludesuchhints:inparticular,theyincludespecificationsofremotedirectoriesonwhichtolook.Thesedirectoriesarejusthints,inthesensethatBringoverwillalwaysverifybycheckingthecreatedatethatitisgettingyouthecorrectversionofthespecifiedfile.IfBringovercan'tfindthecorrectversiononthespecifieddirectory,itwillissueasprightlyerrormessage.Bringoverhaslotsofbellsandwhistles.Forexample,youcanpointitateitheralocaloraremoteDFfile;youcanaskittoretrievejustaselectedsubsetoffilestoyourlocaldisk,ratherthantheentiresetdescribedbytheDFfile;oryoucanindividuallyconsiderthefilesonebyone,decidingwhichyouwouldliketoretrieveandwhichyouwouldn't.SupposethatIamworkingonacollectionoffiles,suchasthesourcesforthisBriefingBlurb.IhavemadeaDFfilethatdescribesthem,andIcanuseBringovertoretrievethemfromtheirremoteandpermanenthometomylocalfilesystem,whereIcaneditthem.ThenextthingthatIneedisaservicethatissymmetrictoBringover:afterdoingmyediting,Iwanttoputthenewversionsbackontheremotefileserver,alongwithanewDFfilethatdescribesthenewversions.ThisfunctionisperformedbySModel.IrunSModel,andpointitattheoldDFfile.SModelconsiderseachfileinturn,andlookstoseeifIhaveeditedit;thatis,itlookstoseeifthecreatedateofthatfileinmylocalfilesystemisnowdifferentthanthecreatedatestoredintheoldDFfile.Ifso,SModeldeducesthatIhaveeditedthefile.ItstoresthenewversionthatIhavemadeoutontotheremotedirectory.Afterdoingthisforeachfileinturn,SModelwritesanewversionoftheDFfileitself,fillinginallofthecreatedatescorrectlytodescribethenewversionoftheentireensemble.IftheDFfiledescribesitself,asmostDFfilesdo,SModelissmartenoughtomakesurethatthenewversionoftheDFfileisstoredouttotheremoteserveraswell.SModelalsohaslotsofbellsandwhistles,butlet'snotgointothem.Ifthatwerethewholestory,meremortalscouldfigureoutDFfileswithoutstrainingtheirbrains.Butthere'smore.Sofar,wehaveonlydiscussedDFfilesasdescriptionsofensemblesoffiles.Infact,1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'|Н ЛО_,Н≤НОН▐ НкxНўО[щНnН©НсННYН │Н$ЫН'(Н-░Н/■Н0╞Н4ёН6MН:яН=╟Н@YНD6Н ЛОZ5Н |НЫНдН\НЛН0Н]Н#Н%к{Н(1ОZ5Н(БОZ5Н+ПxН-юОZ5Н/.ОZ5Н0бН4лН7■Н;OНCpН ЛОX▌Н├НН┴НЩНгН!■Н$Н*FН/ҐН2ЛН7ЙН<┘ НD#НEФН ЛОVГНKННлНҐНН▀Н"Н&kН)YН,÷Н0uН2ЙН4ёНўОTkНtНйН╟НКН≥Н"#Н'ЄН)YН+╞Н/ЎН3ЫН5 Н;FН<ЖНBeНFTН ЛОRдН ьН°Н#Н┐Н═НuН"#Н'УН)Щ Н0ЦН3ИН:ўН@TНFHН ЛОQН╙Н┤ Н°Н"!Н'▓Н)qН.╟Н1ДН4■Н7╗Н:CН;▓Н=иНAпНD─НG⌠Н ЛОOuННBНхН JН$EН'█Н*RН-zН0Н5mН7UН<фНCНG/Н ЛОMнНїНkНуН╗НфН!÷Н$ёН'иН*^Н-WН/]Н4\Н6гН<оНAцНDНF║Н ЛОL'ННYН$Н*НсНЬНєН╗Н©Н!)Н"тН%©Н(tН,Н.ШН0╠Н4Н6■Н9Н;пН??НAрНD┤НGАН ЛОJННыНгНоНН"Н Н"МН$╘Н*Н+ЛН/Э Н8[Н;╩Н?gНBіНFtН ЛОHьНwНbНrНйНC Н$≥Н'QН*aН-їН/ґН4wНўОF]Н┼НЖН[НўНЕН}НСН"║Н'ўН)tН*╙Н,УН.╩Н1'Н5xН7=Н8tН=Н?<НAНDЕНFМН ЛОD╣Н ┤НўН6Н°НН╔НNНtН#tН&жН*┤Н,ЦН/kН2*Н4чН7fН9╛Н;BН>pН@&НB┐НEmНH9Н ЛОC НцНчН▐НPНІНnН!hН$kН'CН*Н,VН.©Н2Н7pН93Н;°НAпНE НFМН ЛОAgНhНиНUН©НЧНFН┼Н"┘Н&Н+вН-ZН0ДН46Н6(Н>╡НC НDгН ЛО?©ННмН─НjН└НCН!Н&0Н(еН.<Н0+ Н6∙Н8ГН=╒НBбНFtН ЛО>НLНІНSНЖН─НVН /Н$┼Н(Н)оН*ЫН3┐Н8, Н@┼НD≤НGgН ЛОН@НD╞Н ЛО1╟Н TНlНQ НН\Н"r Н+Н-Н1ъ Н8дН;Н?EНA*НE█Н ЛО0 Н╒НЩН╔НmН"Н┴Н!/Н$Н*lН-Н1┼Н5}Н7─Н=CН?╙НCЄНFаН ЛО.bНNНфНdН'Н▓Н0Н Н!иН$4Н)ЭН-YН.ГН5SН8╠Н;╚Н>НB╣НG┴Н ЛО,╨НYН# НZНЎНwНАН!Н&жН*VН0єН7Н9■Н<7Н=ЧНAFНDН ЛО+НїННБН|Н+Н▒Н9Н#5Н$nН'дН)≈Н*пН/┤Н2!Н5їН8nН; Н=┌Н>ГН@╔НEЄНHeН ЛО)lН-НqН>НAННTН ўН$ Н(+Н+fН-зН1шН4Н:KН<\Н>пНAoНDЪНFьН ЛО'дНsННyНуНЎН!fН#]Н&]Н+ХН/РН2╔Н6оН9vН; Н@НBнНFьН ЛО&НўО#╒НFН(НDН╚НН 0Н!m Н'ІН)┌Н,эН0!Н1БН4UН9=Н;▌Н>CНC╒НH├Н ЛО!ЗН DННQНМНhНHН AН$4Н&ЩН(Н*ЄН-:Н3╚Н5kН:|Н>НA▐НDГН ЛО SНІНўН≈НXНиН"Н!·Н&└Н*╞Н+йН.hН1=Н5гН8╡Н;тН?{НB\НCwНFГНHeН ЛО╛НvНHН╦Н^Н Н"vН%╣Н) Н+ЭН0УН2Н5bН7Н9≥Н;ЭН>ННD>НG┴Н ЛОН│Н]НЭН∙Н┼НзН!9Н$\Н'Н)╨Н,ЎН2шН5oН8⌠Н?%НBtНH#Н ЛО]НбНпНЭННЎН"TН%Н(оН*7Н+БН.SН0оН3lН6уН<НB"НEeНGАН ЛОІН AНПН┘Н+НwНоНпНН!5Н#xН&>Н'ЗН)GН,щН.┐Н0нН2'Н4~Н8xН;uН=&Н?ЛНBMНCРНFIН ЛОНSНлН5Н6НзНЩН ZН$[Н']Н+~Н-*Н/┤Н1НН4wН7ЇН96Н;PН@zНE╨НH├Н ЛОgН CН┌НРНXНъНпН@Н">Н'Н)УН+Н.eН25Н4╨Н7ШН:kН?" НEПН ЛОюН БН≤НЙН0НўНqНЦН#$Н';Н(zН+}Н0ZН2'Н4°Н7<Н9╨Н=┐НA НC]НEaНG/Н ЛОН ГНiННґН Н aН#HН(Н)╧Н,Н/УyН6уОН7?ОН8Н9ДН;ФН=нНB│НErНFдН ЛОqНЖНOН6НZНН┴НxНрН йН#,Н%lН'TН)ґН-│Н.ЦН0кН2уН4дН5ХН99Н;2Н<▄Н>sНB-НElНFеxНHЁОqН ЛОйННДНYНОН╗НДН⌡Н$Н&═Н)xН+МН-щН0╣НўО NН7ННgНнНЦН╚Н"0Н'!Н*УН.ЪН1|Н4Н7Н<НAеНEН ЛОїН┼НКНRНUНяНТН7Н"LН(RН*ыН-цН/mН6ЪН8ЄН?HН@ЩНD©НF┼Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪTVm$CTHEBRIEFINGBLURB21theseensemblesareoftencomponentsoflargeprograms.Andthishasconsequences.First,therearetwodistinctlydifferentreasonsthatyoumighthaveforretrievingaprogram:youmightwanttochangeit,oryoumightjustwanttorunit.Inthelattercase,youdon'tneedtobringoverallofthesources;allthatyouneedistherunnable``.bcd''.WecouldhandlethisbyhavingtwoDFfiles:onefortheusersandtheotherforthemaintainers.Butthatwouldbeadisaster:thetwoDFfileswouldneveragree!Instead,eachDFfiledistinguishesbetweenfilesthatit``exports''andtherest.Theexportedfilesaretheonesthatusersneed,whilemaintainersareassumedtoneedtheentireensemble.YoucanwarnBringoverthatyouareauserratherthanamaintainerbygivingitthe``/p''switch(whichstandsforPublic-only).Secondly,someprogramsaregoingtodependuponotherprograms:thatis,theprogramsthemselveswillbe``users''(``clients''isabetterwordhere).ThissuggeststhatoneDFfileshouldbeabletocontainanotherDFfile.Infact,thereshouldbeseveraldifferentkindsofcontainment,correspondingtosuchphrasesas:``TheywhomaintainmealsomaintainthestuffdescribedbythefollowingDFfile.''``Theywhomaintainmearealsousers(butnotmaintainers)ofthestuffdescribed...''``Theywhousemearealsousersofthestuffdescribed...''Yougetthepoint?Formoredetailsonthewaysthatthesethingsaredone(``includes''and``imports''),checkoutthereferencemanual.Incaseyoustillaren'tconvincedthatthingsarecomplicated,itisnowtimetomentionthefactthatDFfilesareusedforyetanotherpurpose:theydescribecomponentsoftheCedarrelease.DuringtheCedarreleaseprocess,allofthenewversionsofCedarcomponents,whicharesittingoutondevelopmentdirectories,mustbecheckedforconsistency,andthenmovedenmassetotheofficialreleasedirectory.AndanentirenewsetofDFfilesmustbeproduced,describingthereleasedversionofthesystem(asopposedtothedevelopmentversion).Thismeans,amongotherthings,thatsomeDFfilesmustspecifytwodifferentremotedirectories:thedevelopmentdirectoryandthereleasedirectory.Inaddition,thereisathirdDFfileprogram,calledVerifyDF,whosepurposeistoperformcertainconsistencyandcompletenesschecksonaDFfile.ByinsistingthatallcomponentimplementershavesuccessfullyrunVerifyDFontheircomponents,theCedarReleaseMasterensuresthatthereleaseprocesshasatleastafightingchanceofsucceeding<38>.Infact,thereareseveralotherprogramsrelatedtoDFfilesthataresometimesuseful.DFDisk,forexample,looksatallofthefilesonyourlocaldiskandclassifiesthemaccordingtowheretheymaybefoundonremoteservers.Thisisaconvenientwaytodeterminewhatlocalfilesneedtobebackedupbeforeerasingthelocalfilesystemforsomereason.FormoreonDFDisk,anintroductiontoDFDelete,andmore,seetheDFfilesreferencemanual<37>.DFfilesgrewupovertimeinresponsetoamixedbagofneeds.Astheybecamemorepopular,featureswereaddedonebyonetomakethemmoreusefulinthesevaryingcontexts.Theresultingsystemasawholeisratherhardtogrok,butIhopethatthisintroductionhasgivenyoualegupontheproblem,atleast.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/Н uН Н`НТ Н!═Н#YН&юН-╞Н0иН3kН5ЮНўО\╞НWНКНIН НСН$ёН)▄Н,eН/'Н3)Н6zН8б Н?Н@6НFьН ЛО[Н СН_ННуН⌠НgН.Н"5Н$ФН(RН*Н,ІН/Н0ГН3VН6ЗН:PН=Н@╩НD'НEЕН ЛОY`Н НЪН╪Н НЗНОНбН }Н#чН%NН'╡Н-┴Н2сН5bН92Н=ҐН@cНBcНFЦН ЛОW╧Н└Н┬НAН▀НВН│НEН ╡Н$^Н&╗Н)Н1rН4 Н6ШН;7Н=4Н>jНDwНFЦН ЛОVН|НnН║НqН!Н!RН$┬Н'Н)├Н1іН7Н:Н<ъН>: НDsНG/Н ЛОTjН uНSНННaНфН ЭН#пН'TН+Н.и Н68Н8▒Н>'Н?шНC>НEёН ЛОRцНРННёН!Н ▄Н#fН&(Н(┤Н)╪Н,аН0зН4Н5A Н<1Н>8НBfНCгНF2Н ЛОQН&НґНэНОP╡ЧрНОQНКОQНўОN°НлН>Н0НbН"Н#≤Н(aН+тН/QН6Н8лН:oН<ґНB÷ Н ЛОLТН┤НhН6НDН═Н╧Н║Н#Н'hН*rН/╞Н2mН5 Н7┐Н9эН>HН@)НCНD╟Н ЛОKMНЭН▀НыНґНІНDН!дН#╧Н(NН-ЫН1╡Н3oН;╞НD╚НF]Н ЛОIіНжНўОG&НФНКНіНЫНфН$│Н&АН*Н0<Н28Н4≈Н:╙Н=5НўОDіНФНКНіНЫНMН!Н$≈Н'▒Н*Н1ИН3╒Н6Н92Н?]Н@9НAНўОB&НФНКН`НЁННсН!QН# Н%iН( Н.еН/║Н0|НўО?іНЬН}ННDН+Н ЗН%├Н'хН*cН-ШН1Н4кН9Н;╞Н?^НFьН ЛО=ЧН)НН─НЮНщНўО;~НrНWНН НqН ИН#ґН'╩Н*Н1ЪН3KН4╛Н7іН:аНвНCf Н ЛО4АН НННН)ННН┘НН"СН$ОН+t Н2Н4┐Н9эН>╟Н@uНBЮНGgН ЛО3:Н`ННb Н█Н!·Н$ЁН)IН-иН1bН5мН8√Н<#Н>╗НA░НDРН ЛО1▓Н┼Н"Н╪НLН · Н(аН.┘Н1/Н3│Н7Ы Н>▀Н@LНFН ЛО/КН Н Н╡НН+НUН ▐Н'iН+ыН1_Н3 Н4ЧН:≤Н?b НFьН ЛО.DНSНдНуН Н÷НЗН"!Н'▌Н*gН,bН3■Н<2Н?└НFЫН ЛО,°Н.Н6Н Н├НХН$Н)Н-ўН2 Н5kН7мН.Ifyouthoughtthatitwasworthwritingdown,itisprettylikelythatthereareotherfolkinCSLwhowouldconsideritworthreading,andsubmittingittotheCSLNotebookisoneeasywaytogetitread.(IbelievethatlikelylookingsubmissionstotheCSLNotebookareconsideredforentryintotheCSLArchivesaswell.)AboutISLISLalsohasaweeklymeeting,onTuesdaysstartingat11:00am.Thismeetinghasnocatchynameatthemoment.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'zН ЛО^УН┘НН|Н ЛО[≈НxНўОX;НН÷НОН╠НН EН'й Н.ЄН2рН7кН<шН> НBяНEоН ЛОV■Н Н^Н╛Н╡НZ НЬН(Н,*Н.╨Н1Н5©Н9 Н;╟Н@┴НB╣ Н ЛОTМННОНЙНwН;НЯН!3Н%гН'ЕН*⌠Н- Н1|Н4cН6ПН9ЄН>iН@НA©НEkН ЛОSEН°НKН█Н┐Н}Н#хН%▀Н'іН)~Н-Н2В Н9█Н; НBв Н ЛОQ·Н 4 НQН╩НцН░Н'ЫН)х Н0╧Н4MН6Ї Н?НBНE▄Н ЛОOВ НVНAН Н3 Н"И Н+BН,НН.фН0fН2ґН7ZН>2НA─НCхН ЛОNOНY Н НyН GОNOН!XОNOН#[Н&ЭН-╦Н0нН2)Н4$Н9wН=;Н>ОНCИ Н ЛОL╗НьН▌НЇНЄНXНLНъН █Н"©Н#вН%Н'хН)&Н*╧Н. Н3╨Н5МН;SН=√Н>Т xНDWОL╗НEwОL╗Н ЛОKНEННYН⌡НjН!>Н#≈Н& Н-vН/╧Н7)Н9* Н?pНCpН ЛОIYН╔НуН)НЕН■НHНrН"Н%ыН'┤Н+аНўОFуННН╠Н Н∙Н$Н%iН*ДН,вН-ВН1ШН3ЬН6NН8╧Н;ЬН=╡НBfНE┌Н ЛОE-Н╘НwНЩНН Н"0Н'Н)!Н+─НўОB╘Н┘Н╣НdНRННПН$бН'эН-B Н3╦Н6Н74 Н=iН?!НA┼НFьН ЛОAН ЙНеН└Н─Н⌡ Н"gН&╗Н(RН+sН1, Н7░Н:YН?≤НAэНDXН ЛО?ZН▓Н:Н)НфНШНи Н#EН$ЦН']Н-8Н0╞Н3kН7 Н=ЇНB НDгН ЛО=ЁНюН╒НН⌠НLНМ Н$"НўО;.Н╙ННвНб НJН!йН#rН%лН(ВН/╧Н3аН7pН9Н<хН>╡Н@fНB© Н ЛО9┤ НА НcНН Н#pН&┐Н*┴ Н1Н2НН5Н8┘Н<╞Н@НE@Н ЛО7Ю НR Н;НфН"Н$еН)!Н,NН0ГН2СН5Н;▀Н=VН?рНCН ЛО68НН░НHНjН9Н▐Н;Н"3Н&ЕН+ Н,_Н-кН1нН5█Н8\Н;ЕН>9НAыНD╟НF^Н ЛО4▒НВН-НґН Н Н!\Н$ Н*ЩН,ZН.Н0vН3ґН:$Н;≈Н>IНATНD3НEИНH9Н ЛО2ЙН ПНxН1ННлНф Н'bН)Н+~Н.╣Н5+Н7┘ Н>rН@ІНDPНG/Н ЛО1BН НлНz|Н ЛО-ГНxНўО*▄НYНН┘НёН4НцН!ЎН'╟Н,▐Н.Н1яН4ЙН7ЫН=0Н? НA∙НEоН ЛО(ДН┘Н ДН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪ╘TVm$sTHEBRIEFINGBLURB23SomeCodePhrasesYoumayoccasionallyhearthefollowingincomprehensiblephrasesusedindiscussions,sometimesaccompaniedbylaughter.Tokeepyoufromfeelingleftout,weofferthefollowingtranslations:``Committingerror33''(1)Predicatingoneresearcheffortuponthesuccessofanother.(2)Allowingyourownresearchefforttobeplacedonthecriticalpathofsomeotherproject(beitaresearcheffortornot).KnownelsewhereasForgie'sprinciple.``Youcantellthepioneersbythearrowsintheirbacks.''Essentiallyself-explanatory.Usuallyappliedtotheboldsoulswhoattempttousebrand-newsoftwaresystems,ortouseoldersoftwaresystemsinclever,novel,andthereforeunanticipatedways...withpredictableconsequences.Alsoheardwith``asses''replacing``backs''.``We'rehavingaprintingdiscussion.''Referstoaprotracted,low-level,time-consuming,generallypointlessdiscussionofsomethingperipherallyinterestingtoall.Historically,printingdiscussionswereoffargreaterimportancethantheyarenow.YoucanseewhywhenyouconsiderthatprintingwasoncedonebycarryingmagnetictapesfromMaxctoaNovathatrananXGP.FontologyThebodyofknowledgedealingwiththeconstructionanduseofnewfonts.Ithasbeensaidthatfontologyrecapitulatesfile-ogeny.``Whatyouseeiswhatyouget.''Usedspecificallyinreferencetothetreatmentofvisualimagesbyvarioussystems,e.g.,aBravoscreendisplayshouldbeascloseaspossibletothehardcopyversionofthesametext.Alsoknownissomecirclesbytheacronym``WYSIWYG'',pronuonced``whiz-ee-wig''.``Movingrightalong'',``Pop!'',or``Heyguys,up-level!''Eachofthesephrasesmeansthattheconversationhasdegeneratedinsomerespect,oftenbybecomingenmeshedinnitty-grittydetails.Feelfreetoshoutoutoneormoreofthesephrasesifyoufeelthataprintingdiscussionhasbeengoingonlongenough.Iftwoparticipantsinalargemeetingbegindiscussingdetailsthatareofinteresttothembutnotofinteresttothegroupasawhole,shout``Off-line!''instead.``Lifeishard''Twopossibleinterpretations:(1)``Whileyoursuggestionmayhavesomemerit,IwillbehaveasthoughIhadn'theardit.''(2)``Whileyoursuggestionhasobviousmerit,equallyobviouscircumstancespreventitfrombeingseriouslyconsidered.''Thecharmofthisphraseliespreciselyinthissubtlebutimportantambiguity.``What'saspline?''``YouhavejustusedatermthatI'veheardforayearandahalf,andIfeelIshouldknow,butdon't.Mycuriosityhasfinallyovercomemyguilt.''Moral:don'thesitatetoaskquestions,eveniftheyseemobvious.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'zН ЛО^УН┘НцxНўО[╒НлНЮН░Н╨Н *Н&LН1dН6^Н9╙Н;hНBжН ЛОYШ Н3Н/НnН∙НГН"·Н&Н*▀Н-Н/мН1УН5QН7╟Н=б{НўОW}НрН.xНўОTЪНn Н╚НaНнН"ёН&BН(╚Н-iН/,Н5(Н7ХН=ьНAНD+Н ЛОSWН ьН╗Н╨Н7Н_НЮН}Н"еН$÷Н(TН,Н0сН3_Н4жН6"Н;іН?⌠НAxyНE┘ОSWНFlОSWН ЛОQ╟НТНLН─ {НўОO2НMНшН1Н}НбН°Н ХН%AН&ГН*xНўОLЄ НаНН$kН)⌡Н+▌Н.3Н1╘Н5`Н8╙Н=ШН?ОНB╘Н ЛОKНpНсН║Н[НшНyН#ЩН)Н*юН/%Н3HН6 Н;ЩНD²НHН ЛОIeН Н%yН┼ОIeН]ОIeН Н#1Н%ґН)wН.9 {НўОFГНUНЄНХНxНўОDhНfНsНЭ НL Н"чН-÷Н3ЕН9С Н@тНBЛН ЛОBаН╞ Н~НCyН<ОBаН#ОBаН#rН'╧ Н-jН0#Н1√Н3aН7$ Н<ЬН?▐НBНDНG@Н ЛОAНУН яН2Н*НVНЇНУН *Н"MН$ЛН'ўН)DН-┼Н2;Н5Н7хН:яН<)Н=Н@НBOНDFНEс{НўО>°xНўО<НnНсНtНAНЭН"ЪН%FН,ЩН/°Н1ЫН3 Н6pyН:▌О<Н:ЬО<Н;їН=▀Н@(НB[НD┤Н ЛО:vНE {НўО7ЬН НЇНЖНaН╙НAxНўО5zНcН▀Н[Н{Н!KН#лН*#Н+ЧН0Н4ЎН6эН;фНA?НDBНE▌Н ЛО3рН4НЖН│Н─Н=НЄН qН%аН'Н)МН0Н4эН6єН9Н<÷Н@PНC▌НH#Н ЛО2+Н НґН╘Н НўН%2 Н,т{НўО/ґНTН²Н]xН}О/ґН 8О/ґ{Н!AО/ґН!≥О/ґН$ЮН(S xНўО-/НgНfН6НfНЯН#Н%╚Н-КН0і Н8єН:≤Н>rНC╧НG⌠Н ЛО+┤НFНмН▀НvН$аН'ЙН*гН,┘Н0UН2зН5√Н7iН;Н<уН@nНEgНFьН ЛО)ЮН╞Н■НуН. НгНTН"гН&╘Н(фН+ВН1КН3└Н6GН=иН?▌Н@оНDMН ЛО(9Н к НWН╩Н·ННсН$фН&┴Н*'Н,╪Н/FН1Н6Н7йН:=Н>TН@НAUНEн{Н ЛО&▒xНЖО&▒НYО&▒{НўО$НBНўxНўО!∙НМНIН÷{Н!АО!∙Н"9О!∙xН"▒О!∙Н#РО!∙Н&цН* Н0АН4Н7aН;Н?+Н@NНCНGАН ЛОНН■Н░НиН÷Нi{НЭОННTОНxНґОНН ОНН!╦Н$Х Н+┴Н-РН3Н6ЩН;дН@ыН ЛОFНЩНeНщН╧НzН&Н(ВН-BН/Н1©Н66Н8╩Н>}Н@<НBОНGН ЛО÷НM {НўО!НЩН1xНўО╒Н┤НХНєНШН?Н═Н!┴Н$ZН(VН*ўН+РН/Н1ЦН3'Н6gН99Н:\Н="Н>EНBэНGН ЛОШНCНбНEНґНЕН#Н%jН*Н/Н2²Н7▒Н94Н;▒ НAЯНE*НFН ЛОTН iН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪЗTVm$ўО$НBНўxНўО!∙НМНIН÷{Н!АО!∙Н"9О!∙xН"▒О!∙Н#РО!∙Н&цН* Н0АН4Н7aН;Н?+Н@NНCНGАН ЛОНН■Н░НиН÷Нi{НЭОННTОНxНґОНН ОНН!╦Н$Х Н+┴Н-РН3Н6ЩН;дН@ыН ЛОFНЩНeНщН╧НzН&Н(THEBRIEFINGBLURB24HintsforGraciousLivingThereareacoupleofareaswherelifeatPARCcanbemademorepleasantifeveryoneispoliteandthoughtfulenoughtogotosomeefforttohelpout.Hereareafewwordstothewise:CoffeeBothISLandCSLhavecoffeealcoveswheretea,cocoa,andseveralkindsofcoffeeareavailable.Allcoffeedrinkers(notjustthesecretariesorsomeothersuchbarbarism)helpoutbymakingcoffee.Ifyouareabouttoconsumeenoughcoffeethatyouwouldleavelessthanafullcupinthepot,itisyourresponsibilitytomakeafreshpot,followingthepostedinstructions.Therearelotsofcoffeefanaticsaround,andtheygetirritatedbeyondallreasonifthecoffeesituationisn'tworkingoutsmoothly.Forthosecoffeesforwhichbeansarefreshlyground,thelocalcustomistopipelinegrindingandbrewing.Thatis,youareexpectedtogrindacupofbeanswhilebrewingapotofcoffeefromthepreviousloadofgroundbeans.Thisspeedsupthebrewingprocessforeveryone,sincealoadofgroundbeansisatleast,hadbetterbealwaysreadywhenthecoffeepotrunsout.SharingOfficeSpaceBewarnedaswellthatsomelabmembersareunbelievablypickyaboutthestateoftheiroffices.TheconventionisthatanyAltoinanemptyofficeisfairgametobeborrowed.PrivateDolphinsandDoradosmaybeborrowedonlybypriorarrangementwiththeirowners,becauseoftheproblemsofsharingdiskspace.Ifyouusesomeone'sofficeforanyreason,takecaretoputeverythingbackexactlythewayitwas.Don'tspillcrumbsaround,orleaveyourhalf-emptycocoacuponthedesk,orforgettoputthemachinebackinthestatethatyoufoundit,orwhatever.Ofcourse,lotsofpeoplewouldn'tmindevenifyouwerelessthanfanaticallycareful.Butsomepeopledomind,andthereisnopointinirritatingpeopleunnecessarily.SharingprintersWhenyoupickupyouroutputfromaprinter,itisconsideredantisocialmerelytoliftyourpagesoffthetopoftheoutputhopper,andleavetherestthere.Takeamomenttosorttheoutputintothelabelledbins.Sortingoutputistheresponsibilityofeveryonewhoprints,justasmakingcoffeeistheresponsibilityofeveryonewhodrinks(coffee).Checkcarefullytomakesurethatyoucatcheverybreakpage:shortoutputshaveawayofgoingunnoticed,andhencebeingmissorted,especiallywhentheycomeoutrightnexttoalongoutputinthestack.Therulefordeterminingwhichbinistousethefirstletterthatappearsinthenameonthebreakpage.Thus,``Ramshaw,Lyle''shouldbesortedunder``R'',while``LyleRamshaw''shouldbesortedunder``L''.Atrickierquestioniswhattodowithoutputfor``Noname'',orthelike.Followingtherulewouldsuggestfilingsuchoutputunder``N'',butthatdoesn'tseemveryhelpful,sincetheoriginatorprobablywon'tfindit.Checkthecontentsandfileitintherightboxifyouhappentorecognizewhoseoutputitis;otherwise,eitherleaveitontopoftheprinterorstickitbackintheoutputhopper.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'zН ЛО^УН┘Н'Н.xНўО[÷НеН/НoНЖНеНXН"├Н%Н&ЄН+.Н-пН/жН3╛Н7UН<дН>:НD,НEўН ЛОYЬНё НiНSННРН═Н!3Н$ЧН&╛Н)гН-Н0▄Н2ъН4 Н6╙Н:ІНд|Н ЛОV║xНўОSKННыН⌡НвН*Н MН%Н):Н+эН0Н2ьН7uН;5Н<ЗНAНC| Н ЛОQєН<НQН╠Н²Н;Н≤ Н$-Н%НН)~Н-Н0I Н77Н:OН<аН>╨НC═НH Н ЛОOЭНєНЫНэН▀НHН3Н#MН&Н(тН-Н0█Н3$Н6KН7vН:Н<╠Н>`Н@юНC▐НDГНFTН ЛОNU НwН?Н НPНэНбН%НН(gН,ФН5TН9oН;эН>▀Н@]НD▐Н ЛОLўННцНьН&НnН!\Н#QН'╟Н)Н+zН/≈Н57Н85Н=▒Н@НFДН ЛОKН ■Н:Н│Н≤Н┐НъН#oН(≥Н+Н.RН3Н4▌Н6FН;²НA*НCКН ЛОI_Н 5НЭН╣ННйН{Н'Н TН#Н$©Н(╒Н,YН1╘Н2уН5MН7Н;#Н>▄Н@ННF─Н ЛОG╦НєНlН(НAНіНЇН!Н&bН+5Н-qН3єН7Н8?Н;NН=НAнНEўН ЛОFН jН!ННKНН"кН%*Н)CН+╦Н.р|Н ЛОB╨НН:xНўО?dНуНйН▐Н⌠НxН!Н!▄Н'■Н)ЧН2/Н5ШН9СННDCНGАН ЛО3я Н°Н |Н ЛО0zНxНўО-$НпН▒Н÷Н╪НН }Н#НН%"Н*Н+wН,Л Н3э Н9ОН>┴Н@BНBНEдН ЛО+}Н)Н⌠ННжН@НҐНчН!═Н%3Н'²Н*HН.бН2?Н3sН8ЛН:╔Н=fН?пНDMНG/Н ЛО)уН)Н!НН┴НН w Н(ЗН*еН0╠Н3гН8Н:пН<▐НA┴НE╡НG/Н ЛО(. НfН&Н НyН!UО(.Н!ІО(.xН$ТО(.Н&bО(.Н*ўН0[Н2Н5лН8мН;ёН>aНAЩНE╧Н ЛО&┤Н[НОНШНWН≈Н└Н SН$2 Н+ Н-зН1ГН5х НБН@GНAОНD^НFЇН ЛО#8Н uН8Н7НзН.НБНщН!1Н$ЭН)Н,р Н4Н7ДН9НBQНFIН ЛО!▒Н ґН▌Н∙ННН#JН'YyН+О!▒Н,`О!▒Н05Н4╠Н5чН8≥Н9ШН;ёН>)НAаНC√ Н ЛОИНHН !НыННыНН]Н $Н"ШН%|Н(ЩН,%Н.кН0©Н2ЯН6ўН9lН;яН?жНB▀НDd Н ЛОBН≈Н╒НЧНеН2ННwН!іН#≈Н$╛Н&Н'ПН*⌡Н,йН-ГН0Н4Н5cН:KН=іНA7НBLНD@ Н ЛО⌡Н НЦНУН⌠Н▀НКНяНyНЦНpН ┌Н#!Н$yН&_Н)МxН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩ РTVm$и(ЮН+╡Н.└Н0╩ Н8kНБН@GНAОНD^НFЇН ЛО#8Н uН8Н7НзН.НБНщН!1Н$ЭН)Н,р Н4Н7ДН9НBQНFIН ЛОTHEBRIEFINGBLURB25ThephonesystemWhentheVoiceProjecthashaditsway,ourphonesystemwillbeamarvelousassemblageofcomputerstalkingtocomputers,andthissectionoftheBriefingBlurbwillhavetobeexpandedtotellyouallaboutit.Atthemoment,however,wearesimplycustomersofPacificTelephone,sothereisn'ttoomuchtosay.First,alittlepreaching.Ifyoumakeasignificantnumberofpersonallong-distancephonecallsfromXeroxphones,itisyourresponsibilitytoarrangetoreimburseXeroxforthem.Thismaynotbethateasy,either,sincephonebillstakequiteawhile(sixweeksorso)topercolatethroughthebureaucracyupstairs,andthesaidbureaucracyalsohasalotoftroublefiguringoutwheretosendthephonebillsofnewpeople,andpeoplewhomovearoundalot.JustbecauseitiseasytostealphoneservicefromXeroxdoesn'tmakeitmorallyright;ifyouthinkyouaren'tbeingpaidenough,youshouldstartagitatingforaraise.Ifenoughsuspiciouscallsaremadewithoutrestitution,PARC(beingabureaucracy)willimposesomebureaucratic``solution''onallofus.Soasnottoendonasournote,let'sdiscusshowthephonesystemworks,anyway.TheofficeswithinPARChavefour-digitextensionswithinthe494exchange,asystemknownasCentrex;todialanotheroffice,thosefourdigitssuffice.Dialingasingle9asthefirstdigitgivesyouanoutsideline,andyouarenowanormalcustomerofMaBell:seeaphonebookformoredetails(Oh,comenow,surelyyouknowaboutphonebooks!).Dialingasingle8givesyoudifferentsoundingdialtone,andputsyouontotheIntelNet(nottobeconfusedwiththeInterNet).TheIntelNetisaXerox-widecompanyphonesystem,completewithitsownphonebook,anditsownphonenumbers.IfyouarecallingsomeoneinsomeremotepartofXerox,youcansaveMotherXeroxsomebreadbyusingtheIntelNetinsteadofgoingstraightoutoverMaBell'slines.Ontheotherhand,youmaynotgetasgoodacircuittotalkoveralthoughthissituationisfrequentlysaidtobeimproving.Furthermore,throughthewondersofmodernelectronics,youcandialanylong-distancenumberovertheIntelNet.JustusethenormalareacodeandMaBellnumber:thecircuitryissmartenoughtotakeyouasfaraspossibletowardsyourdestinationalongIntelNetwires,andthenswitchyouovertoMaBelllinesfortherestofthetrip.UsingtheIntelNetdoesn'tstarttosavemoneyuntilthecallisgoingafairdistance;therefore,theIntelNetdoesn'tletyoucalloutsidenumbersinareacodes408,415,and916bettertojustdial9.Onemorething:afteryouhavedialedanumberontheIntelNet,youwillhearafunnylittlebeeping.Atthatpoint,youarebeingaskedtokeyinafour-digitnumbertowhichthecallshouldbebilled.Youshouldusethefour-digitextensionnumberforyournormalofficephoneundermostcircumstances.Callsmadebydialing9insteadof8arealwayschargedtothephonefromwhichtheyareplaced.Thefirstthreerings(roughlyspeaking)ofanincomingcalloccuronlyinyouroffice.Thenextroughlythreeringshappenbothatyourofficephoneandatareceptionist'sphone,centrallylocatedinthelaboratory.Duringnormalbusinesshours,thereceptionist'sphonesarestaffed;thus,someonewillatleasttakeamessageforyou,andleaveitonalittleslipofpaperinyourphysicalmessagebox.Ifthesecondthreeringsgobywithouteitherofthosetwophonesanswering,thecallisthenforwardedtotheguardsdeskdownstairs(Ibelieve).Ifyouareexpectingacallbutwon'tbenearyournormalphone,acallforwardingfacilityexists:dial106andthenthenumbertowhichyouwantyourcallstobeforwarded.Lateron(trynottoforget),youdial107onyournormalphonetocanceltheforwarding.WhenIforwardmyphone,Iturnthephonearoundphysically,sothatthetouch-padfacesthewall.Thishelpsmetoremembertocanceltheforwardingagainlater,atwhichpointIturnthephonebackthenormalway.ThereisalsoawaytotransferincomingcallstoadifferentXeroxnumber:Depresstheswitchhookonce,anddialthedestinationnumber;whenthedestinationanswers,youwillbetalkingtothedestinationbuttheoriginalcallerwon'tbeabletohearyourconversation;depressingtheswitchhookagainputsallthreeofyouontheline;thenyoucanhangupwhenyouplease.Ifthedestinationdoesn'tanswer,depressingtheswitchhookonceagainwillflushtheannoyingringingorbusysignal.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'zН ЛО_Н WН2xНўО[╠НЬН▀Н·НyН!Н"Н$Н'{Н*9Н.іН3TН62Н8UН9╡Н@| НGжН ЛОZ НєН=НТ НН дН#nН(Н)уН,>Н1▓Н5|Н80Н;Н=6Н?0НEyНG0Н ЛОXcНёН⌠НtНіН║ННфН$╒Н&иН)Н-▄Н3ЬН5╠Н:" НAIНCНF√Н ЛОV╩НVН-НшННЄНщН НўОT@НMН"НУН< НСН"=Н$Н)ІН20Н6┬Н9╣Н=:НA{НF╞НH#Н ЛОR≥Н F НжНёН╣Н┌Н%Н)XН+ЄН0UН3▌Н6╟Н9CН;RН>?НA╧НFН ЛОPЯН(Н$Н Н╛НыyН░ОPЯНЯОPЯНёН!БН#NxН%ОPЯН%┼ОPЯН&лН,ЇН1ЯН4S Н<НA─НD:НF°Н ЛОOJ НгНЇНOН°НяНґН! Н&СН)▄Н-гН/≥Н2ЬН5zН9вН<СН>оНAАНFьН ЛОMёНkНrН5НЖН#НН ТН&Н'rН(АН+ХН- Н0цН5Н9┴Н<СНAНEшН ЛОKШНZН{НЫНqН?НЖНдН#╪Н'·Н*яН0*Н2ЬН7▄Н:ЁН@eНB╧НCЗyНH@ОKШНH╘ОKШН ЛОJTН т ННoНEН>НAН#юН'=Н*═Н+┬Н2Н4,Н7ПН:фНAНFOНGХН ЛОHґНMxНўОF1НкН░ННБН╟НнНН5Н!©Н$ўН)bН,}Н.ТН3EН7вНйНEНFьН ЛОBЦННPНННХН#TН(SН)▓Н-⌠Н.щН0═Н3Н6Н9HН<оН?°НA║НF─Н ЛОA;НІН─НФНЩН9Н Н!Н"оН%bН)\Н+бН,ЪН1KН4шН7+Н:яН?3НBvНF3Н ЛО?■Н НыНґНёНРН"КН'ИН)'Н-'Н.qН1ВН4цН:}Н@┘НCPНFьН ЛО=МН )НН─ННмНТН зН#Н) Н,`Н.В Н6[Н9kН? Н@дНB& Н ЛОНН╠НrН!oН#AН'уН*╔Н-JН0gН5uН9╠Н=]НAXНClНG/Н ЛО8ВНpН*НИН╨Н╚Н!'Н$HН&нН*┬yН.╛О8ВН/┴О8ВН0≈Н2┌Н5mН8┘Н:ІН=%Н?!Н@ЗНBXНEНFН ЛО7OНAН iН(Н?Н╦Нв Н"#Н$gН%╩Н'E xН-=О7OН.$О7O Н5ІН:ЙН=EНB╧НDnН ЛО5╗НЭНїН&НяНeН#ІН(жН+ЦН.6Н4wН7DН9╛Н<Н@╟НC²НFьН ЛО4НuНVН⌠НЭНuНЙН"ЎН'╡Н)jН,mН/-Н0ЕН3Н4мН:Н?CНB┬ Н ЛО2YН ґН+ННяНЬН!3Н#ЛН'Н(ІН+7Н.Н1LН3▀Н5ЛН8▌Н:HН<╘yН@)О2YНAО2YНC^НEEН ЛО0╡Н ЎН7Н√НН╚НQН>НMНvН"┘Н#zН%┴Н*÷ Н/іН1▓Н5ЩН9оН;lН=·Н?ўНC┬НHН ЛО/НMНVНґНН1 Н НxН⌠Н!©xНўО,▐НшН≤Н~НЦНдН"4Н&┌Н'уН-+Н/[Н1ЕН7ДН:еН= Н@чНB2НF^Н ЛО*ХНННХНХНіНН!уН%╡Н'iН*Н+╪Н,Н Н3 Н8TН: Н> Н@┤НCНG·Н ЛО)AННgННмНg Н"лН)%Н.▄Н1Н4yН9qН=│НAУНF2Н ЛО'≥ yН~О'≥НIО'≥Н?Н?НуН}НtН#6Н$≈Н%▌Н'jН*НН/Н0jН2PН5╠Н8jН;╗Н>Н?ЬxНўО%НёН≤Н>НцНoН%╣Н'▀Н)≥Н/ЎН2fН6DН9{Н;FН>·НC┼НFН ЛО#wНН■НЪННН.НкН#Н&ЕН+#Н-чН/{Н0╘ Н8ИН=─НCНGАН ЛО!оНG НЁНxН1Н"⌡Н&еН)! Н1YН6Н8bН=тНA-НFДН ЛО (Н■НиНрННrНЎНщН єН$<Н%║Н'ЇН(ПН,0Н.жН0·Н4▐Н6MН9≈Н>ТНD[НH Н ЛО│НEНпНSНЁН²Н▓Н ≈Н$}Н&0Н)хН,nН1% Н7МН:FН<йН>/НAOНGЮН ЛОыНKН╪НЛ Н╪Н=НўО^НAН НnН╙НЕН│Н Н#ОН%ЯН)Н,iН18Н5шН7Н9╡ Н@иНEaН ЛОІН▒НН╧НмНН4НяН!лН$qН'╪Н*ЕН-БН/~Н1\ Н8╛Н7{Н>╟ОІН?!ОІxН@╪ОІНA┐ОІНCНD╩Н ЛОН╧Н├Н1НMН·НqН аН"┘Н&иН)? Н1LН5zН6≥Н;зН>NНBЖНDНG/Н ЛОhННя Н│Н<НН XН&сН*1Н,┬Н0?Н3PН6ФН91Н:жНAdНC НG/Н ЛОю ННбНTНН!Н!тН"ПН& Н(|Н,иН0$Н2≈Н7hН;CН?XН@вНC╦НDУНGЮН ЛОН6Н}НкН╧Н!Н"Н&hН-Н2▒Н50Н9╘Н=eНACНD9НG/Н ЛОr НЦНЛН▒НЮ Н#жН)>Н+ЕН.─Н0aН4АН6Н8о Н?еНB6НD┘Н ЛОйН ╛Н┌Н~Н┐Н=НbН╘Н'І Н.├Н0ПН56Н8ЎННЬН┤НСН Н#аН&{yН+│О #Н+КО #Н,╧Н.╒ Н4DН8Н< НAxНCaНFеН ЛО|Н▀НyН⌡Н^НDННьН BН"АxН%JО|Н%ўО|Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩеTVm$≥Н;зН>NНBЖНDНG/Н ЛОаННя Н│Н<НН XН&сН*1Н,┬Н0?Н3PН6ФН91Н:жНAdНC НG/Н ЛО ННбНTНН!Н!тН"ПН& Н(|Н,иН0$Н2≈Н7hН;CН?XН@вНC╦НDУНGЮН ЛОrН6Н}НкН╧Н!Н"Н&hН-Н2▒Н50Н9╘Н=eНACНD9НG/Н ЛОк НЦНЛН▒НЮ Н#THEBRIEFINGBLURB26ReferencesReferencenumbersin[squarebrackets]areforconventionalhardcopydocuments.ManyofthemareXeroxreportspublishedinblueandwhitecovers;theCSLblue-and-whitesareavailableonbookshelvesintheCSLAlcove.Referencenumbersinareforon-linedocuments.Thepathnameforsuchfilesisgivenhereinintheform[FileServer]SubDirectory>FileName.Extensionforbackwardcompatibilitywithearliersystems.Recently,thesimpleralternativeform/FileServer/Directory/SubDirectory/FileName.Extensionhasbeguntocomeintolocalcurrency,butsomesystemsstilldemandbracketsratherthanslashes.:Thegenericformforareferencetoanon-linedocument.[n]:Thegenericformforareferencetoahardcopydocument.[1]:SunsetNewWesternGardenBook.LanePublishingCompany,MenloPark,CA,1979.ThedefinitivedocumentonWesterngardeningfornon-botanists;1200plantidentificationdrawings;comprehensiveWesternplantencyclopedia;zonedforallWesternclimates;plantselectionguideincolor.[2]:JohnE.Warnock.TheDisplayofCharactersUsingGrayLevelSampleArrays.blue-and-whitereportCSL-80-6.[3]:RichardF.Lyon.TheOpticalMouse,andanArchitecturalMethodologyforSmartDigitalSensors.blue-and-whitereportVLSI-81-1.[4]:TheEthernetLocalNetwork:ThreeReports.blue-and-whitereportCSL-80-2.[5]:JohnF.Shoch,YogenK.Dalal,RonaldC.Crane,andDavidD.Redell.EvolutionoftheEthernetLocalComputerNetwork.blue-and-whitereportOPD-T8102.<6>:[Maxc]NetTopology.press.Containsapictureoftheentireinternetworkconfigurationinsevenpages.Itisoutofdate.Allsuchdocumentsarealwaysoutofdate.AcopyispostedonthewalloppositetheAlcoveinCSL.[7]:DavidR.Boggs,JohnF.Shoch,EdwardA.Taft,andRobertM.Metcalfe.Pup:AnInternetworkArchitecture.blue-and-whitereportCSL-79-10.[8]:InternetTransportProtocols.XeroxSystemIntegrationStandardreportXSIS028112,December1981.[9]:Courier:TheRemoteProcedureCallProtocol.XeroxSystemIntegrationStandardreportXSIS038112,December1981.[10]:C.P.Thacker,E.M.McCreight,B.W.Lampson,R.F.Sproull,andD.R.Boggs.Alto:Apersonalcomputer.blue-and-whitereportCSL-79-11.<11>:[Maxc]AltoHardware.press.EverythingthatyouneedtoknowtowriteyourownAltomicrocode.[12]:TheDorado:AHigh-PerformancePersonalComputer;ThreePapers.blue-and-whitereportCSL-81-1.<13>:[Indigo]DoradoBooting.press.DescribeshowtobootaDorado,andhowtoconfigureittobootinvariousways.[14]:Myer,T.H.andBarnaby,J.R.TENEXExecutiveLanguageManualforUsers.AvailablefromArpaNetworkInformationCenterasNIC16874,butintherelativelyunlikelyeventthatyouneedone,borrowonefromaTenexwizard.<15>:[Maxc]BCPL.press.ThereferencemanualfortheBCPLprogramminglanguage.<16>:[Maxc]OS.press.Theprogrammer'sreferencemanualfortheAltoOperatingSystem,includingdetailedinformationontheservicesprovidedandtheinterfacerequirements.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'zН ЛО^У xНўО[іН>НЭН╧Н▐Н%dН'фН*Н29Н8Q Н@:НD?НFН ЛОYЪН┘НМНзНwНjН!йН$гН(мН.▌Н13Н4╘Н>ОНA┬НG┴Н ЛОXX Н┬Н'НwН≤НЯН$dН*Н+єН/НН5СН87Н:eН? НFЇН ЛОV╟Н НрННAН.Н НNН"▓Н$AН&═НўОT5П6Н ЛОQ╨Н)Н_Н╠НкН"Н'ЙН-ЧН0^Н5G Н<НўОO?П5Н ЛОLдНaН░Н>НХНюНН"Н$┘Н(Н-Н/╧Н5Н:jН>wНA·НўОJж{Н ^ОJжxНОJжНпОJжН╗НqНьНН?Н%<Н&ЙН(шН-█НўОHХ{Н ОHХxН оОHХНпОHХН╗НqНьНН?Н%<Н&ЙН(Н.НўОFЗ|НпОFЗНKНfНтН"╗xН'ОFЗН(ОFЗН*█ Н1SН7ЛНoНСНўО<│НпО<│ННФ|НpО<│НdО<│НQН$CН)4Н+эН-тН6, Н>▐Н@иНDСНпО:ыxНkО:ыНкО:ы Н GН$k НўО8К|НпО8КН╘НMН-Н#╧Н'╩xН,WО8КН-ЇО8К Н74Н;WНўО6ЩНпО6ЩНJНН╧Н/Н!>Н%]Н*MН,9Н0╩Н3└Н7╨Н9г|Н?,О6ЩН@О6ЩНEqНG0НпО5VНtНTН ╘xН%ЎО5VН'О5V Н0 Н4Ў НўО3hНпО3hП"Н)╦Н0.Н2Н7aН9йН<ыНAuНпО1аНJНЪНяН#├Н%Н&wН(ТН*ЄН.єН0ЧН46Н;/Н=┼НAЖНDrНF2НпО0Н\НўНН─Н├НФН"сН(XН*ЇН/SН1НўО.,НпО.,НCНxН-НЕН!ЫН&пН,BН.vН2Н5Н:Н<≥|НCфО.,НDўО.,НG]НпО,└НСxН QО,└Н!╠О,└ Н+-Н/Q НўО*√|НпО*√НjН#xН"рО*√Н$ЕО*√Н)aН.x Н5ЦН<Н@≈НD░НпО(ОНtНўО'|НпО'Н`Н[Н▓Н%@Н(PxН-oО'Н/О'Н3XН88 Н?lНEkНпО%ZНoНnН НўО#lНпО#lН╚НZННпН Н%CН'Н)FН/╗Н1▌Н3SН8▀Н;DН=AН?'|НDО#lНEО#lНHНпО!дНGxНйО!дН+О!д Н&їН*й НўОжНпОжП#Н(Й Н/МН2╦Н5lН8фН:qН>-Н?ьНCSНF▀НпО/НЙ НўОA|НпОAН═НЫНgН%сН+xН2ўН6╗xН;ЬОAН<©ОAНEkНпО НўО╛НпО╛П(Н,vН2жН5ЗН7хН;Н╔xНCqОНDyОНпОoНQНХН╣ Н%zН*Н+БН/$Н3█Н6'Н7ОН:h Н@tНEзНпОхН·НUН╡НІН!~Н$*Н'▒Н(╨Н,ХНўОзНпОзН$Н&ТН,ЯН1шН4Н6xН: НC-НўО ЛНпО ЛН"ИН& Н/Н5VН:┬Н=Н?ІНCНпОDН░Н7Н$ Н,Н.╦Н1╙Н7HН=╛Н@ВНCИНпО ²Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪ єTVm$}Н"сН(XН*ЇН/SН1НўО.,НпО.,НCНxН-НЕН!ЫН&пН,BН.vН2Н5Н:Н<≥|НCфО.,НDўО.,THEBRIEFINGBLURB27<17>:[Maxc]Packages.press.AcataloguegivingdocumentationforthevariousBCPLpackagesthatotherhacker'shavemadeavailable.[18]:JamesG.Mitchell,WilliamMaybury,andRichardSweet.MesaLanguageManual,Version5.0.blue-and-whitereportCSL-79-3.Acrossbetweenatutorialandareferencemanual,thoughmuchclosertothelatterthantheformer.<19>:[Ivy]Doc>Compiler60.press.DescribesthechangesintheMesalanguageandthecompilerthatoccurredinmovingfromMesa5.0toMesa6.0.[20]:Morris,J.H.TheElementsofMesaStyle.XeroxPARCInternalReport,June1976.Somewhatoutofdate(sinceMesahaschangedunderit),butareadableintroductiontosomeusefulprogramstructuringtechniquesinMesa.[21]:AdeleGoldbergandDavidRobson.Smalltalk-80:TheLanguageandItsImplementation.bookpublishedbyAddison-Wesley,1983.[22]:WarrenTeitelman.InterlispReferenceManual.Publishedinablueandwhitecover,althoughnotofficiallyablue-and-white.October,1978.[23]:TheInterlisp-DGroup.PapersonInterlisp-D.blue-and-whitereportCIS-5(alsogiventhenumberSSL-80-4),Revisedversion,July1981.[24]:L.PeterDeutschandEdwardA.Taft,editors.RequirementsforanExperimentalProgrammingEnvironment.blue-and-whitereportCSL-80-10.<25>:[Indigo]Documentation>Manual.df.HardcopiesareentitledTheCedarManual.[26]:AltoUser'sHandbook.Internalreport,publishedinablackcover.TheversionofSeptember,1979isidenticaltotheversionofNovember,1978exceptforthedateonthecoverandtitlepage.IncludessectionsonBravo,Laurel,FTP,Draw,Markup,andNeptune<27>:[Maxc]SubSystems.press.DocumentationonindividualAltosubsystems,collectedinasinglefile.Individualsystemsaredocumentedon[Maxc]systemname.TTY,andthesefilesaresometimesmorerecentthanSubSystems.press.[28]:Jerome,Suzan.BravoCourseOutline.Internalreport,publishedinaredcover.Orientedtonon-programmers.<29>:[Indigo]Documentation>TiogaDoc.tioga,orTiogaDoc.press.HowtousetheTiogaeditor.<30>:[Maxc]PressFormat.press.DescribesthePressprintfileformat.<31>:[Maxc]PressOps.press.DescribesthePressprintingprogram.<32>:[Maxc]PDPrintOps.press.DescribesthePDPrintprintingprogram.[33]:AndrewD.Birrell,RoyLevin,RogerM.Needham,andMichaelD.Schroeder.Grapevine:anExerciseinDistributedComputing.blue-and-whitereportCSL-82-4.<34>:[Ivy]Maintain.press.DocumentationfortheteletypeversionofMaintain,theversionthatisusedfromwithinLaurelorTajo.[35]:DouglasK.Brotz.TheLaurelManual.blue-and-whitereportCSL-81-6.[36]:EricEmersonSchmidt.ControllingLargeSoftwareDevelopmentinaDistributedEnvironment.blue-and-whitereportCSL-82-7.<37>:[Indigo]Documentation>DFFilesRefMan.press.ThereferencemanualfortheuseofDFfiles.<38>:[Indigo]Documentation>ReleaseProcedures.press.DescribesthepoliciesandproceduresthatindividualswhocontributetoCedarreleasesneedtounderstandandobserve.<39>:[Indigo]Docs>HowToUseCSLNotebook.press.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xНўО_'НпО_'Н&Н'ЁН-ФН2'Н;╛Н>Н@├НElНпО]Н√НeНН"QН%≈Н)W НўО[▒НпО[▒НЕНГН╣Н!РН(:Н*НН0-|Н5О[▒Н6eО[▒Н8кН?НD┘НпОYЙxНОYЙНФОYЙНІН!ТН)9Н*ЮН.bН3КН50Н:Н<ЯН>5НDMНпОXCН└НZНFНТН!TН$ХН(Н*nНўОVUНпОVUН'KН-хН0dН5мН7ЇН:SН>9НD<НG/НпОTўН▀НYНН ╧Н%ґН)Н,ҐН.ЫН0╗Н4QНўОRюНпОRюНКН÷|Н≥ОRюН█ОRюН╞Н#щН%хН)пxН.╞ОRюН/╦ОRюН3Н7╟Н=%НBbНEЯНпОQНlНнНtНfН"?Н%жН(8Н-■Н1└Н3≥Н6Н7Н< НD`НEЭНпОOqНХНw Н!i Н(EН)СНўОM┐НпОM┐НЦН*НСН"(|Н(>ОM┐Н)ОM┐Н1WН4BН:²Н=OН?r xНHЁОM┐НпОKэНMНєН═Н'9НўОIННпОIНН |НОIНН▄ОIНН#ЎН*qxН/ОIНН0ЪОIНН7╙Н9║Н;Н>xНAyНE┌НпОHGН▄Н Н╠НзН*3Н/ьНўОFYНпОFYНґ Нд|Н &ОFYН! ОFYН$╟Н&╟ xН-ОFYН.┘ОFY Н8НН3UНпО4╣Н┤ННЧНRН# Н&²Н*аН-ГНўО2гНпО2гН|НО2гНЫО2гНН#ҐxН)їО2гН*,О2гН.ФН3hН9гН;|Н<ґН?)НCхНпО1 Н~НўО/2НпО/2П,Н.6Н0+Н; Н>⌡Н@zНCНE╞НпО-▀НўО+²НпО+²П&Н*Н0ZН2╧Н6AН9╘Н<НўО)╞НпО)╞П#Н(Н.SН0ЁН4;Н9}НўО'аНпО'аП%Н)НН0/Н2▌Н7ЯН=4НўО%сНпО%сНННЎН©Н$ Н(4Н*mН1Н3шН9/Н;2 |НB═О%сНCЁО%сНпО$,НюНMНП Н! xН(ЛО$,Н)ЁО$,Н2hН6▄НўО">НпО">Н"ґН,ZН.┘Н0сН5НН:єН⌡Нв▀1б) Т6 ЬC║QV=aаp{ ї┬ ∙[ё╗╠ UЎел^зиИ;ЬjЇ q =┬- 07 &AН(ЛО$,Н)ЁО$,Н2hН6▄НўО">НпО">Н"ґН,ZН.┘Н0сН5НН:єН