TheBriefingBlurb:ExploringtheEthernetwithMouseandKeyboard1983EditionByLyleRamshawofPARC/CSLAnimmigrationdocumentinthetraditionofRoyLevin'sAFieldGuidetoAlto-Land.June7,1983Filedon:[Indigo]Documentation>BriefingBlurb.tioga,BriefingBlurb.pressAbstract:ThisdocumentisageneralintroductiontothecomputingenvironmentatPARCslantedtowardstheneedsandinterestsofnewcomerstotheComputerScienceLaboratory.Ifyouarelookingatthisdocumenton-linefromwithintheeditornamedTioga,youmightwanttousethelevel-clippingfunctionstoseetheoverallstructureratherthansimplyplowingstraightthrough.Clickthe``Levels''buttoninthetopmenu,thenclick``FirstLevelOnly''inthenewmenuthatappears.Thatwillshowyouthemajorsectionheadings.Click``MoreLevels''toseethesubsections,orclick``AllLevels''toreadthedetails.XEROXXeroxCorporationPaloAltoResearchCenter3333CoyoteHillRoadPaloAlto,California94304ForInternalUseOnlypН ЛО^{НєНьqН ЛОY┘ННЬН!EН&`Н-їН2Н ЛОT▐ННrН ЛОO≥Н┌НGНdН┌sН ЛОJёН5 НBН1НъНiН%9Н&ЩН*tН/ ОJёН0vОJёН4 Н8cН:' sН ЛОGTН ∙НCuН ЛОDНяsН ОDН╛ОDП1Н3CvН ЛО@ЇsН#О@ЇНЪО@ЇН=ННwН║Н"вН*ШН,·Н/Н69 Н>■Н@,НDdН ЛО?Н▐Н"Н░Н┤Н█Н!ZН)EН+Н-іН4┬Н:@ НB╧НDНFЗН ЛО=hН+НЛНбН╧Н╚Н#&Н'}Н*Н.QН38Н7фН:їН>гНBcНD/НGН ЛО;а НН▄НdН;Н зН%ІН,Н0┐Н3СН8≥Н>2НC²Н ЛО:Н пН▀ НЦН╨Н≥Н SН#Н'еН+QН.ЧН:`НЫНBOНF≈Н ЛО8rН.НКНвН Н;Н"Н&⌠Н,Н4Н8 НAтНCННGН ЛО6кН~НXНтН÷Н!cН$йН'TwН ЛОГsН(НОГН-0 Н(НО?Н,IН/XН5ЫН(НО ≤Н,▀Н1■Н4Н(НОЯН,IН/╩ Н6gqН ЛО IНН⌡Н-kTVm$rTHEBRIEFINGBLURB2Raisond'EtreThepurposeofthisdocumentistohelpimmigrantsadapttothelocalcomputingcommunity.By``thelocalcommunity'',ImeanprimarilytheComputerScienceLab,theImagingSciencesLab,andtheIntegratedDesignLaboftheXeroxPaloAltoResearchCenter,betterknownbytheacronymsCSL,ISL,andIDLrespectively.ImmigrantstoothercomputingcommunitieswithinXeroxmayalsofindthisdocumentofinterest,butImakenoguarantees.Ishallassumehereinthatsaidimmigrantsknowquiteabitaboutcomputerscienceingeneral.Hence,Ishallconcentrateupondiscussingtheidiosyncraticcharacteristicsofthelocalhardwareenvironment,softwareenvironment,socialenvironment,linguisticenvironment,andthelike.YouwilldoubtlessreadmanydocumentswhileyouareatXerox.Acommonconventionobservedinmanymanualsandmemosisthatfinepointsoritemsofcomplextechnicalcontentperipheraltothemaindiscussionappearinsmalltype,likethisparagraph.Youwillsoondiscoverthatyoucannotresistreadingthisfineprintandthat,despiteitsdiminutivestature,itdrawsyoureyeslikeamagnet.Thisdocumenthassuchpassagesaswell,justsothatyoucanbegintoenjoyferretingoutthediamondshiddeninthemountainofcoal.Thereisagreatdealofusefulinformationavailableon-lineatXeroxintheformofdocumentsandsourceprograms.Readingthemisoftenveryhelpful,butfindingthemcanbeanuisance.Throughoutthisdocument,referencestoon-linematerialareindicatedby,wherenisacitationnumberinthebibliographyattheendofthisdocument.Standardcitationstotheopenliteratureappearas[n].IfyouarefortunateenoughtobereadingthisdocumentfromwithinTioga(theCedareditor),youshouldpauseatthispointtotryoutthe``Def''command.Ifyouweretoselectthethreecharacters``''intheprecedingparagraphandthenclickthe``Def''commandwiththemiddlemousebutton,youwouldthenfindyourselflookingattheplaceinthisdocumentwhere``''isdefined,thatis,whereitappearsfollowedbyacolon.Youcouldthengetbacktothissectionofthedocumentbyclickingthe``PrevPlace''commandwithanymousebutton.The``Def''commandisalmostasgoodasanautomaticindexingfacility.Onanothertopic,youmighttryclickingthe``FirstLevelOnly''button(click``Levels''firstifyoucan'tfindthe``FirstLevelOnly''button),andthenclicking``MoreLevels''afewtimes.Tryscrollingabittoo.TheTioga``levels''commandsarealmostasgoodasanautomatictableofcontents.Readingadocumentfromfronttobackcanbemightyboring.Fortunately,thisdocumentissodisorganizedthatitisnotatallclearthatitreallyhasafrontandabackinanynormalsense.Youmightaswelljustbrowsethroughandreadthepartsthatlookinteresting.Tohelpoutthebrowsersinmyreadingcommunity,IhavemoreorlessabandonedthecustomofbeingcarefultodefinemytermsbeforeIusethem.Instead,alltherelevantterms,acronyms,andthelikehavebeencollectedinaseparateGlossary.SomeinformationiscontainedonlyintheGlossary,soyoumaywanttoskimthroughitlater(ornow,forthatmatter).The``Def''commandinTiogaisparticularlyhelpfulwhenbrowsingtheGlossaryfromwithinCedar;tryselectingtheword``Tioga'',andthenclickingthe``Def''buttonintheGlossaryviewer,forexample.WhilewritingtheGlossary,Iassumedthatyouhaveabasicknowledgeofcomputerscience,andamodicumofcommonsense:don'texpecttofindtermslike``computer''and``network''intheGlossary.1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% Оg'yН%ЯОg'xН+KОg'yН,3Оg'xsНHDОg'zН ЛО^УНsxНўО[·Н▄НуН∙Н=Н╟Н!"Н"вН%Ь Н-1Н1Н2╦Н5Н8kН?L НGsН ЛОYВНЖН7НxН{Н5Н#,Н%├Н, Н0ЩН4(Н6┌Н;ъНASНD~НG/Н ЛОXP НёНiН`Н7НІН ВН$/Н'gН-nН2kН6┌Н;&Н=@Н?ЎНFН ЛОV╗НЛН∙Н∙Нг Н"Н#╚Н';Н. Н6Н:HН>\НAPНDНFМН ЛОUНWННDНдНкН}Н ┌ Н(*Н)1Н,kН12Н5tН8AН; НBHНFН ЛОSZН1Н jНgНґН{НDН$*Н(НН*Н-h Н4ьН8┬ Н?НA∙Н ЛОQ╡НкН║НН│Н їН),Н.бН7FН;.НC╡ Н ЛОPНSН НjyНўОM┼Н-Н]НHНяНГН!┌Н$┤Н&юН(╙Н)ЧН.Н/cН3Щ Н9╡Н>gН?мНBЦНGHН ЛОKБН юНЛН4Н{НтНGН?Н╘Н!Н%фН)Ў Н/Н0pН2_Н53 Н:rН>Н?|НBjНE-НGZН ЛОJ; НАН\Н┤Н-Н┘НкНЪН#·Н&zН*yН,°Н.АН1ёН3ьН6eН:0Н;Є НAIНE.НFHН ЛОH■Н~НДННОН}НУНН Н"■Н&ЯН(FН*ЮН,ЬН.^Н0≥Н2бН4гН7лН9!Н<Н@∙НB┴НDlН ЛОFЛН іНЧНДНшННO Н&рН,├Н10Н2бН6щН8└Н:эН><Н?МНFьН ЛОBдН6НН█ННwН#Н&Н+ Н-⌡Н2^Н5БН8gН:SН;wНAМ Н ЛОAН≤Нg НСН╛Н hН%йН((Н.&Н0,{Н0эОAxН1⌡ОAН32{Н7UОAxН8╒ОAН:Н;LН@@НEwНG/Н ЛО?uНШН■НСН╚НdНН$NН*,Н/ Н1IН3╗Н7 Н=НA┼НC8{НC⌡О?uxНDYО?uНўО<ТН,НЮН1Н!ННЁН!║Н&▓Н)0Н/ Н2ЧН7@Н;Н=РНBНFьН ЛО;MН└Н│Н6НСНўНyН╪Н!NН#иН(Н/}Н1Н3НН7[Н9%Н=Н?}НC" Н ЛО9╔ННвНOНЎНYН"(Н%gН(╩Н+3Н/nН5ГН9Н;▓Н@RНDеН ЛО7ЧНіНьННСН8Н!.Н"йН%-Н(дН*vН-Н3▀Н7іН;ІН=%yНB│О7ЧНBыО7ЧНDбНF.Н ЛО6WННIНННіН╣xНKО6WНЧО6WН7Н",Н%|Н'НН+_Н-7Н0Н4хН6╚Н94Н?кНAПНG/Н ЛО4╞Н√НЖНН╟Н" Н'UН*,Н.NН4ўН6Н:}Н<*Н?°НAIНC8Н ЛО3Н≥Н НpН┐Н VН#Н'Н)CН.`Н0хН;╙Н@#НCЮ Н ЛО1aНвНJННxНyНКН$ьН*-Н,ВН00Н5X Н>UН?▒НBDНFНН ЛО/╧НoН≥НІНЭНтНЄ Н!ъН(дН+Н/}Н1+Н4²Н6KН8;Н>▓НAЗНCЁНўО-8Н@Н┐Н Н┴Н!Н"щН&=Н(АН*КН/╛Н5Н=Н?юНFFНGкН ЛО+▒НЭНЦНQНтНaННН!┐Н$iН%вН)╨Н,FН-┬Н1Н3БН5$Н8┐Н:HН=НAжНF─Н ЛО)ИН ЕН∙Н┘Н(НэНН!оН$ЛН'MН*ЇН-┤Н0ёН8;Н:dН=│Н?ЬНBZНHН ЛО(BНMНD НэНГН0Н еН"▄Н%#Н,8Н. Н3ZН5Н8ЦН=wН?(НCcНEдН ЛО&⌡НgН⌡Н<НЫНQНmН ЬН&fН*╣Н1bН4FН6яН9╗Н=Н@ёНF▀НHeН ЛО$СН.Н█НL Н юН"{Н(JО$СН(ШО$СxН+0О$СН+⌠О$СН,хН/Н5Н6╟Н9PН<>Н?└НAНDWН ЛО#LНWН░yН О#LН═О#LН└НDННnxНАО#LНjО#LНVН#▌Н*Н+фН/╨Н1:Н8≤Н=kНA4НG/Н ЛО!╔Н⌡ННFН[Н┌Н$Н&{Н* Н/°Н2SН5yН:▌Н<ННAНE┌НG/Н ЛОЩН┼Н6НbyН∙ОЩН╞ОЩНнН#┌Н%ZН*Н*ФН/KН1|Н3 Н6+Н7Н9аН?7Н@┼НEkН ЛОVНН НЛНMНзН┼НgН!зН#2Н%▀Н(⌠Н*ІН0©Н2К Н8LН9єН;┼xН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪTVm$rTHEBRIEFINGBLURB3NamingThingsAttheoutset,youshouldknowsomethingaboutthenamesofthecreaturesthatyouwillfindhere.Theprevailinglocalphilosophyaboutnamingsystemsisperhapssomewhatdifferentfromthetrendelsewhere.Wedohaveourshareofalphabetsoup,thatis,systemsandlanguagesthatarenamedbyacronymsofvaryingdegreesofcutenessandartificiality;consider,forexample:PARC,FTP,MAXC,IFS.Butwearetryingtoavoidmakingthissituationanyworse.Tothisworthyend,namesforhardwareandsoftwaresystemsarefrequentlytakenfromtheSunsetWesternGardenBook[1];Grapevineserversarenamedafterwines;Doradosarenamedaftercapitalships;PilotreleasesarenamedafterCaliforniarivers.Asthisconventionaboutnamesdoesnotmeetwithuniversalapproval,itseemsinappropriatetoofferajustificationoftheunderlyingphilosophywithoutofferingequaltimetotheopposition.Youwilldoubtlessprovokeafarmoreinterestingdiscussionifyouadvanceyourownviewsonnamingtoalmostanyonewanderinginthecorridors.Whileweareonthegeneraltopicofthenamesofthings,weshoulddiscussforamomentthelocalcustomsforconstructingsingleidentifiersoutofmultiplewordphrases.Supposethatyouwouldliketonameavariableinyourprogram``nameseveralwordslong''.Insomeenvironments,aspecialcharacterthatisn'taletterbutthatactssomethinglikealetterisusedasawordseparatorwithinidentifiers;thisleadstonamessuchas``name!several!words!long''or``nameseveralwordslong''.Nosuchcharacterisincommonuselocally,however.Instead,shiftingbetweenupperandlowercaseisusedtoshowthewordboundaries,leadingtothename``NameSeveralWordsLong''.Somepeople,includingDonKnuth,thinkthatidentifierswithmixedcaselookterriblyugly.Irefusetogetsuckedintoexpressingmyopinioninthisdocument;onceagain,Iexhortyoutoespouseyourviewsinthecorridors.ThereareseveralfinepointsthatIshouldmentionaswell.Asageneralrule,caseissignificantforidentifiersinthelocalprogramminglanguages,butcaseisnotsignificantinfilenamesorinGrapevineR-names.Thus,theCedaridentifiers``REF'',``Ref'',and``ref''arequitedistinct,butthefilenames``BriefingBlurb.tioga''and``briefingblurb.tioga''areequivalent,asaretheR-names``Ramshaw.PA''and``ramshaw.pa''.InMesaandCedar,thereisafurtherconventionthatthecaseofthefirstletterofanidentifierisusedtodistinguishfancyobjects,suchasproceduresandtypes,fromsimpleones,suchasintegersandreals.Thus,theidentifiername``ProcWithFiveWordName''beginswithanuppercase``P'',butthename``integerWithFiveWordName''beginswithalowercase``i''.Thelatterformlooksverystrangetomostpeoplewhentheyfirstseeit.Whenyoufirsttastedanolive,youprobablydidn'tlikeit.Now,youprobablydo.Givethesecapitalizationconventionsthesamechancethatyouwouldanolive.Thesecapitalizationconventionsdon'tworktoowellwhenacronymsandnormalwordsappeartogetherinoneidentifier.Suppose,forexample,thatIwantedtointroduceanidentifiernamed``FTPversionnumber''.Logicwoulddemand``FTPVersionNumber'',butthisdoesn'tlookquiteright;manypeoplewouldbeprobablywrite``FTPversionNumber''instead.Ofcourse,sinceaversionnumberisprobablyaninteger,itshouldreallybe``fTPVersionNumber''.Ugh.Perhapscaseisbeingusedfortoomanypurposes?1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% Оg'yН%ЯОg'xН+KОg'yН,3Оg'xsНHDОg'zН ЛО^УНxНўО[║Н╒НШНZН НН 7Н&сН*ўН-Н1DН2ЖН5NН;Н=АН@▒НC5НFН ЛОYЗНМ Н┌НЯ Н,Н"7Н'TН,}Н.Н3hН9ЩН?лНC\НEДН ЛОXS Н6НсНЛНDНАН▓Н!]Н'Н*гН-їН/}Н4▐Н7XН=╣Н@∙НBШНG⌠Н ЛОV╚ННсНЎН╣НpН"АН% Н-┌Н3UН5∙Н<Н@оНDNН ЛОUН JНяНщННЧН▓Н7Н"Н$▄Н*Н,▓Н1$Н31Н5╦Н:EН=:НAcНC├Н ЛОS]Н°Н ННP НЛН#єН'{Н)[ОS]Н*8ОS]Н-©Н3 Н7бxН;YОS]Н;╪ОS]Н>BНDЧН ЛОQ╣Н6Н╡НДНёН)Н rН$ОН( Н,}Н0ДН4!Н9!Н;kН?ГНC Н ЛОPН│Н┴Н" Н+НН"@Н%hН'тН+3Н.FН4Н:Н;gН?`НGЮН ЛОNgН dН╙Н<НН█ Н! Н(хН-ПН3CН7Н:aН<,Н>ї НF─Н ЛОL©НґНьНEН┘НбНk Н&: Н,сН.IН1Н6zН9кН<ЕН@╨НBжНGЮН ЛОKНQННрН─НЮ НўОH≥НҐНэН'Н%Н|НGН!╡Н#cН%╨Н)УН+іН0Н2-Н6║Н;6Н=jН>▄НCЯНFIН ЛОFРН&НZННЬ Н#fН%рН'┐Н,ТН0sН6(Н;єН>jНAНE>НGЮН ЛОEJН ёНеНСН≥НлНRН"╨Н'CН+GН/щН1єН5.Н>Н?3НCіН ЛОCёНЇН╛НрНbНЮН╙Н^Н"ЩН%╔Н&кН*[Н+цН.ЭН0іН1лН5QН;@Н?─НFМН ЛОAЭН jНН\Н█НўО?}НdН(Н#О?Ч└Н#≤О?}Н'╔О?Ч└Н()О?}Н+╡О?Ч└Н,6О?}Н ЛО<ЧН\Н Н░Н НдН│Н!Н%цН,=Н1vН6yН;ТН@НBиНF═Н ЛО;WНXН■НBНкН*НЁ Н!Н%ПН'·Н)ЧН 2О8ьН ЛО6YН пН╡НтНН жН$┐Н'_ Н-ДН1 Н5IН8EН;lН@YНD`НEwН ЛО4╠Н╘НН║Н┤ НCН╟Н#тН%▒Н(@Н/хН3Н7-Н8DН<╒Н?gНA$НFTН ЛО3 Н ╚НYН╧ НўО0▀НїНСН{Н@Н[Н!!Н""Н&√Н+ШН-║Н1ZН3cН4┘Н9PННu Н"Н'>Н+бН.≤Н2?Н4╠Н8YН=╔Н@EНBцНEKН ЛО+∙Н>НН'Н)w Н0▄Н2IН4╙Н7Н<Л НFьН ЛО)ННпНўНfН-Н ╛Н$DН%ЎН&ВН+ў Н2нН5╚Н8Н;Н<чН?MНB4НEвНG·Н ЛО(F НОНjНІНu НvН!;Н&@Н)┌Н+@ Н2WН5Н9Н<▓НAНD÷НGАН ЛО&÷НН╙НіНoНб Н!їН%YН6vН:╦Н=фН?╘НC÷НF─Н ЛО$ЬН├НЪНьН%┬Н)ПН-$Н.gН2KН5SН8╘Н;⌡Н?IНBиНF─Н ЛО#PНЄНlНсНYНН2Н"Н$rН&╦Н*шН-°Н0~Н4│Н6{Н:9Н<ЗНBжНFЦН ЛО!╘НFННчНдНоНJН"Х Н+X Н3Н5vН9Н=ўН@▒НC\НG·Н ЛО yНўО┐НЬ НЎ НЕНвН"ЇН$╩Н'(Н*5Н/8Н1zН5YН8╛Н НA~НE6Н ЛО4Н▒НїНьН╧Н IН#4Н&рН)ПН-°Н1 Н2ґН7kН:LНElН ЛО█Н≥НXН ННМНН?Н ЛН"Н&|Н'⌠Н+/Н.=Н/пН;|Н>ЁНBЕНECНFlН ЛОФН┌НMН;НDxН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩ╧TVm$ЯTHEBRIEFINGBLURB4LocalHardwareMostoftheofficesandsomeofthealcovesaroundPARChavepersonalcomputersinthemofoneflavororanother.ThefirstofthesewastheAlto.TherearemorethanathousandAltosinexistencenow,spreadthroughoutXerox,thefouruniversitiesintheUniversityGrantprogram(U.ofRochester,CMU,MIT,andStanford),andotherplaces.Inrecentyears,mostofthelocalAltoshavebeenreplacedbyvariousflavorsofD-machines:Dorados,Dolphins,andDandelions.BothD-machinesandAltoscomeequippedwithbitmapdisplays,mice,andEthernetinterfaces.Let'sdiscussthesecomponentsfirst,andthenturnourattentiontothevariouspersonalcomputersthatcontainthem.BitmapDisplaysFirst,let'stalkaboutdisplays.Differentdisplaysusedifferentrepresentationsofimages.Acharacterdisplayrepresentsitsimageasasequenceofcharactercodes.Thisisaverycompactrepresentation,butnotaveryflexibleone;textisallyoucanget,andprobablyinonlyalimitedselectionoffonts.Avectordisplayrepresentsitsimageasalistofvectorcoordinates.Thisworksverywellforcertainvarietiesoflinedrawings,butnotsowellforfilledareasortext.Abitmapdisplay,ontheotherhand,producesanimagebytakingalargematrixofzerosandones,andputtingwhitewherethezerosareandblackwheretheonesare(orviceversa).Thegreatadvantageofbitmapdisplaysaretheirflexibility:youcanspecifyatremendousnumberofimagesbygivingevenarelativelysmallarrayofbits.Cursorsandiconsaretwolargeclassesofprominentexamples.Ofcourse,youdohavetosupplyenoughmemorytoholdallthosebits.AltosandD-machinesstoretheirbitmapsinmainstorage.Analternativewouldbetoprovideaspecialchunkofmemoryonthesidewherethedisplay'simagesits;suchamemoryisoftencalledaframebuffer.TheprimarydisplayoftheAltoisabitmapthatis608pixelswideby808pixelshigh.Suchadisplayisalmostlargeenoughtodoareasonablejobofrenderingasingle8.5"by11"pageoftext.TheCRTonaD-machinehasthelongaxishorizontalinsteadofvertical,givingabitmapdisplaythatis1024pixelswideby808high.Ithadtobe808highsothatD-machinescouldemulateAltos,ofcourse.Theextraspaceallowsyoutohavesomethingelseonthescreenaswellasthesomewhatscrunchedpageoftextthatyouareediting.EreIleaveyouwithamistakenimpression,letmenoteinpassingthatbitmapdisplaysarenotthefinalsolutiontoalloftheworld'sproblems.Rasterdisplaysthatcanproducevariouslevelsofgrayaswellasblackandwhitecandepictimagesfreeofthe``jaggies''andotherartifactsthatareinherentinbitmapdisplays[2].And,forsomepurposes,coloriswellworthitssubstantialexpense.MiceButnowontomice.Amousehastwoobviouspropertiesitrollsanditclicks.Insidethemachine,themousepositionandthedisplaycursorpositionarecompletelyunrelated;butmostsoftwarearrangesforthecursorto``track''themouse'smovements.Thethreemousebuttonsgobyvariousnames;``left'',``middle'',and``right''isonesetofnames.Themousebuttonsarealsocalled``red'',``yellow'',and``blue''respectively,eventhoughphysicallytheyarenearlyalwaysblack.Thesecolorfulnameswereproposedatanearliertimewhensomeofthemicehadtheirbuttonsrunninghorizontallyinsteadofvertically.Usingcolors(evenimaginaryones!)workedbetterthanswitchingbackandforthbetweenthenomenclatures``top-middle-bottom''and``left-middle-right''.Micealsocomeintwobasicflavors:mechanicalandoptical.Ourcurrentmechanicalmicerollonthreeballs:twosmallones,andonelargeone.Motionofthelargeballissensedbytwolittlewipersinsidethemouse,onesensingsidetosiderollingwhiletheothersensesforwardandbackwardrolling.Themotionofeachwiperdrivesacommutator,andlittlefeelersslidealongthecommutator,producingtheelectricalsignalsthatthelisteningcomputercandecode.BuildingoneoftheselittlegadgetsisnotquiteashardasbuildingaSwisswatch,butit'sinthesameleague.Theopticalmiceareamorerecent1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% Оg'yН%ЯОg'xН+KОg'yН,3Оg'xsНHDОg'zН ЛО_Н▓xНўО[╡Н/НБН:Н▌Н>НкН }Н"жН'█Н,DН0╒Н3БН9_Н@НAўНE1НFЦН ЛОZ Н ЛН╨НІН≤НzН=Н яН#┤Н%ПyН(├ОZ xН)ИОZ Н-УН0RН3ПН7 Н8TН>RНAЗНC╡Н ЛОXcН 6Н▀ Н╒ННYН"LН)lН+ Н-V Н3РН7НyН=kОXcН=лОXcН?SН@і НFН ЛОV╪НдНЦxН`ОV╪Н,ОV╪НсНbН7Н ЖН% Н(зН,&Н-оН0Н3UН6ЦН:Н=fНBшНDгН ЛОUНNНН Н[Н*Н$gН' Н.ЬН2< Н9еННЛНLНН ≤Н'GН*Н.Т|Н ЛОNvНЄxНўОK'Н0НЛН┤НLН'Н%Н*#Н,|Н2Н;eН=НB6НCіН ЛОI─Н√ ННЦНГН█Н╞Н#▐Н%@Н+ Н/ЇН2иН4,Н5NН8TН=гНGН ЛОGьНyН ╨НЮНАН╧Н┴НН Н"БН%┘Н(=Н+Н0УН2╩Н5ЛН7-Н;ВНAЄНC┘НHН ЛОF1НCН* НЮННН .Н"Н#nН%ъН'лН,#Н4╟Н7ЧН<3Н?uНB≈НEН ЛОD┼НQН НфНРНvНМН ЄН#єН%ДН)zН,ЗН.юН2YН3ХН8·Н=╛Н?╣НBНE╦Н ЛОBБНАНХНННcНєН!"Н%⌠Н'cН+Н-яН1pН4>Н9Н<ВНA&НC°НG;Н ЛОA;Н▒Н(Н.Н{Н≤НыНН иН%│Н(GН+їН2Н3╡Н8SН=wН?╦НBЛН ЛО?■Н╛Н@НЕН Н═Н!уН#≈Н(0Н*5Н.`Н1ўН2А Н8шН<┌Н@НAуyНEcО?■НF.О?■Н ЛО=ЛННЙНфНХН═ННzНзxН%SО=ЛН&fО=ЛН'cН, Н.©Н0еН4 Н5ЇН:'Н?НD|НF*Н ЛО∙НAGНD╙НF─Н ЛО4тНпНMН_Н■Н╪Н=Н╗Н"мН% Н,'Н0ЕН2╙Н7АН<Н=DНBНFаН ЛО3,Н`НўН╒НЭНН·yН$О3,Н█О3,НWН!┼Н"ИН$}Н&∙Н) Н*░Н,ж Н2ВН6Н::Н=lН>сxНCО3,НCКО3,НEДН ЛО1┘Н ґНЕН╗НaНЁН aН##Н%5Н'═Н+ДН-·Н0≈Н2PН4╩Н;2НAаНEНFвН ЛО/чН╨НqНеНўО-bНAНHНнН┐Н⌡НцН ▓ Н'ьН)яН,#Н/;Н0ГН5╧Н8┘Н=6НBkНD╪НG/Н ЛО+╩Н $НmН$ННэНDНН&Н*_Н/²Н2sН5Н:gН?7НC НDйНGАН ЛО*НИНїН`Н'НВН▓НфН$fН'CН)Н+z Н1eН4,Н7шН=Н?УНBXНGАН ЛО(lН÷НжНґНН]НПН&Н)▄Н*ЬН-ЕН1щН3Ї Н:┤|Н ЛО%xНўО!нН:Н)ННЁНЇН.НsН!сН$jН)vН2Н5Н7їН8ХН=ZНAhНC╡Н ЛО 'Н>Н┼НЎНhН╨Н_Н#Н(ЄН*Ы Н1Г Н8ИН;\Н>╚НDН ЛОННfН┐Н НБН0Н V Н(WН+Н.∙Н2чН7цН9║Н;▀Н@BНEaН ЛОь НsНRН+НЎН░НтН ЄН&!Н) Н-║Н2ЎН58Н8+НН ЛО┴ННҐНкН+НnН@Н"ЯН$гН'DН*ЁН-┬Н0ЛН5ЪН;SНCНGжН ЛОБ Н■Н┬Н|Н.Н"▀Н&═Н+|Н/gН2Н8├Н;©Н>iНAнНG/Н ЛО;НН @Н"ЬНўО©Н>ННыН НYНчН$| Н+ІН.─Н4■Н7┼Н■НDсН ЛОиНаН{Н0Н^Н1Н:Н` Н'mН*!Н-NН1╔Н4щН8≤Н:У НCН ЛО "НT Н$Н°НsНшН!gН'⌡Н*/Н/оН5rН8&Н9ХН=yН@ЁНE╔НGН ЛО{Н qННPНЫНnН⌠НBН"█Н% Н'7Н(ЮН+:Н.ЁН3сН6їН;Н>jН@╦НAщНEkН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩ ыTVm$PTHEBRIEFINGBLURB5innovation.Anopticalmouselivesonaspecialpad,coveredwithlittlewhitedotsonablackbackground.Alensinthemouseimagesaportionofthepadontothesurfaceofacustomintegratedcircuit.ThisIChassixteenlight-sensitiveregions,someofwhichnoticethattheyarebeingshinedonbytheimageofawhitedotonthepad.AsthemouseslidesalongthepadonitsTeflon-coatedunderbelly,theimagesofthewhitedotsmoveacrosstheIC;itissubtlyconstructedsoastoobservethisphenomenon,andtakeappropriateelectricalaction.Formoredetailsonthisinterestingapplicationofacustomchip,youmightenjoycheckingoutDickLyon'sblue-and-whitereportonthesubject[3].TheEthernetTwo'scompany,three'sanetwork.AcollectionofmachineswithinreasonableproximityishookedtogetherbyanEthernet;ifthatdoesn'tsoundfamiliar,Iknowofsomeblue-and-whitesthatyoumightliketobrowse[4,5].EthernetsareconnectedtoeachotherbyGatewaysandphonelines,whichformostpurposesallowustoignorethetopologyoftheresultingnetwork.TheresultingnetworkasawholeiscalledanInternet.Occasionally,it'snicetoknowwherethingsreallyare,andthat'swhenamap<6>ishelpful.Ethernetscomeintwoflavors:oldandnew.Theoldonerunsat3MBits/sec,andshouldnowbereferredtoasthe``ExperimentalEthernet''.Theunqualifiedname``Ethernet''shouldbereservedforthenewone,thestandardizedversionusedinOSDproducts;itrunsat10MBits/sec.Weallknowhowuncommunicativecomputerscanbewhenlefttotheirowndevices.That'swhyweinventcarefulprotocolsforthemtouseintalkingtoeachother.TherearetwoentireworldsofprotocolsthatarespokenonourvariousEthernetsaswell:oldandnew.TheoldonesarecalledPUP-based(PARCUniversalPacket)[7].ThenewonesareknownbytheacronymNS(NetworkSystems)[8,9].I'msurethattheNSprotocolsmustbedocumented,butIdon'tknowwhere;sorry.Eachprotocolworldincludesahierarchyofprotocolsforvariouspurposessuchastransportingfiles,orsendingandreceivingmail.Inadditiontoconnectingupallofthepersonalcomputers,thenetworkalsoincludesanumberofmachinesgenericallycalledservers.Normally,servershavespecialpurpose,expensivehardwareattachedtothem,suchaslarge-capacitydisks,orprinters.Theirpurposeinlifeistomakethathardwareavailabletothelocalcommunity.Wetendtoidentifyserversbyfunction,sowetalkaboutprintservers,fileservers,namelookupservers,mailboxservers,tapeservers,andsoon.ManyoftheprotocolsforuseoftheEthernetweredevelopedpreciselysothatpersonalcomputerscouldcommunicateeffectivelywithservers.TheAltoTheinnardsoftheAltoarewonderfullydescribedinaclearandinformativeblue-and-whitereport[10];Iseriouslyrecommendthatyoureadit.IntheveryunlikelyeventthatyouneedtoknowstillmoreabouttheAlto,youmighttrylookingintheAltohardwaremanual<11>.Butforourpurposes,sufficeittosaythattheAltoisa16-bitminicomputerwhoseprimaryclaimtofameisthatitcomesequippedwithabitmapdisplay,amouse,andanEthernetinterface.D-MachinesTheD-machinesareafamilyofpersonalcomputers,eachmemberofwhichhasanamestartingwiththeletter``D''.Aslongasyoudon'tlooktooclosely,D-machineslookalotalike.Inparticular,theyareall16-bitcomputerswithamicroprogrammedprocessorthathandlesmostoftheI/Oaswellrunningtheuser'sprograms.Andtheyallgenerallycomeequippedwithaharddisk,abitmapdisplay,akeyboard,amouse,andanEthernetinterface.Therearedifferencesofcourse:insize,inspeed,andinflexibility.1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% 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Н4Н7*Н8KН;}Н>╨Н?зНD└Н ЛО OННpН≈НFНЗНХН!▀ Н(Н,Н.U Н5NН7НН=2 НD░НFЫН ЛОKQНН┘Н НьН| Н)<Н*МН/≈Н4bН7Н<Н?%НD3НG/Н ЛОI╙НлН┴НбНoНд Н!√Н&x Н-mН0√Н3Н6ъ Н<Н>уНFEНHeН ЛОHН|НН0НqНїН┬Н#"Н$~Н'·Н*²Н/Н1yН3dН4ю Н<дН?UНAГНE╦Н ЛОF[ Н4Н┬НдН└Н;Н"]Н%┐Н,] Н3╔Н6\Н9vН;%Н= Н@² {Н ЛОCН╞xНўО?╪Н>Н⌡Н НЪН!aН"│Н)÷Н.2Н/÷Н4SН7dН9ШН=іН?ЭНEШН ЛО>Н^НЩ НС Н#fН%5Н)zН.°Н2FН7■ Н?VНAhНFьН ЛОвНAНBпНGRН ЛО5пН (НЛНtНН ўН&дН)ъН+пН-╣Н2< Н<1Н?НB╗НDAН ЛО4(НэН⌡Н║Н╡НН+Н"rН%▐Н&╩Н)RН-з Н5Н8≥Н>+НC╪НFuН ЛО2│Н НоНcН█Н%НўО0Н+Н'Н└Н▀НН╔Н!LН$ГН(≤Н+╞Н-▒Н0°Н4BН:÷Н<─Н?ДНBёНDXН ЛО.^Н/НщН НGН#`Н',Н,гН1ЪН5■Н7eН9ФН=╡Н?┌НB;НDНFН ЛО,ІН'НзН2НвНЧН╟НсН"0Н#Н$ДН)░Н+ХН2Н3ЎН7ЭН:3 Н@Э Н ЛО+НГНЎНТ НшН!╪Н'JН(╣Н+┌Н/Н2КН7тН9▄yН=О+Н=uО+Н?║НA├НE-НGPН ЛО)hНSН#НUНcН╞xН▄О)hНнО)hН■Н"Н%8Н(oН+╪Н..Н2BН5 Н9*Н:DН=ZН?НC/Н ЛО'юН ґНШНЇНН3Н )Н$>Н'█Н.NН2zН3ыН7╚Н:ґН=д НDхНFН ЛО&Н Н╠НaН┌НЁН╣НїН%чН)Н,Н0Н2КН7┼ Н=iН>лНA▒НD?НG·Н ЛО$rН▐Н ЫННяН┐НМНФН#░Н&RН(╪Н.зН0QН1┘Н4╙Н7▄Н;З НBйН ЛО"йН<НН╨ННHНН6Н#=Н$ГН(≤Н*CН.ГН1CН4.Н7иН:}Н=GН@┴НCtНG;Н ЛО!#ННфНН└Н▌Н╡Н"оН&~Н).Н-ПН/Н4qН7!Н=Н?хНCНDгН ЛО|НyН■ННиННхНцН├Н$bН'²Н+PН-Н0ЎН2ПН5├Н:NН;ЯН?cНAмНEН ЛОтН ўНН╟НК Н ИН#AН%ўН'^Н*┬Н-фН10Н4oН:YН>TН@╚НEvН ЛО-Н╔Н* Н^НН#НеН"8НўО╠Н▌НиН НйН;Н╗НsНДН#1Н%╒Н*Ў Н1gН3лН6БН<фН>┘Н?аНDрН ЛО Н≤Н6НОН─Н"FН'_Н-5Н0Н2≈Н8Н:ыН=RН@чНE&НGАН ЛОcН SН]Н╟НэНЦН╒Н$@Н'сН,╪Н/÷Н3ЇН5 Н8HН=┴Н@ёНC{Н ЛО╩НИННЗНОНҐН(┐Н.БН1≥ Н8┴Н>▓НAvНGН ЛОН▄Н9Н$Н]НMН Н"ИН%ьН(nН-╪Н/╚Н4]Н9÷ Н@nНBRНFЦН ЛОm НСН~НЬНЁН!▓Н$VН(Н)р Н0lН4Н5{Н8ЗН;уН?uНEtНG/Н ЛОеНВН╒НИН▓Н<Н╠Н jН"йН(NН+ВН.ўН1├Н4б{Н ЛОvН╞xН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩ▒TVm$ЎTHEBRIEFINGBLURB7TheDicentraisthenewestD-machine.Essentially,itconsistsoftheprocessoroftheDandelionwiththetaskingstuffstripedoutsqueezedontooneMultibuscard.ItcommunicateswithitsmemoryandwithI/OdevicesovertheMultibus.DicentraswilltalktoanyEthernet,oranyI/Odeviceforthatmatter,forwhichyoucansupplyaMultibusinterfacecard;that'soneoftheDicentra'sstrengths.TheinitialapplicationoftheDicentraisasaprocessorforlowcostInternetgateways.TheDicentraandtheDandelionarenamedafterwildflowerspartiallybecausetheyareoutgrowthsofaninitialdesignofButlerLampson'scalledtheWildflower.TheDaffodilTheDaffodilisaD-machinethatdoesn'texistyet,butsomedaymay.Ifso,itwillbecheaptobuild,sinceitwillusecustomintegratedcircuits.TheDaffodilisproduct-related.Thus,pleasedon'ttalkaboutittoowidely.ImentionithearonlysothatyouwillknowwhatitisthatChuckThackeristalkingabout.TheDragonTheDragonisahigh-performanceprocessorbasedoncustomintegratedcircuitsthatisbeingdesignedinCSL;confusinglyenough,though,theDragonisnotreallyaD-machine.Forexample,theDragonwordsizeis32bitsratherthan16.TheunderpinningsofCedarwillbeadjustedasnecessarysothatCedarwillrunonaDragon;butthiswilltakesomedoing.AfewcommentsaboutBootingAllofthelocalprocessorscomeequippedwithahiddenbuttoncalledthe``bootbutton''thatisusedtoreinitializetheprocessor'sstate.TheAltohadjustonebootbutton,hiddenbehindthekeyboard;pushingitbootedtheAlto.OnDolphins,thesituationisonlyslightlymorecomplex:therearetwobootbuttons,oneatthebackofthekeyboard,andtheotherontheprocessorchassisitself.Theyperformroughlythesamefunction,buttheoneonthechassisisalittlemorepotent.OnDorados,thereisalotmoregoingon.Therearereallytwocomputersinvolved,themainDoradoprocessorandaseparatemicrocomputercalledthebaseboard.Itisthebaseboardcomputer'sjobtomonitorthepowersuppliesandtemperatureandtostage-managethecomplexprocessofpoweringupanddownthemainprocessor,includingthecorrectinitializationofallofitsRAM's.ThebootbuttononaDoradoisactuallyawayofcommunicatingwiththisbaseboardcomputer.Youencodeyourrequesttothebaseboardcomputerbypushingthebootbuttonrepeatedly:eachnumberofpushesmeanssomethingdifferent.Fordetails,seeEdTaft'smemoonthesubject<13>.IfthebaseboardcomputeroftheDoradohasgonewestforsomereason(asoccasionallyhappens),youronlyhopeistopushtherealbootbutton,alittlewhitebuttonlocatedontheprocessorchassisitself,far,faraway.Justasthebootbuttononthekeyboardisessentiallyaone-bitinputdeviceforthebaseboardcomputer,thebaseboardcomputeralsohasaone-bitoutputdevice:agreenlightlocatedontheprocessorchassis.Variouspatternsofflashingofthislightmeanvariousthings,asdetailedin<13>.ThereisonemorebitoffolkloreaboutbootingthatIcan'tresistmentioningeveryonceinawhile,Ihavetothrowinsomesubtletidbittokeepthewizardswhoreadthisfromgettingbored.Oursubjectthistimeisthe``longpushboot''.SupposethatyouhavebeenworkingonyourDoradoforawhile,andyouwalkawaytogotothebathroom.Whenyoureturnandreachtowardyourkeyboard,yougetastaticshock.Youareonlymildlyannoyedatthisuntilyounoticethatthecursorisnolongertrackingthemouse,andthemachinedoesn'tseemtohearanyofyourkeystrokes.ThescreenlooksOK,buttheDoradoisignoringallinput.Whathasprobablyhappenedisthatthemicroprocessorinyourterminalhasbeenknockedoutbythestaticshock.Yes,Virginia!InadditiontotheDoradoitself,andthebaseboardcomputer,thereisalsoamicroprocessorinyourterminal(locatedinthedisplayhousing),whichobservesyourinputactionsandsendsthemontothemainprocessorunderaprotocolreferredtoas``theseven-wireinterface''.WhatyouwanttodonowistoreboottheterminalmicroprocessorwithoutdisturbingthestateoftheDoradoatallafterall,youwereintheprocessofeditingsomething,1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% Оg'yН%ЯОg'xН+KОg'yН,3Оg'xsНHDОg'xНўО_/Н║НbНХНcН Н&3Н-tН.ЕН4Н5тН8NН>|Н@PНBкyН ЛО]┬Н]Н8НННqНxНЗО]┬Н~О]┬НтН"ВН%■Н+oН/?Н0╗Н9▓Н<÷Н>kНCкНFtН ЛО[ЮНцН≈Н╩Н&НЪН$4Н&КН)╛Н+eН.Н4Н5ИН8■Н;kН?╩НBНDэН ЛОZ9Н0НEНН∙Н Н=Н!-Н&ыН*УН.іН1YН3Н5 Н< НBдНEёН ЛОX▓ ННгН/НщНPНН8Н%TН'≥Н*AН-Н2ayН9ОX▓Н9мОX▓Н;`Н?ЛНBНDН ЛОVЙНхНgНЩ НыН(Н CН"ІН$⌠ Н*DН+єН-1Н0TН3гН5(Н8─Н>НA0НC {Н ЛОS⌡Н╞xНўОPLНёНEНнННOН";Н'Н*dН-"Н/юН5▌Н9╗Н;GН=│Н>ТНAҐНCкНGЮН ЛОNєН УНyНАН·Н$НТ Н#}Н):Н,$Н1╧Н37Н=ъНAфНEШН ЛОLЩНіН┼НЦНPН√Н╒Н Н!kН$┴Н'╔Н)lН,=Н.ВН1╔Н5gН8гН: Н;▌Н>_НBхНH#Н ЛОKVН}{Н ЛОHН╞xНўОDЇНхН Н╧Н%Н#├Н)эН.Н0IН5J Н<НAНDНEдН ЛОCН·НCН^ Н╗Н!АН&ДН):Н.0Н/▓Н1ЧН5©Н6ъ Н>фНAhНG/Н ЛОAiНЫН▐НGНюНЁНaН|Н"╟Н%▀Н(qН1√Н3\Н7┌Н::Н<8НAюНC{Н ЛО?аН╟Н~Н√НBНьНчНН!Н#├Н&'Н(сН+лН/_|Н ЛОН/сН2МН7═Н<2Н@дНC Н ЛО5тН9Н╔НXНнНОНcН$оН'DН,УН.vН1іН6└Н:-Н@зНDyНFЦН ЛО4-Н LНйН╔НmНШНrНZН!ИН(yН+`Н-ОН1ҐН3СН6┌Н<дНAoНFН ЛО2┘НeН⌡НН╧Н ╛Н#NН%нН(⌡Н*бН-BН1чН3kН4╣Н8Н;╩НA(НC╗Н ЛО0чН vНЦНН!Н╣Н─НeН hН"╪Н&┬Н)5Н/ЕН5ьН89Н;ЇН@цНFьН ЛО/7ННYНЮНл{Н !О/7Н рО/7xН%ГО/7Н'1О/7Н(·Н)ЪН,TН2ж Н9сН<2Н=уНCНEaН ЛО-▐Н;НТ НўНgНН&√Н(ВН.}Н3RН5 Н;Н=+Н?ДНC╟НFН ЛО+Х Н┴НоНaН$ Н&8Н(#Н*EН,0Н.<Н4CН7MН:╟Н?SНA▀НBГНH#Н ЛО*AНFНЄНпНмН╦Н#Н%ЭН,нН4\Н7╞Н<іН@%НE=НG/Н ЛО(≥Н┐НЇН╪НЩН fН#║Н( Н/шН3Н8KН:Н>÷НBЛН ЛО&Р Н@НтНeН║НҐН|Н#·Н%█Н'жН,hН0[Н1фН4Н:├Н@≥НB;НD└Н ЛО%KНVНіНІНХНoНЎНзН&oН,єН/тН2БН6JН7╙Н9NН<═{Н>ТО%KН?xО%KxНA═О%KНBgО%KНDеН ЛО#ёНН'НвН9НХНчН.Н%1Н)²Н-BН/╡Н1иyН6О#ёН6~О#ёН8=Н9┴Н;bН=ЦНAdНBЖНDоН ЛО!ЭН Н9ННъНеН%НФНцН#ВН)#Н*ЪН04Н5Н7MН9:Н:Н=АНAfНE┤НFlН ЛО UНyНEНЦНиНіНЛН ЩН%2Н&⌠Н*ІН,Н.1Н0©Н3ЎН7▓Н;Н/НD▐НGFН ЛО<НН┼Н1Н5Н~Н█НяН%VН&ДН)zН,ІН/cН3pН64Н8┴Н<╛Н> Н@ НDBН ЛО∙НAНХН∙НЙНcН Н#┴Н%-Н(<Н*рН,─Н/╠ Н7$Н9РН> НAЁНD╧НG/Н ЛОМНЩНpНННЕНyН ?Н"╩Н(⌠Н.ЯН0cН38Н5· Н? Н@тНDН ЛОFН├НН╟НKНkНОН ·Н%єН(ьН/kН1_Н6СН8фН;JН@zНDSНG/Н ЛО÷Н⌡Н?НЙНwНeН ╠ Н*MН,Н/yН5Н:mН<<Н>ҐНC▒Н ЛОВН Н╘НТН╞Н\Н"#Н%СН)█Н+ёН-bН/яН3_Н9┌Н=∙Н>оНDMН ЛО PНЇН │Нґ Н≤НН"ъН%╡Н),Н*ЖН-Н09Н1бН3▄Н8Н:Н@ Н ЛО╘НЛ НmНаНФН⌠НФН#ЕН%qН+mН-╘Н0TН3≥Н5;Н7▌ННB■ Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪ ЭTVm$`THEBRIEFINGBLURB8andyouarenowindangerofloosingthoseedits.Whatyoushoulddoistodepressthebootbuttonandholditdownforquiteawhile(morethan2.5seconds);andthenreleaseit.Thisisknownasa``longpushboot'',anditdoesjustwhatyouwantundertheseconditions:itrebootsyourterminalwithoutaffectinganythinghigherup.MAXC:ablastfromthepastBeforeweleavethetopicofhardwarecompletely,IshouldpausetomentiontheexistenceofMAXC(thenameissaidtobeanacronymforMultipleAccessXeroxComputer).Overtheyears,thefolkinCSLbuilttwoMAXC's.Eachwasagood-sizedmicroprogrammedcomputerthatspentitsdaysemulatingaPDP-10:runningTENEX,andtimesharingawaywiththebestofthem.OneoftheMAXC'sstillsurvives,theoneinitiallyknownasMAXC2,anditservesusnowprimarilyastheInternet'sinterfacetotheArpanet.VestigesofMAXC1stillsurviveassouvenirsinsomepeople'soffices.MostofthestuffgoingbetweentheInternetandtheArpanetiselectronicmail;ourmailsystemsunderstandaboutArpanetrecipients,sothereisnoneedtotalktoMAXCdirectlyjusttosendArpanetmail.ThereareafewothercomputingtasksthatMAXCcanperformandthatnoonehasyethadtheenergytosupplyinsomeotherway,suchasarchivingfilesontomagnetictape.ButmostfolksshouldbeabletospendtheirtimeherequitehappilywithoutevertalkingdirectlytoMAXC.1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% Оg'yН%ЯОg'xН+KОg'yН,3Оg'xsНHDОg'xН ЛО_/Н╣Н~НДНЫН╧Н]Н(Н!ЖН%їН)НН-юН0┴Н5Н7/Н8ґН:mН?iНAшНEН ЛО]┬Н╣НВН_Н;Н┼Н%Н`Н &Н$DН'{Н)иН0yН3BН6zН;Н=fН@▒НBНFіНHeН ЛО[ЮН АНjНнН╟Н2Н█Н ZН#БН&дН*LН.yН2. Н:%Н;іН@╟НDН ЛОZ9НЬН·НNН·|Н ЛОVсН╗НщН-НsНяxНўОSmННН┐НкН%НфН#І Н*РН+БН0EН4Н5єН:ЗН=AНCНDіН ЛОQфНмН√Н НКН║Н⌡Н■Н AН"┤ОQ\ЧVН"┤ОQфН#щОQфН(5ОQ\ЧН(5ОQфН)>ОQфН,ўОQ\Ч Н,ўОQфН-ЇОQфН0ыОQ\ЧЧН0ыОQфН1вОQфН8мН╟НB≥НEНGАН ЛОPНЭН$Н╟ННdНПНЗ Н&ЁН2 Н8*Н:ыН>cН@НC#Н ЛОNwН/Н~НнН╔Нu Н'Н*≥Н-лН0DН3AН5Н9╘Н<фН>≤НAНFНН ЛОLпyН⌡ОLпНСОLпН▒НеНуН└НМxН!©ОLпН"eОLпН$▀Н%ВН*Н+ЩН/Н5'Н6ЙН9_ Н?⌠НEMНGН ЛОK(yН1ОK(НЭОK(Н~НЕНgН┬Н YН!╦Н&⌡Н'ЗН*эН/*xН2РОK(Н4HОK(Н6┐Н8DН:╛Н=ФНA╦НG/Н ЛОI│Н=ННpНвНP Н!÷Н%сН(lН+■Н0╒ Н7ыН;иНA/ НGкН ЛОGзН tНчНЦН?НЛН║НOН6Н$*Н&йН(wН+╡Н1Н4ШН8ЭН;NНЬНB╔НF_Н ЛОD▀Н Н╪Н╠Н≈Н©Н ■Н$eН&ЪН*SН-їН2Н4Н6УН8°Н<√Н?уНBСНFН ЛОBДНАНМНЯН┌Н wН"&Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪЄTVm$⌠THEBRIEFINGBLURB9LocalProgrammingEnvironmentsVariousprogrammingenvironmentshavegrownuparoundthevariouspiecesofhardwarementionedabove.Youcangetasoftwaremeritbadgesimplybywritingonenon-trivialprogramineachenvirnoment.ProgrammingonMAXCSincewewerediscussingMAXCjustamomentago,let'sgetitoutofthewayfirst.Fromasoftwarepointofview,MAXCisaPDP-10.Thus,itisprogrammedeitherintheassemblerMacro-10orelseinoneofavarietyofhigherlevellanguages[14].Fortunately,therearen'tallthatmanynewprogramsthathavetobewrittentorunonMAXCanymore.BCPLThefirsthigh-levelprogramminglanguageusedontheAltowasBCPL,andquiteabitofprogramwritingwasdoneinthatenvironmentovertheyears.Bynow,however,essentiallynonewprogrammingisbeingdoneinBCPL.Thelanguageitselfwillbearoundforsometimetocome,sincethereareBCPLprogramsthatperformvaluableservicesforus:theprintserverprogramsPressandSpruceandthefileserverprogramIFSarethreeimportantexamples.Ofthebetter-knowncomputerlanguages,BCPLisclosesttoC.ThefundamentaldatatypeinBCPLisasixteen-bitword.Therearefacilitiesinthelanguageforbuildingstructureddataobjectsincludingrecordsandpointers.Butthereisnotype-checkinginthelanguageatall.Forexample,iffooisapointertoarecordoftypenodethatincludesafieldnamednext,thatfieldisreferencedinBCPLbywriting``foo>>node.next'',whichmeans``treatfooasapointertoanode,andextractthenextfield''.Inastronglytypedlanguage,youwouldn'thavetomentionthatfoowasapointertoanode,sincethecompilerwouldbekeepingtrackofthefactthatfoowassodeclared.TheBCPLcompiler,however,thinksoffooasasixteenbitvalue,justlikeanyothersixteenbitvalue.Forexample,itwouldbelegalinBCPLtowrite``(foo+7)>>node.next'',or``foo>>otherNode.next''.SomeofthestrictnessoftheMesaapproachtotype-checkingandversionmatchingdiscussedbelowmaybeareactiontoBCPL'sfree-wheelingwaysofhandlingtheseissues.FurtherdetailsabouttheBCPLlanguageandenvironmentcanbefoundelsewhere<14,15,16>.ThedebuggerintheBCPLenvironmentwasnamed``Swat''.Thisnameispreservedinthelocaldialectasthenameofthebottomofthethreeunmarkedkeysattherightedgeofthekeyboard.Variousdebuggersmaybeinvokedinvariousenvironmentsbydepressingthiskey,perhapsinconjunctionwiththeleft-handshiftkeyorthecontrolkey.(Therighthandshiftkeywon'tdo;itistooclosetotheswatkeyitselfforcomfort!)MesaMesaisastronglytyped,PASCAL-likeimplementationlanguagedesignedandbuiltlocally.ItfirstranonAltos.Herein,IshallcallthatsystemAlto/Mesa.DolphinsandDorados(butnotDandelions)canrunAlto/MesabyimpersonatinganAltoatsomelevel.MorerecentinstancesofMesanowrunonallofourD-machinesunderthePilotoperatingsystem.Inpassing,IshouldobservethatPilotisanoperatingsystemwritteninMesabyfolkinSDD.Itisaheavier-weightoperatingsystemthantheAltoOS,providingitsclientswithmultiprocessing,virtualmemory,andmappedfiles.Alto/MesaprogramsdonotusetheAltoOSatall,mostlybecauseMesaandBCPLhaverather1983EDITIONxН"Оg'yН#Оg'Н#ФОg'xН% Оg'yН%ЯОg'xН+KОg'yН,3Оg'xsНHDОg'zН ЛО^УН▓ НмxНўО[іНё НН"┤Н%ґН)фН+ЇН0UН2■Н7<Н;4Н<лНBЄН ЛОYЪНuНZН╩НзНыН(НїН#▀Н'пН)╒Н.*Н0╚ Н79Н<·Н>"НA)|Н ЛОV╟ НrНmxНўОS`НKН[Н■ НСН еН#NН$`Н)ІН,▄Н/MН1~Н2╪Н5Н6╩Н9Н;бН?GНCНDН ЛОQ╧Н ┴Н?НпНЇН НHН ?Н$Н%gН&я Н.СН2щН4┴Н6ФН=9НCkНE,НGАН ЛОPН╠Н┐НфНfН8Н║НН$cН(Н0Н3іН7═Н9╘Н<▒Н@uНC|Н ЛОNjН╨НН╞Н═НSНН≈Н·Н#┤Н&'|Н ЛОKxНўОGлН┌НW НЄ Н!CН'Н*>Н,@Н.°Н1╡Н4ZН8яН;┘Н?Н@1НBKНDН ЛОF%Н▌Н*Н█Н+НЙ Н ИН#РН&BН*├Н,⌠Н/ъН5╚ Н<(Н>Н@Э Н ЛОD}НIННjН НКН╣Н!mН$╩Н'XН):Н-ЙН0Н3·Н6╣Н8UНН▓НН"|НўО>ЁНКНwНН n Н'=Н+▄Н-$Н1╚Н3├Н6=Н9B НAsНDєНGАН ЛО=Н5НхН ННН═Н иН#D Н(нН*ёН-)Н3Н5zН; НAфНDРН ЛО;eННЭНгНН нН$kН%КН(Н0зН2°Н5Н:ИН<√Н?┼НBIНH.{Н ЛО9ҐxН_О9ҐНбО9ҐН ИН1ННФН.Н°Нt{Н ёО9ҐН!aО9ҐxН$О9ҐН$oО9ҐН&МН,oН-ЇН1{Н5╛О9ҐН6jО9ҐxН8<О9ҐН97О9ҐН<$Н?sН@Ч НGАН ЛО8НН НўО5⌡Н ЛО3Н СН0{НО3НzО3xНXО3НЩО3НЪН"НДН!▄{Н"╞О3Н#mО3xН%iО3Н&?О3Н(ОН-e{Н/ҐО3Н0|О3xН2кО3Н3EО3Н7zН9CН:fН?═НCpН ЛО1xН╪Н▒НЯН╧Н@{Н 'О1xН √О1xxН"■О1xН#▓О1xН%YН&°Н+~Н-F{Н.┴О1xН/GО1xxН1CО1xН29О1xН5еН8=Н>НBYНDcН ЛО/яН iН,Н√НM{Н&О/яН■О/яxН└О/яН│О/яН:НН$}Н'_Н+▄Н1╙Н7░Н;Ґ{Н=│О/яН=ОО/яxН?ъО/яН@└О/яНA≈НBкНGrН ЛО.)Н НН▐Н;НшН{НН 4Н$╨Н'eН-6Н.▄Н2╨Н4╚Н7ЯН9÷Н=аН?pНўО+ўННтН ЛО)3Н ╡Н[Н╙ НwН НpН Н$ЬН&√Н/GН1ОН6іН<∙НB▌НF▀Н ЛО'▀НОН +Н─НAНRН!ВН%fН'1Н,ЪН0⌡Н5|Н:╔Н?НBШНElН ЛО%ДН╡Нi НxННТН#Н)LН,:Н.wНўО#hН≈Н╡НrНДН Н&8Н(ЖН-▌Н3KН6wН:HН;фНBНCвНFIН ЛО!аНAНщН+НыН│НоН┤Н .Н"|Н%ТН,pН/xН0ЪН3MН6█Н9цН;jН=╦НDyН ЛО Н{Н─НrНЄНdН!-Н)аН+Ў Н2└Н5&Н8Н=CН>Р НFtН ЛОrНAНН.Н╧НrНгН nН#йН'Н*XН-кН0шН3fН7&Н:Н;`Н<аН? НB|НD НFtН ЛОкН│НчН|Н ЛО|xНўО-НPНЄНвНН9 Н$Д Н.╪Н4{Н:/Н<ъН@НEGНFЇН ЛО┘НfНrНВНРННAНрН!іН&' Н-ЩН4Н6ЎНXНAШНDЫНG┴Н ЛО7НТН фНi Н"Н=Н╣Н"Н(KН-рН/╨Н4ЧН6Н:ЁН?уНB╪НFНG·Н ЛО▐ННzН(НпНtН jН#;Н$ДН)=Н*╞Н,Н-9 Н6lН<┘Н@ШНDНFuН ЛО ХНёНБНҐННН&HН*ёН0hН3Н8mНўОmН╨НИН Н÷Н!0Н#ґН&ЦН)_Н+Н-yН2Н7EН;Н=ъНBНE│Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪ ДTVm$PTHEBRIEFINGBLURB10differentphilosophiesabouttherun-timeworldinwhichtheyexist.SothefirstthingthataMesaprogramdoeswhenrunningonanAltoistojuntaawayalmostalloftheOS,andsetaboutbuildingaseparateMesaworld.ItisaconsiderablenuisanceforMesaandBCPLprogramstocommunicate,sincetheirunderlyinginstructionsetsarecompletelydifferent.So,mostoftheimportantOSfacilities,suchasthefilesystem,hadtobere-implementeddirectlyinMesa.Mesa'smemorymanagementstrategiesreplacetherevolutionarytacticsof``junta''and``counter-junta''withtherelativeanarchyofsegmentswapping.AfairamountofsoftwarewaswritteninAlto/Mesa,butlittlenewprogrammingisbeingdoneinthatenvironment;thatis,Alto/Mesaisn'tquiteatdeadasBCPL,butitisgettingthere.PerhapsthecrownjewelsofAlto/MesaarethesystemsLaurel,Grapevine,Mockingbird,andGriffin.Youwillbehearingmoreabouttheformertwointhesectiononelectronicmail;tofindoutmoreaboutthelattertwo,checkouttheirentriesintheGlossary.ThePilotversionofMesaisthehometolotsofactiveprogramminginseverallocations.First,itisthesysteminwhichtheStarproductwasandisbeingimplementedbyOSD.TheprogrammersinOSDhavedevelopedasetoftoolsforprogramminginMesavariouslycalledthe``ToolsEnvironment''or``Tajo''.Thisbodyofsoftwaremaysoonbemarketedunderthename``theMesaDevelopmentEnvirnoment''.Inaddition,PilotMesaisthecurrentbaseoftheCedarprojectinCSLandISL.MoreonCedarlater.AlthoughMesaprogramslookalotlikePASCALprogramswhenviewedinthesmall,Mesaprovidesandenforcesamodularizationconceptthatallowslargeprogramstobebuiltupoutofsmallerpieces.Thesesmallerpiecesarecompiledseparately,andyetthestrongtypecheckingofMesaisenforcedevenbetweendifferentmodules.Thebasicideaistostructureasystembydeterminingcertainabstractcollectionsoffacilitiesthatsomeportionsofthesystemwillsupplytootherportions.Suchanabstractioniscalledan``interface'',anditiscodifiedforthecompiler'sbenefitinaMesasourcefilecalledan``interfacemodule''.Aninterfacemoduledefinescertaintypes,andspecifiesacollectionofproceduresthatactonvaluesofthosetypes.Onlytheprocedureheadersgointotheinterfacemodule,nottheprocedurebodies(exceptforINLINE's,sadtosay).Thismakessense,sincealltheinterfacemodulehastodoistogivethecompilerenoughinformationsothatitcantype-checkprogramsthatusetheabstraction.Havingspecifiedtheinterface,someluckyhackerthenhasthejobofimplementingitthatis,ofwritingtheprocedurebodiesthatactuallydothework.Theseprocedurebodiesgointoadifferenttypeofmodulecalledan``implementationmodule''.Animplementationmoduleissaidto``export''theinterfacethatitisimplementing;itmayalso``import''otherinterfacesthatitneedstodoitsjob,interfacesthatsomeotherprogramwillimplement.Insimplesystems,eachinterfaceisexportedbyexactlyonemodule.Insuchasystem,thereisn'tmuchquestionaboutwhoshouldbesupplyingwhichservicestowhom.Infact,inthesesimplecases,thebinding,thatis,theresolutionofimportsandexports,canbedoneontheflybytheloader.Butinmorecomplexcases,theremightbeseveraldifferentmodulesinthesystemthatcansupplythesameserviceundersomewhatdifferentconditions,orwithsomewhatdifferentperformance.Then,thejobofdescribingexactlywhichmodulesaretosupplywhichservicestowhichothermodulescanbecomerathersubtle.Awholelanguagewasdevisedtodescribethesesubtlecases,calledC/Mesa.TheBinderistheprogramthatreadsaC/Mesadescription,calledaconfig,andbuildsarunnablesystembyfillingimportsrequestfromexportsaccordingtotherecipe.TheMesalanguageisdescribedbyamanual[18].Itliessomewherebetweenatutorialandareferencemanual.Somepeoplefindsomeportionsofitratherobscure;inparticular,thediscussionofinterfacesandimplementationsinChapter7isoftencitedasconfusing.Tomakemattersalittleworse,thatmanualdocumentsMesaversion5.0;thecurrentAlto/Mesaisversion6.0,andPilotmesahasadvancedevenfurther.FromthepointofviewoftheMesalanguageitself,themostimportantchangesthathaveoccurredsinceversion5.0aretheintroductionofsequencesandzonesinversion6.0;theyaredocumentedforyourreadingpleasure<19>.YoumayalsobeinterestedinJimMorris'scomments1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/НҐНвНЕНpН$LН(cН*=Н.vН1╡Н6Н8HН:сН=жНA√НD░НEФН ЛО]┬Н~Н╡НkНіН╟НєН"аН$0Н%БН)oН,ПН1YН3MН5 Н7lН:'Н<БН?НBХНHeН ЛО[ЮН<НщН⌠ННfН┤Н#mН) Н+?Н.ЮН1▐Н5╘Н;ЁН=YНFН ЛОZ9Н = Н8 ННйН ( Н'. Н-дН0.Н3∙Н5XН7бН>.Н@≤ НF]Н ЛОX▓Н╘НН▒НsН:НЬНЬ Н%ЭН+Н,ЎН1aН5ВН;s НC° Н ЛОVЙНсН[НЖНCН %Н%8Н(Н2!Н5eН7МН<УНBJНD,Н ЛОUCНўОRхНEНшНЯН╣Н8НОН$ґН&f Н-╦Н0DН3─Н6y Н?Н@█НDcНGАН ЛОQ НеНХНбН▒Н!▀Н$░Н(%Н)хН-1Н.ЙН3pН5ЭН7]Н8тН=qНAМНG/Н ЛОOyНН>ННЧН]НхН$тН)² Н0еН9dН<'НAлНDГНG·Н ЛОMрНБНvНZН╩НMНЗН!╘Н$ Н(╗Н*╟ Н0РН5Н6╪Н9╚Н<"Н?ЇНC НEШН ЛОL*НПНрНGН▌НЪНґННўОI╞Н░НЮН╠НtН'Н²Н!Н$ФН&·Н)>Н+Н.В Н7⌠Н9KН=Ф НD░НH9Н ЛОHНgН уН_НН9Н╗Н Н"лН%├Н(MН)гН-║ Н6Н8 Н<└Н?k НGАН ЛОFaН lН╣НOН{Н НUН╘Н!Х Н*}Н,-Н/ыН5ІН9╟Н<Н@▌Н ЛОD╧НъН╙НТН║Н┼Н 2Н#eН&шН(ШН/>Н3pН5ЪН9НН=-НA Н ЛОC НеН▓НWН°Н"CН#ґН& Н*рН-КН/╒Н1ЪН6Н:╠Н<]Н?▀НBAНEпН ЛОAkНРН НўО>ОН╞Н;Н1Н-Н 9Н".Н$╪Н*╠Н0іН4>Н8хН:YН<⌡Н@tНDН ЛО=HН╡Н/Нh НЯН"Н$ТН)0Н,іН2хН4┘Н6┘Н9шН;ЭН>─Н@HНEН ЛО;║Н ГНїН╧ННЭ Н%╦Н(iН*╙Н-Н1)Н42Н9ГН;≥Н?;Н@÷НFIН ЛО9ЫН░НkН5НBН"ЙН&Н'╨Н)²Н/▐Н0НН5÷Н7п Н?╪НDxН ЛО8R Н█Н/ НzН0Н╛Н"ВН$≤Н&ЮН+DН-вН20Н3гН7NН=^Н@╨НB⌠ Н ЛО6╚Н┘Н╘Нг НRН7Н╨НSН$нН'8Н)е Н0┴Н5_Н7:Н8▒ННОН#┌Н&Н,╔Н1яН3БН6шН9[Н?!НD НG/Н ЛО1╣НgН╨yН3О1╣НЇО1╣Н═НdНжН!гН#xН&О1╣Н&ЙО1╣Н)Н-EН14Н4÷Н6┤Н8ъН>}НCuНEБНG┬Н ЛО0 НXН НТНSННЬ Н$┌Н&FН)Н*kН,Ж Н3щН9ПН<ЎН?3НA⌠НўО-▓Н▒Н\Нй НвН#yН'=Н+ҐН.РН1vН3ДН6]Н8%Н@СНFНGжН ЛО+КН≈НПНlН©Н┤Н#√Н%√Н'НН,9Н04Н6╟Н;Н<ЛН?ҐН@ЮНFН ЛО*DНжНН0НRН"Н)Н+├ Н5√Н:гН#НCНF√Н ЛО"рН кНdНNН[НЮН ыН'-Н+CН0VН2 Н7(Н9Н<Н=дНAVНEдН ЛО!+{НJО!+НШО!+xН÷О!+НzО!+НGН Нi НсН ▀Н%∙Н(KН-vН0Н1ПН5aН7fН9еН;уН=оН@.НE@НGАН ЛО└Н ∙Н0НН╠НЎН еН%lН+(Н0цН2┤Н4ЩН9▌Н Н@─НE│Н ЛО▌НЦНwН▀НXН Н"Н#╩Н)&Н,ІН0кН4²Н8⌡Н>QНA0НEҐНG/Н ЛОФНhН$Н╟НхН Н#dН'I{Н(aОФН(ШОФxН+МОФН,ЇОФН/[Н3mН4└Н:CН>╛Н@∙НD└Н ЛО?НюН'НШН;НЙН!IНўОдНЄН▀ННН!qН#⌡Н$СН* Н-МН/▓Н25Н9┴Н?&Н@~НE─НHeН ЛОНДН÷НoНЕН нН$[Н)╧Н+lН,ҐН0еН6нН8w Н>ЪНAY НGжН ЛОu ННдН"НкН$Н%DН&╚Н*:Н-⌠Н/< Н6NН8qН< Н@ЗНBНEKН ЛОнНБНТН НчН!нН%XН'ъН,пН3ХН5{Н:kН='Н@НCuНGН ЛО&НЬН6Н╙НwНоН"fН$Н'IН(ЗН+RН.СН4╠Н8^Н:╣Н> НDbН ЛОНпН,НТН|НZН ╛Н#Н%▀Н-yН/HН5кН8≤Н<НCНFН ЛО ьНA ННZН≈Н▄Н#ЭН( Н+0Н.5Н1Н2У Н9BН:ЯН=·НCН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩ;TVm$═THEBRIEFINGBLURB11onhowprogramsshouldbestructuredinMesa[20].SmalltalkSmalltalkwasdevelopedbythefolkwhonowcallthemselvestheSoftwareConceptsGroup(formerlyknownastheLearningResearchGroup).TheSmalltalklanguageisthepurestlocalembodimentof``object-oriented''programming:Acomputingworldiscomposedof``objects''.Theonlywaytomanipulateanobjectistobepolite,andaskittomanipulateitself.Oneasksbysendingtheobjectamessage.Allcomputinggetsdonebyobjectssendingmessagestootherobjects.Everyobjectisan``instance''ofsome``class''.Theclassdefinitionspecifiesthebehaviorofallofitsinstancesthatis,itspecifiestheirbehaviorinresponsetothereciptofvariousmessages.GenealogistswillrecognizethatideasfrombothSimulaandLispmadetheirwayintoSmalltalk,togetherwithtracesofmanyotherlanguages.Forsomeyearsnow,thefolkinSCGhavebeenworkingattryingtogettheSmalltalklanguageandsystemoutintothegreatwideworld.ThefirstpubliceventthatcameoutofthiseffortwastheAugust1981issueofBytemagazine;itwasdevotedtoSmalltalk-80,includingacolorfulcoverdrawingofthenowfamousSmalltalkballoon.Inaddition,theSCGfolkarewritingseveralbooksaboutSmalltalk,andtheyareplanningtolicensethesystemitselftovariousoutsidevendors.Thefirstofthebooks,entitledSmalltalk-80:TheLanguageandItsImplementation,emergedfromthepressesatAddison-Wesleyjustrecently[21].FuturebookswillincludeSmalltalk-80:TheInteractiveProgrammingEnvironment,andSmalltalk-80:BitsofHistory,WordsofAdvice.Interlisp-DLISPisthestandardlanguageoftheArtificialIntelligencecommunity.PureLISPisbasicallyacomputationalincarnationofthelambdacalculus;buttheLISPdialectsincommonusearericherandbiggerlanguagesthanpureLISP.InterlispisonedialectofLISP,anoutgrowthofanearlierlanguagecalledBBN-LISP;formorehistoricaldetails,readthefirstfewpagesoftheInterlispReferenceManual[22].OneofthebiggeststrengthsofInterlispisthelargebodyofsoftwarethathasdevelopedtoassistpeopleprogramminginInterlisp.ConsiderthemanyfeaturesofInterlisp:aninterpreter,acompatiblecompiler,sophisticateddebuggingfacilities,astructure-basededitor,aDWIM(DoWhatIMean)errorcorrectionfacility,aprogrammer'sassistant,theCLISPpackageforAlgol-likesyntax,theMasterscopestaticprogramanalysisdatabase,andtheTransorLISP-to-LISPtranslator,tonameafew.Interlispitselfhasbeenimplementedseveraltimes.Interlisp-10isthewidely-usedversionthatrunsonPDP-10's.Interlisp-DisanimplementationofInterlispontheD-machines[23],producedbyfolkatPARC.IntheprocessofbuildingInterlisp-D,theboundarybetweenInterlispandtheunderlyingvirtualmachinewasmoveddownwardsomewhat,tominimizethedependenciesofInterlisponitssoftwareenvironment;thatis,functionsthatwereconsideredprimitiveinInterlisp-10wereimplementedinLispitselfinInterlisp-D.ButtheprincipalinnovationsofInterlisp-DaretheextensionsthatgivetheInterlispuseraccesstothepersonalmachinecomputingenvironment:networkfacilitiesandhigh-levelgraphicsfacilities(includingawindowpackage)amongthem.Bytheway,Interlisphasthehonorofbeingthefirstsystem(tomyknowledge)tousetheprefix``Inter-''.Thisprefixhasbecomequitetherageoflate:Internet,Interpress,Interscriptyougetthegeneralidea.Cedar1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_'НРНЖН Н┘Нv Н!ЗН#╗Н'Q|Н ЛО[вxНўОX┤Н÷Н(Н÷НxН╣Н"kН%MН(.Н*≈ Н1eН3╒Н9<Н?НCqН ЛОVъН░Н]НшНжНэН$ЙН'АН.Н3ЬН5┌Н8НuНDIНEПНпОNНўОLНєНҐН(ННгН ─Н$ НўОJ/Н⌠Нп Н(НўН!Н&вН(²Н* Н,`Н.G Н7яН9╒Н;Н@▀НCъНпОH┬Н~Н#НяН1Н Н!лН&■НўОFНвН·НвН аН$ZН'эН+4Н/ВН2йН5ЪН9зН==Н@0НC# Н ЛОDeНPНkНLННоНo НўОAИНqННЎН3Н╚Н⌡Н!aН$МН(LН+аН11Н2БН6ЭН8цН;%Н=²НCиН ЛО@BНЇНGНпН╪Н0НІН Н%Н'ВН*ДН/2Н2ШН5щН9┘Н<Н=шН@▒НDpНG/Н ЛО> НіНГН?НТН Н!(Н"zН%!Н*TН+ЪН4@Н:PН;uН@▓НDBН ЛО<СНФН┤НмНАН6Н#┴Н%≥Н+╒Н.CН1ВН5Н7єН<≤НAjНEґН ЛО;L НWН ННoН)НвН$QН&╟Н+*Н.├Н03Н4ШН9цН?иНB═НEwНG/Н ЛО9єН║{НЭО9єНыО9єНЦН Н&╛Н)╙Н, xН5JО9єН6┌О9єНН@▀НBъНFьН ЛО,gН-Н─НўНСНgН$ИН&]Н)Н-Н/@Н3)Н5"Н;цН=└Н?}НCиН ЛО*юН шН╨НННy Н!XН%ВН)Н+_Н..Н0фН4┬Н69Н8▐Н>НDyН ЛО)Н }Н├НDН╗НUН,Н ЙН&hН'ыН*>Н-╙Н1,Н2ЙН8hН;<Н=ІНDSНFН ЛО'qНe НУН║ НЯН$кН'(Н*ПН0Н1п Н8BН:0НAUНB} Н ЛО%йНН4НУ Н$ЇН%ХН/┐Н3ДН5Н9ЗН:tО%`ЧН:tО%йН;⌠О%йН<зО%`ЧaН<зО%йН>:О%йН@║О%`Ч└Н@║О%йНA╠О%`ЧVНA╠О%йНCО%йНFН ЛО$" НyНnНґН┌ Н%SН'хН,dН1╪Н4 Н:└Н?6НA╛ Н ЛО"{Н vННН Н дН##Н(CН0М Н7dН9Н<рН=ЭНўОЪННnНыН+ Н#rН'ЬН,iН3╡Н5Н7h Н>СНC╠НFtН ЛОXНЧН─ Н·НН Н'ЩН)цН/HН1ZН3ф Н;tН>┐НD╟НFЇН ЛО╟Н║ННН│НqНFН!эН)bН+чН2/Н7╨Н=OН@#НB÷ Н ЛО Н┼НRНAНН#Н*Н,Н2LН4ОН=╠Н?ўНEkНGЄН ЛОbНQН5НПН═Н"┼Н%DН(│ Н/SН5&Н6аН>НA= Н ЛО╨Н⌠Н╔НЗН║ННН qН&1 Н-┤Н/9 Н6CН8▐Н:Г НA┌НDIНG/Н ЛОНwН┌Н╒НbНсН iН&Н,ЛН5├Н:П Н@eНC. Н ЛОlН[ НЎ НKНuН!═Н'\Н+БyНўОПНcНOНБНHНEН1НtНшН"ИН$уН'!Н*╪Н,{Н.f Н4QН5╞Н7╛Н9≈Н<р НAбНDCНG}Н ЛОIН ЧНрН╦Н"Н┌НhНД Н#EН+qН-EН/+Н3|Н ЛОЫxН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪГTVm$THEBRIEFINGBLURB12Backin1978,folkinCSLbegantoconsiderthequestionofwhatprogrammingenvironmentwewoulduseontheemergingD-machines.Aworkinggroupwasformedtoconsidertheprogrammingenvironmentsthatthenexisted(Lisp,Mesa,andSmalltalk)andtoformacatalogofprogrammingenvironmentcapabilities,rankedbybothbyvalueandbycost.Asomewhatcleaned-upversionofthereportofthatworkinggroupisavailableasablue-and-whiteforyourperusal[24].Afterponderingthealternativesforawhile,CSLchosetobuildanewprogrammingenvironment,basedontheMesalanguage,thatwouldbethebasisformostofourprogrammingduringthenextfewyears.Thatnewenvironmentisnamed``Cedar''.Cedardocumentationisinaconstantstateofflux;indeed,itmightbesaidthatCedarasawhole,notonlyitsdocumentation,isinaconstantstateofflux.Muchofthedocumentationforthecurrentreleaseisaccessiblethrougha``.df''filenamedManual.df<25>.Hardcopiesofthispacketofstuff,entitled``TheCedarManual'',areproducedfromtimetotime,anddistributedtoCedarprogrammers.TheprogramminglanguageunderlyingCedarisessentiallyMesawithgarbagecollectionadded.Now,addinggarbagecollectionactuallychangesthingsquiteabit.Firstofall,itchangesprogrammingstyleinlargesystemstremendously.Withoutgarbagecollection,youhavetoenforcesomesetofconventionsaboutwhoownsthestorage.WhenIcallyouandpassyouastringargument,wemustagreewhetherIamjustlettingyoulookatmystring,orIamactuallyturningoverownershipofthestringtoyou.Ifwedon'tseeeyetoeyeonthispoint,eitherwewillendupbothowningthestring(andyouwillaggravatemebychangingmystring!)orelseneitherofuswillownit(anditsstoragewillneverbereclaimedastorageleak).Oncegarbagecollectionisavailable,mostoftheseproblemsgoaway:God,inthepersonofthegarbagecollector,ownsallofthestorage;itgetsreclaimedwhenitisnolongerneeded,andnotbefore.Butthereisapricetobepaidforthisconvenience.Thegarbagecollectortakestimetodoitswork.Inaddition,allprogrammersmustfollowcertainrulesaboutusingpointerssoasnottoconfusethegarbagecollectoraboutwhatisgarbageandwhatisnot.Thus,programsintheprogramminglanguageunderlyingCedarlookalotlikeMesaprograms,buttheyaren'treallyMesaprogramsatall,onadeeperlevel.Toavoidconfusion,wedecidedtousethename``Cedar''todescribetheCedarprogramminglanguage,aswellastheenvironmentbuiltontopofit.Cedarisreallytwoprogramminglangauges:arestrictedsubsetcalledthesafelanguage,andtheunrestrictedfulllanguage.Programmerswhosticktothesafelanguagecanrestsecureintheconfidencethatnothingthattheycanwritecouldpossiblyconfusethegarbagecollector.Theirbugswillnotriskbringingdowntheentireenvironmentaroundtheminarubbleofbits.Thosewhochoosetoveeroutsideofthesafelanguagehadbetterknowwhattheyaredoing.ThosewhowanttoknowmoreaboutCedarareonceagainencouragedtodredgeupacopyoftheCedarManual<25>.ItincludesdocumentationonhowCedardiffersfromMesa,annotatedexamplesofCedarprograms,manualsformanyofCedar'scomponentparts,aCedarcatalog,andlotsofothergoodstuff.Bytheway,themostauthoritativesourceforwhatthecurrentCedarcompilerwilldoonfunnyinputscanbefoundinadocumentcalledtheCedarLanguageReferenceManual,alsoknownbytheacronymCLRM.ThisislogicallypartoftheCedarManual,butitiscurrentlyboundseparately,andonlyavailableindraftform.TheCLRMsuggestsaparticulardesignphilosophyforbuildingapolymorphiclanguagethatisasupersetofthecurrentCedar,sincethatisthedirectioninwhichtheauthorsoftheCLRM,ButlerLampsonandEdSatterthwaite,wouldliketonudgetheCedarlanguage.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xНўО_/Н.НУН╛Н°НcН╛Н!рН#≥Н)+Н+єН1MН3Н6■ Н?@ НGgН ЛО]┬Н5НфНГНaН└ Н$8Н%ъН+QН/oН25Н7$Н8МН>┌Н@Э Н ЛО[ЮНҐНиН-НН"2Н&qН)f Н01Н3&Н5Н8╦Н: Н?Н@Э Н ЛОZ9 НН}Н Н "Н#eН%gН)Н+уН-вН1▌Н3!Н9⌠ Н@║НEpНG/Н ЛОX▓ННбН▄НЮНъНGН"ЧН$╘Н%о Н/HН1┌Н4╨Н9─Н=Н@⌡НG/Н ЛОVЙНhНЦНKН√НН!Н"ШН&ыН(AН+m Н4>Н<ЦНAНCHНEЕН ЛОUCННЧН?НCН╣Н$Н!tН$ЦН&╞Н)M Н1РН6vН8ХН< Н>ЎНCGНF║Н ЛОS° НШНfНМ НўОQНдН(Н▒Н=НeН#рН'Н(╦Н,┴Н1fН2╨Н6╞Н8·Н;tН>@НBVНDНE*Н ЛОOuНsН÷Н▀ Н[НыН≥НуН%VН(≥Н*dН.;Н2PН4Н6▄Н@НBTНDеН ЛОMмН°Н1 Н⌡НЩНPН ВН#┼Н(;Н/Н3┤ Н:ПН<сН?·НD#НFН ЛОL&НМНuН█Н╛НЪН%Н(├Н+╛Н-ZН0ьН3▐ Н:│Нґ НEН ЛОGЪН ·Н*НE НsН"└Н'╙Н+╪Н/@Н0dН3QН6▒Н8DН:├Н;жН@Э Н ЛОFWН ^НMНУН6Н"(Н'ьН-: Н4 Н7Н:┴Н╙НEbНG/Н ЛОAaН вН⌡НXНПН,НжН?НтН!≤Н$-Н&HН(ЪН-Н1 Н3JН6Н8ьН:ЪН>QНCDНE╧Н ЛО?╨Н НиНpН┴НвНн{Н"╔О?╨Н#╩О?╨xН$ЮО?╨Н%dО?╨Н)ёН+bН.Н2аН4uН6?Н8ФН;ДН=5Н@aНB6НFДН ЛО>Н рНч НJНН!░Н%JН*├ Н0жН2] Н8▀Н<Н=вНA{НG÷Н ЛО√НAШНEЕН ЛО7uН9НЩН╚Н НнНзН9Н#ZН(ИН,кН0(Н1■Н6╣Н9lН<иН>5НўО4ЖН┐Н∙НBН║ Н#3Н(Ь Н/ГН3ЧН7Н8@Н:QН<ШН@ёНGН ЛО3NН НШНтН▄НўН VН"ґН$бН%ШН*▒Н.пН1Н4у Н;┤Н=ҐНBННD╚НG/Н ЛО1їН ╚Н$НрН6Н∙Н ґ Н)?Н/]Н1Н3ЬН5іН8 Н@НC[НEaНGжН ЛО0НZН░НННл Н!| Н)Н*H Н0eН4╡Н8г{Н;DО0Н;иО0Н>%xНC`О0НDZО0НG/Н ЛО.XНlНКНu Н"зН%рН(ЖН*≥Н,ЛН/ґН5gН7ФН:{Н>╘Н@JНB· Н ЛО,╠НиНМНйНХН┌НН!ХН'DН,]Н.кН3З Н:┐Н>QНAіНD`НFДН ЛО+ Н°Н▓НН6 Н"pН'ZН+Н,ИН.?Н2яН4ІН8▀Н<нН?ЧНD╠НF▀Н ЛО)bН╣НnНнН НaНН"Н%пН)-Н,=Н.░НўО&ЦНдНхН$НяН▐Н "Н$Н(Н*lН-╡Н1Z Н8ўН:[Н>ЛН@ЩНB&НEwНG/Н ЛО%;НН9НyННsН'ИН)ЪН-Н1:Н5≥Н9Н= НC▓Н ЛО#■Н╪НЛНnНСНHН"*Н#ЗН)Н0EН4Н5]Н9█Н>єНArНD НEПН ЛО!МН nН НфН5НtНЦНOН'dН+цН.Н1}Н3ЛН8еН<МНBЇНErНG┴Н ЛО EН ИНН≥Н└Н▄Н5НZН#аН'ЄН*Н.!Н4fН:ЦН@KНCНG⌠Н ЛО·Н_ННАНН█Н"Н%Н&яН)CН-oН2ПН5└Н6МН8lН>\НBк Н ЛОВНгННЦН╣Н5НюН"╩Н'їН-Н.e Н4©Н91 Н@gНBхНHeН ЛОO ННЬНБНiНўН#"Н$ЖН'qН,VН0АН4oН7YН8ЮН;[НA=НCНG/Н ЛО╗НжН▐НОНН=Н"FН$ЩН'0 Н/пН3ЧН6╙Н8XН<┤Н>ФНBЧН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЩTVm$ыTHEBRIEFINGBLURB13LocalSoftwareThissectionisaonce-over-lightlyintroductiontosomeofthemajorsoftwaresystemsthatareavailableintheAltoandCedarworlds.First,letmemumblesomegeneralwordsabouthowsuchsubsystemsaredocumented.ThemostcommonlyusedAltosubsystemsaredocumentedinatomecalledtheAltoUser'sHandbook[26].Thelesscommonlyusedonesaredocumentedinacatalogentitled``AltoSubsystems''<27>.Inaddition,SuzanJeromewroteaBravoprimeraimedatnon-programmers[28].InCedar,thecurrentbestsourcesaretheCedarManualmentionedabove<25>,andabrandnewpublicdatabase,sittingonAlpine,containingwhiteboardsofCedardocumentation.Unfortunately,Iwon'thearaboutthelatteruntilDealertomorrow,sothatIcan'ttellyouanymoreaboutitatthemoment;I'msorry,butthat'slifeinarapidlychangingworld.Wow!I'veseenthewhiteboardsstuffnow,andit'sflashy!MaybethisisthelastversionoftheBriefingBlurbthatI'lleverhavetowrite.FilingWhenprogrammingintheAltoworld,orincurrentCedar,youaredealingwithtwodifferenttypesoffilesystems:localandremote.Thelocalfilesystemsitsonyourmachine'sharddisk.Remotefilesystemsarelocatedonfileservers,machineswithbigdisksthatarewillingtostorefilesforyou.Localfilesystemshaveseveralunpleasantcharacteristicsincomparisonwiththeremotesystems:theyaresmall,andtheyaren'tveryreliable.Bothoftheseproblemshaveconsequences.Becauselocalfilesystemsaresmall,itisn'tingeneralpracticaltostoremorethanoneversionofafileonthelocaldisk.Thus,inourcurrentlocalfilesystems,writinga``newversion''ofafilereallymeanswritingontopoftheoldone.Nearlyeveryonewhoisn'taccustomedtothis(particularlyPDP-10hackers)getsburnedbyitatleastonce.Thereisoneimportantexceptiontothisgeneralruleof``nooldversions'',however:ourtexteditorsmaintainonebackupcopyofeachfilebeingeditedasaseparatefile,whosenameendswithadollarsign.Thatis,thebackupcopyof``foo.tioga''isstoredinthefile``foo.tioga$'',andsimilarlyforBravo.Notethatourremotefileserversdomaintainmultipleversionsoffiles.Lettingoldversionsofthingsaccumulateisoneeasywaytooverflowyourdiskusageallocationonaremoteserver.Nodiskiscompletelyreliable.Ourremotefileservershaveautomaticbackupfacilitiesthatprotectusfromcatastrophicdiskfailures.Butthelocalfilesystemshavenosuchautomaticprotection.Sincethisprotectionisn'tprovidedautomatically,itbehoovesyoutoadjustyourbehaviorappropriately:makesurethat,onaregularbasis,backupcopiesoftheinformationonyourlocaldiskareputinsomesafeplace,suchasonaremotefileserverwheresuitableprecautionsareconstantlybeingtakenbywizardstoprotectagainstdiskfailure.DoingthisisonefacetofwhatismeantbythephraseLivingCleanly,whichdeservesitsownsection.LivingCleanly(alsoknownas``Keepingyourbagspacked'')Thephrases``livingcleanly''and``keepingyourbagspacked''refertoaparticularstyleofuseofyourlocalfilesystem.Inordertounderstandthecosmicissuesinvolved,weshouldpausetodiscussthewaysinwhichlocalandremotefilesystemshavebeenusedovertheyears.BackintheAltodays,personalfileswereusuallystoredonone'sAltodiskpack,whileproject-relatedandotherpublicfileswerestoredonremoteservers.Carefulfolkwouldoccasionallystorebackupcopiesoftheirpersonalfilesonremoteserversaswell,incaseofaheadcrash.But,asageneralrule,onethoughtofone'sAltopackastherepositoryofone'selectronicstate.ThismadesharingAltosquiteconvenient,sinceyoucouldturnanyphysicalAltointo``yourAlto''justbyspinningupyourdiskpack.InthegloriousworldoftheCedarfuture,allofyourpersonalfilesaswellasallpublicfileswillliveonfileserversinthenetwork.Thediskattachedtoyourpersonalcomputerwill,fromtimetotime,containcopiesofsomeofthisnetworkinformation,forperformancereasons;butyouwon'thavetodo1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'zН ЛО^УН▓xНўО[іННэН┐НХН"ЁН*гН,╠Н0─Н2uН5Н9BН>ЖНD1НG;Н ЛОYЪНпН╗Н0НtНTН√Н$4Н'ЭН*!Н,·Н26Н5РН:НН?%НC0НF]Н ЛОXX НГН$ НґНnН!ЄН(aН+┤Н.┼ Н5┘Н7ц Н?┘НAНB0НE≤Н ЛОV╟НqН╠ННЗНлН!йН$┘Н+nН.пН2%Н4÷ Н<·Н>qН?аНD▌Н ЛОU Н дНвННРН!гН%НН*оН.ЁН/КН3ЗН8▐Н<юН>fН ЛОSbН nН:Н╗ННкН╛Н"}Н$нН'+Н+@Н0SН7+Н;*Н>еНAzНB║НF║Н ЛОQ╨НIН^НєНмНм Н&╘ Н.┐Н0^Н4≥ Н? НH├Н ЛОPН ЮН$Н/Н╦НvНФН#▀Н*aН,NН/FН0xН3ТН6|Н9\Н<&Н?ЦНCННEmНG/Н ЛОNlН\НХН©НBНОНZН! Н"6Н&ЙН,иyН1∙ОNlН2╞ОNlН5HН7uН9РН;ы НBНD√НGHН ЛОLдНўНўН^НyН°Н┌Н┌НUНІН!°Н%ьН(СН+1Н,ЙН/TН1СН3K|Н ЛОIvxНўОF'Н╨ Н@НЦН6Н DН$|Н&4Н'жН,⌠Н0ЬН3ёН5ЙН:╡Н=аН@aНEШН ЛОDН╙НННkН'НЄН"▒Н%эН(JН,кН/.Н1:Н4zН:ЮН>!НAУНG%Н ЛОBьНЛН@НЪННpНYН%bН(~Н*щН.PН1Н3sН7ЫН9╗Н=Н?СНB1НEдН ЛОA1Н}НєННк Н ыН)бН+≤ Н3Н6aН8ХН=ЇНDНG;Н ЛО?┴Н БН Н╘Н▀Н≥Н ^Н#╩Н%tН(ЩН/Н2LНўО=НСН<Н╗Н╚НН"ШН$TН'PН)Н-вН3`Н5Н8pН<Н?0НAчНF╘НHeН ЛО;gНmН▀НН`НZНGН Н ╟Н%▒Н(ОН+pН0ЮН5╙Н6КН:║Н@1НBНCDНEеН ЛО9юН#НиНбН+НвН)Н├Н ТН%qН+@Н.7Н1$ Н8┌Н:$Н<╦НDnН ЛО8НlНKН&Н4Н°НFН}Н#цН'жН)TН,Н2└Н8кН:▄Н=?НB$НE НFьН ЛО6qНA Н│НзНPНСН"eН(Н*ёН/dН2║Н4EН7bН9ЇН=mНA┬НC!НD6Н ЛО4йН©НЪНпННIН┘Н █Н$nН'гН)°Н, Н0ТН4WН6!Н=CН>юНBУНDЄНG%Н ЛО3"НШН╘Н9НmН!8Н$іН'kН)МН.▀Н0КН5sН7pН="НB⌠НGжН ЛО1{Н нНёННrН7Н \ Н'°Н)Н+лН.эН1юН3{Н96Н<~Н?xНCO Н ЛО/тНРН НцНўО-YННЖН^ НVН Н"СН'√Н)ЭН.┴Н1лН8Н<П НBOНEН ЛО+╠НдН3НрНхН▓Н"<Н$ёН'РН*cН/kН2╧Н4хН8Н>` НEыН ЛО* Н{ НЖНщН° Н$TН%≤Н+▌Н.2Н/нН3иН6РН<▐ НEшН ЛО(cНРН%Н8НnН-ННН оН% Н&пН)< Н0рН2ЕН6-Н9─НзНAhНC"НFбН ЛО&╩Н ДН!НзНЛН!НсНHН!`Н%└Н*╔ Н2Н4d Н:РН>хНB■НD⌡Н ЛО%Н╚НeНННhН!╡Н$dН%АН(²Н,Н-йН18Н2╣Н6ТН9Н;q{Н?ГО%Н@зО%НD?xНH╡О%Н ЛО#mН ЗНsНMНQ{Н ЛО Н3Н+НqНяН┼Н"Н% Н(ЄxНўОоН²Н·Н;Н╙Н!xН'lН*ЎН-ШН3vН6чН8єН9Е Н@2НCyНEJНGжН ЛО(Н >Н НН·Н└НOН Н'SН)хН.eН2]Н8eН:ёН?5НC-НDРН ЛО─НKН╗НVНcН╙НaН Н"rН'qН*╦Н.Н1QН4jН6йНўОНЬН┴НкНхН(Н▐Н"`Н%■Н*)Н.0Н0Н3└Н6─Н9QН<сН@kН ЛО^Н█НН:ННLНYН IН$зН*Н.ЫН1╨Н5рН=\Н@╒НEaН ЛОІНюН!НюНиНЙН╛Н#WН% Н(│Н*IН-SН/&Н0kН3ЦН8┬Н;²Н=fН>╙НC≤НFЦН ЛОН,НН╗НЮНDНН█ Н&!Н'ЬН+· Н1ШН6CН9{Н=YНBJНFН ЛОh Н;Н╘Н[Н"Н"Н ЎН&Н)Н+ОН/уН3⌡Н67Н8.Н=цН?яНCНEПНўО МН░ННXНXН$Н≤Н"цН'SН)WН+$Н.sН4 Н7Н8мН;оН=░Н?■НCБНFЦН ЛОEН│Н|НзН`ННWНtН"AН%$Н*■Н,7Н/gН4ЮН;Н=ЬНATНDnНFН ЛО ·НеНМН═Н-НЮН|Н!мН)╙Н+А Н3ъН9╞Н<*Н>шНB÷НEЮНG┬Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪ бTVm$THEBRIEFINGBLURB14anythingtoachievethis,andyouwon'thavetoworryabouthowitisdone.Fromtheuser'spointofview,allfileswillactasiftheywereremoteatalltimes.Indeed,exceptinafewfunnycases,therewon'tevenbeanynotionof``localfile'';``file''willmean``remotefile''.Atthemoment,wearesittinginanunpleasanttrasitionalphasesomewherebetweenthesetwostylesofusageofthelocaldisk:weareattemptingtosimulatethelatterstatebymeansofmanualmethodsandsocialpressure.Wewantyoutothinkofyourdataasreallylivingoutonthefileservers.Thatistheproperpermanenthomeforyourpersonalfilesaswellasforpublicfiles.Youwillhavetobringcopiesofthesefiles,bothprivateandpublic,toyourlocaldiskinordertoworkonthem.But,attheendofeacheditingsession,youshouldstorethenewversionsoffilesthatyouhavecreatedbackouttotheirpermanentremotehomes.Noneofthishappensautomaticallyatpresent;youhavetomakeithappenmanuallybyusingvariousfileshufflingtools,suchasthe``DFfiles''discussedbelow.Usingthesetoolsisahassle,andlearninghowtousethemcanbeconfusing.But,therearefourimportantbenefitstobereapedfromadoptingacleanlivinglife-style.First,youaretakingasteptowardsthegloriousfuture.Secondly,youareprotectingyourselfagainstfailuresofthelocaldisk.Acleanliveronlyholdsinformationonherlocaldiskforthedurationofaneditingsession.Thisputsareasonableboundontheamountofinformationthatshecanlosebecauseofadiskcrash.Thirdly,therearevariousreasonswhyerasingyourlocaldiskisagoodideawhenupdatingtoanewreleaseoftheCedarsystem;sometimes,infact,itisrequired.Sincecleanlivingfolkdon'tkeeplongtermstateontheirlocaldisks,thisdoesn'tbotherthemintheslightest.Finally,andperhapsmostimportantly,cleanlivingisthekeytosharingdiskspaceonmachineswithoutremovabledisks.WhenyouuseapublicDolphinorDorado,youareforcedtoshareitsdiskspacewiththeothermembersofthecommunity.Thissharingispredicatedonapolicyofcleanliving:whenyoursessionisover,youmuststoreawayallofyourfilesonremotefileservers.Thepersonwhousesthemachinenextmayneedtofreeupsomediskspace;ifso,sheisperfectlyentitledtodeleteyourfileswithoutqualmorpause.Andyouwon'tmindabit,itsayshere,becauseyouhavebeenlivingcleanly.Theaboveparagraphisthe``letterofthelaw''regardingthesharingofpublicdiskspace.Peoplewhowanttobewellregardedshouldalsopaysomeattentiontothe``spiritofthelaw'':sharingthingsisalwaysmorepleasantwheneveryoneactswithamodicumofpolitenessandcare.Don'tdeletetheprevioususer'sfilesifshewascalledawaybysomedisasteranddidn'thaveachancetocleanup.Trynottodeletethestandardsystemfiles,suchastheCompiler,thatsitinthelocalfilesystem,sincewhoeverfollowsyouwillbejustifiablyaggravatedbytheirabsence.Evenmoreimportant,ifyoudoexoticthingssuchasbringingovernon-standardversionsofsystemfiles,trytoputeverythingbacktonormalwhenyouleaveereyoucausewhoeverfollowsyoutobecomehopelesslyconfused.LocalfilesystemsThelocalfilesystemintheAltoworldiscalledeitherthe``Altofilesystem''orthe``BFS'',thelatterbeinganacronymforBasicFileSystem.ThebiggestthataBFScanbeis22,736pages.ThisissubstantiallybiggerthantheentirediskonanAlto.However,DolphinsandDoradoshavemuchbiggerlocaldisks.Hence,whenaDolphinorDoradoisemulatinganAlto,itslocaldiskissplitupintoseparateworldscalledpartitions,eachcontainingamaximum-sizedBFS.Dolphindiskscanholdtwofullpartitions,whileDoradodiskscanholdfive.Whatpartitionyouarecurrentlyaccessingisdeterminedbythecontentsofsomeregistersthatthediskmicrocodeuses.Thereisacommandcalled``partition''intheExecutiveandtheNetExecthatallowsyoutochangethecurrentpartition.WhenoperatinginthePilotworld,adiskpackiscalledaphysicalvolume,anditisdividedintoworldscalledlogicalvolumes.(Pilot,youwillrecall,isthenewoperatingsystemwritteninSDD.)The1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/Н╗НbНWН\ННАН"ЇН& Н'цН+еН/╡Н2аН4#Н5 Н9ЪН=ъН@JНD+НGжН ЛО]┬Н ≤Н║Н╗НlН╧Н─НЗН#Н!█Н&NН'ЪН*Н.юН3ыН8CН: Н;LН>НB"НFН ЛО[ЮН ЇНЩННН▐НИН╒Н≤Н#╟Н'zН*%Н-ЕН3<НўОYeН∙НАН■Н╗НХНЬН ⌠Н"o Н)B Н/▐Н3]Н:qН?лНCBНEзН ЛОWЎН╞Н┐НEНўНЧНЩН.Н▀ Н&{Н(3Н-╣Н0Н3╪Н6ВН8ЭН=IН?НCЪН ЛОVНіНtНдНQН╠НkН!Н$ЎН&zН)╦Н,юН.qН2>Н6Н8▐Н:≤Н<ЗН?gНDыНH#Н ЛОToН\НИНъНфНН!`Н&ТН)СН+╡Н.╟Н0oН2ҐН7Н:СН>Н@оНD&НEЕН ЛОRхН$НФНxНгН НЁН!sН&Н'фН+Н.ZН1QН3 Н6фН8~Н<Н>НB▀НE▌НG/Н ЛОQ Н·НRН~НННЇН".Н%┘Н'ЮН*иН0Н1дН4ґН7vН:(Н=jНB.НEpНGЮН ЛОOyН HНDННaН"EН$Н&кН,OН4ьН6├Н<┌Н?OНB╚НDoНH9Н ЛОMрНМНННсН╡Н"2Н(Н+оН/Н0шН3QН6ёН:XН@xНE█Н ЛОL*Н ├НИНfН═ННтН =Н#RН%Н'≤Н+2Н-нН/п Н7Н:Н=ЁН@НC-Н ЛОJ┐ННгНЇН>Н╔Н aН!▀Н%Н(Т НўОHНLННVН└НўН▓Н"ЁН%Н*TНўОE▄ННХН] НН$eН)#Н.#Н/ЧН2Н5ГН9ТН;╒Н?XНB·НEзН ЛОCЕ Н┘Н≥ННrНnН╨Н!(Н&фН(▌Н*█Н/8Н4мН7УН; ННДНsН6Н÷НаНM Н&hН( Н+.Н,▌Н.Н4┐Н8BН;ъН?ЎНB÷НF=Н ЛОН,CН1$Н2°Н4нН7ZН8щН>╔НC╪НE│Н ЛО1ЁН НВНСН)НчН}Н"┬Н%0Н(КН,{Н-√Н/ЭН1CН4Н7zН<█Н?5НBlНE╨Н ЛО0НўО-░Н▓Н═Н.НіНН"bН$'Н&⌠Н)зН0Н2{Н7ZН9Н=eН@_НE Н ЛО+ИНСНRННВНГН╔Н!$Н#СН&√Н*,Н/ЖН1їН4 Н8EН:Н╟Н@bНCЫНFНН ЛО&СН░НnН╚Н:НН╞Н#$Н&┘Н(cН*РН1≈Н4∙Н6÷Н8|Н;Н>│НAНFН ЛО%LН┴Н_Н/НТНЧ Н"y Н)wН+▄Н.МН5Н8ЎННD╦НG┬Н ЛО#єН ЭН"Н`ННґНтН(?Н-≤Н/_Н3ХН7;Н9pН;,Н=╨ НD▄НGЮН ЛО!ЩН╘Н^НН²НПНїН!]Н&АН+²Н.TН0Н5 Н;╟{Н ЛОўН бНxНўО^НvН╛ННqНН_Н iН$EН%║Н)┬Н-eН/ЄН3oН5хН:ДН<≤Н>ХНC╚НEШН ЛОЇН КННХНYОNЧГНYОЇН@ОЇН ОNЧГН ОЇНОЇН+ОNЧгН+ОЇНРОЇН%-Н(9Н-Н0Н1tН4бН7│Н9╔Н;EН?гНDуНH#Н ЛОНфНЖННiНLН"0Н$-Н&Н)ВН0#Н6Н8еН>KНA┬НEVН ЛОhН Н>НпНoН┌НФН!⌠Н&┬Н'щН.3Н0 Н3iН5-Н8]Н;5Н<┼Н?yНAuНD6Н ЛОаНі{НХОаН≤ОаxНgОаН█ОаН Н$Н%─Н/ЁН4=Н:Н=ҐН@⌠НDНGН ЛО НqН3НLНлНdН"ёН&PН*Н/гН2▀Н4ЛН:вН@лНBF Н ЛОrНЯНZНрН∙Н1Н²Н!uН#чН&уН-█Н1uН5─Н6УН8(Н>⌠НB⌠Н ЛОкН Н ЗНEНЭН[НОН!ҐН%ЙН(║Н*PН.ЬН1WН6! НўО PНьН НкН=Н√Н"МН$)Н'*Н*└Н,Н0Н1IН6╘Н;ЩН>гН@0НA╞НFЇН ЛО╗НWНIН·НчН ПН#╒Н&IН*QН+ЇН.Н0ШН7Н;▀Н@9НAБНFЇН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩTVm$╒THEBRIEFINGBLURB15areaofthediskdevotedtoPilotvolumesmustbedisjointfromtheareadevotedtoAlto-stylepartitions.MostDolphinsthatrunCedararesetupwithahalf-sizedAltopartition,andtheotherthree-quartersofthediskdevotedtoPilot;mostDoradosthatrunCedarhaveonefull-sizedAltopartition,andtheotherfour-fifthsofthediskdevotedtoPilot.IncurrentCedar,manyprogramsstillrestrictyoutoworkingwithfilesinthelocalfilesystem,whichismaintainedbyPilotintheappropriatelogicalvolume.TheeditorTioga,forexample,willletyoureadremotefilesspecifiedbyafullpathname,butitwon'tletyoueditthem;onlylocalfilesmaybemodified.InsubsequentCedar's,therewillbeanewlocalfilesystemanddirectorypackage,theNucleusandFSrespectively,togoalongwiththenewvirtualmemorymanager(alsopartoftheNucleus).Thesewonderswillmakeitsomewhateasiertoignoretheexistenceofthelocalfilesystem,exceptforitsbeneficialeffectsonperformance;thatis,theywillmakecleanlivingmorenearlyautomatic.Allofourlocalfilesystemsusearepresentationforfilesthatdrasticallyreducesthepossibilityofahardwareorsoftwareerrordestroyingthedisk'scontents.Thebasicideaisthatyoumusttellthedisknotonlytheaddressofthesectoryouwanttoreadorwrite,butalsowhatyouthinkthatsectorholds.Thisisimplementedbydividingeverysectorinto3parts:aheader,alabel,andadatafield.Eachfieldmaybeindependentlyread,written,orcomparedwithmemoryduringasinglepassoverthesector.TheAltofilesystemstuffsauniqueidentificationofthediskblock,consistingofafileserialnumberandthepagenumberwithinthefile,intothelabelfield.Now,whenthesoftwaregoestowriteasector,ittypicallyasksthehardwaretocomparethelabelcontentsagainstdatainmemory,andtoabortthewritingofthedatafieldifthecomparefails.Thismakesitprettydifficult,thoughnotimpossible,towriteinthewrongplace.Furthermore,itdistributesthestructuralinformationneededtoreconstructthefilesystemoverthewholedisk,insteadoflocalizingitinoneplace,thedirectorydatastructures,wherealocaldisastermightwipeitout.EachlocalfilesystemalsohasautilityprogramcalledaScavengerthatrebuildsthedirectoryinformationbylookingatallofthedisklabels.RemotefilesystemsThemostimportantlocalfileserversareIFS's,anacronymforInterimFileSystem(oneofthecrownjewelsoftheBCPLprogrammingenvironment).LikeIalwayssay,``temporary''means``untilitbreaks'',and``permanent''means``untilwechangeourminds''.IndigoandIvyaretwoprominentlocalIFS's;Indigostoresmostlyprojectfiles,whileIvystoresmostlypersonalfiles.MAXCalsoservesasafileserverforsomespecializedapplications.JuniperwasCSL'sfirstattempttobuildadistributedtransactionalfileserver;itwasoneofthefirstlargeprogramswritteninMesa.AlpineisanewefforttobuildsuchabeastinthecontextofCedar,insupportofdistributeddatabasesandothersuchwonderfulthings.SomeWalnutusershavebeenstoringtheirmaildatabasesonAlpineforamonthormore.Thereisnocoherentlogictotheplacementof``generalinterest''filesanddirectories,noreventothedivisionbetweenMaxc,Indigo,andIvy.Browsethroughtheglossaryattheendofthisdocumenttogetaroughideaofwhat'saround.IfsomethingwasmadeavailabletotheuniversitiesintheUniversityGrantprogram,thenitisprobablyonMaxc(orarchivedoffofMaxc),sinceMaxcisthemachinethattheuniversityfolkcanaccess.IFSsuppliesageneralsub-directorystructurewhichtheMaxcfilesystemlacks,andasaresulttherearelotsofplacetolookforafileonanIFS.Forexample,onMaxcyoumightlookfor[Maxc]MyFavoritePackage.presswhileonIFSyouwouldprobablylookfor[Indigo]Doc>MyFavoritePackage.press,or[Indigo]MyFavoritePackage>Documentation.press,orperhapssomeotherpermutation.Thisrequiresabitofcreativityandalittlepractice.However,ifyougetinthehabitofusing``*''sinfilenamespecifications,youwillfindallsortsofthingsyoumight1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/НэН█НЦНиНЬН²НшН#@Н&÷Н(┤Н-hН0фН3Н6 Н;<Н<Б НC Н ЛО]┬Н ┘Н■НsННBНіН!тН#ВН'"Н(] Н.╒Н1л Н7пН:≤Н=Н@╦ Н ЛО[ЮНЁН!ННdН Н│НЛН%┴Н(fН+ Н/1Н2├Н5@ Н;@Н>h НDjНG/Н ЛОZ9Н ▀ ННрН1НН WН"НўОWЎНєН∙Н,НН"XН% Н)ыН,ЇН.█Н4Н7MН:bН<7Н>ЎНB+НD╩Н ЛОVННr Н═Н╒НОНёН Н'oН+оН1║Н4Н8┬Н<фН? НDАНG⌠Н ЛОToН÷Н╣НWНAНЬНОН Н"⌡Н%ҐН)пН,MН-÷Н1eН3\Н6Н8мН=KН@`НC╒НF▀Н ЛОRхНЬНФНп НН!|Н% Н'ФН)РН+6Н.?Н1═Н4%Н8╩Н;█НAzНG/Н ЛОQ Н*НцНвН┘ННГН"┤Н%└Н'дН*■Н.пН4Н9 Н<аН?├НA НCaН ЛОOyН ЗНН7НВНYН!рН%ЎН'yН+хН.4Н4Н5БН8NН;═Н>НBУНGRН ЛОMрНф ННVН\Н!^Н$,Н%ПН)Н+╛Н/`Н2ТН6иН:\Н>┴ НўОKVНЩН╡Н:Н}НЦНъН PН!w Н*jН,єН/▌Н2Y Н8ьН=уН@1 НF╟НHeН ЛОI╞НЭНгНGНю Н!uН#шН'ґН.Н0ЕН4_Н7_Н8рН;їН>eНAтНD:НF║Н ЛОHНgН├НКНшН НЪНЭН!╧Н%Н&оН)ОН+╧Н/■Н2Н4МН8PН; Н>╠НA┘НE┌Н ЛОF`НЧНa Н╙Н²НЬН!єН%▓Н(bН)▌Н-gН.┬Н3_Н4─Н8,Н:шН;ЭН>ЫНBТНF^Н ЛОD╧НъНЎН╟НН Н!ЎН(Н+Н0tН4тН5МН9гН<╞Н?╦НBНFЇН ЛОCН Н°Н.НЗН:НЫ Н&lН(<Н*╠Н-ІН1Е Н8QН: Н;`Н=ЮНA∙НFьН ЛОAjНQН²НоНН~НFН!#Н#┬Н&ЙН+Н.юН2zН4ъН:^Н=}Н?1НBЄНCДНH9Н ЛО?цН·Н╨НGН}НYН#"Н%╞Н)9Н.жН3═Н6рН8ўН>║НA├НCcНG/Н ЛО>Н╟Н{НМННFН╧Н+Н"вН&еН)ЯН.;Н/єН3╦ Н9[Н> Н@ї НGЮН ЛО│НD?НHeН ЛО7~НnН<Н┼НИН ╩ Н(EН*AН/4Н0мН2ҐН4vН6уН9ц{Н ЛО4/НзН.xНўО0ЮН╘Н(НґННёН$VН&мН*эН,ОН2ЇН5О0vЧ└Н5О0ЮН5°О0ЮН:0О0vЧГН:0О0ЮН;О0ЮН=*О0vЧгН=*О0ЮН=ЯО0ЮНBНESНG/Н ЛО/8НННфНН7 Н"бyН,О/8Н,нО/8Н.⌡Н/hН2ЕН5 Н;lН>оНAУНCНGHН ЛО-▒Н∙Н Н?ННфНыxН#zО-▒Н#ЧО-▒Н'ЛН*╟Н-&Н/├Н2?Н9НН!\Н&Н'рН,mН0ЧН2uН3╘Н6╒Н:xН<1Н?эНCНDMНGАН ЛО&ТН:НЧН╔НН║Н°НD Н&%Н,3Н.ыН2gН5┤Н<Н@ЮНD╔Н ЛО%LН jН╟Н Н·НЕНЪН%Н'$Н+╙Н-ГН/Н3wН5;НўО"яНҐН6НJНЧН\НН!┘Н(,Н)РН/┐ Н5 Н8Н:АНAУНD█НGЮН ЛО!)НVН▄НН3НШН"ҐН&Н*УН08Н2╒Н7ЦН9├Н;ПН>╡Н@vНC"Н ЛО┌НцН4Н├Н╠НсНЄНyН#О┌Н#kО┌Н$VН)еН, Н/)Н3ъН5WН7^Н=@Н>╦Н@© НF7Н ЛОшН╔Н*Н;Н^НН╔НґНxН"КН$ґН&Н)ЎН,─Н/┴Н0╛Н2▓Н6ЭН9:Н; Н@2НBxНD│xНўО_НUН⌠НґНpН"ЎН(kН,jН.╧Н2uН4нН9:Н<ЙН?▓НA0НBJНFН ЛО╦Н?НуН▌Н"НяНЙН'НQН╩Н аН"╠Н&DН(ОН.юН0гН4▒Н7HН;@Н>YНўО=П'Н ЛОаН ║НїН^ННCНН".НўОFП.Н+НўОйП8Н ЛО OН╪НТН■Н?Н!Н$&Н)Н*╣Н,чН.ё Н4╒Н7eН8⌡Н;вНAМНH.Н ЛОїНёНЛН≥НЫН┌Н;НДНЧН ╛Н#Н&уН/∙Н2KН4ЖН7ЕН9уН=Н>хНBАНE≤Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩTVm$LTHEBRIEFINGBLURB16nototherwiselocate.Notethata``*''inarequesttoanIFSwillexpandintoallpossiblesequencesofcharacters,includingrightanglebracketsandperiods.Thus,forexample,arequestfor*pressreferstoallfilesonallsubdirectoriesofthePackagesdirectorythatendwiththecharacters``press''.A``*''won'tmatchaleftanglebracket,bytheway.Thus,ifyouaskfor``*.press'',youarereferringtoallPressfilesonthecurrentdirectory.Ifyouaskfor``<*.press",youarereferringtoallofthePressfilesontheentireIFS(expectsuchasearchtotakealongtime!).Warning:OnceyouhavegottenusedtotheIFSconventionsabout``*''sinfilenames,youwillfindtheTENEXrulesquiterestrictiveandunnatural.OnTENEX,asteriskscanbeusedforonlytwopurposes:eithertowildcardtheentireprefixofthefilenameortowildcardtheentireextension.IfyouwanttorefertoallofthefilesonaTENEXdirectory,youmustsay``*.*'',notjust``*'';ifyouwanttorefertoallofthefileswhosenamesstartwithan``H'',youaresimplyoutofluck.Thislackof``forwardcompatibility''(theoppositeofbackwardcompatibility?)hastrippedupmanyasearcher.ThereisamovementafootintheCedarworldtosimplifyourfilenamingconventionsbyreplacingthevariousflavorsofbracketswithaUNIX-likeslash.Thus,insomeCedarsystems,suchastheFileTool,thedocumentationfilementionedabovecouldbereferredtoas/Indigo/Packages/MyFavoritePackage/Documentation.press.FilePropertiesThe``size''ofafileisitslengthmeasuredindiskpages;the``length''ofafileisitslengthmeasuredinbytes.The``createdate''ofafileisthedateandtimeatwhichtheinformationinthatparticularversionofthefilewas``created'',thatis,thedatewhenthisthatsequenceofbytescameintobeing.Copyingafilefromonefilesystemtoanotherdoesnotchangethecreatedate,sincetheinformationinthefile,thesequenceofbytes,isnotaffected.Thecreatedateisalmostalwayswhatyouwanttoknowaboutafile.Someofoursystemsalsomaintaina``writedate''ora``readdate'',buttheyarelesswelldefined,andnotasinteresting.EditingandTypesettingIntheoutsideworld,documentproductionsystemsareusuallyde-coupledfromtexteditors.Onenormallytakesthetextthatonewantstoincludeinadocument,wrapsitinmysteriouscommandsunderstoodbyadocumentprocessor,feedsittothatprocessor,andpuzzlesovertheresultingjumbleofcharactersonthepage.Inshort,oneprogramsinthedocumentprocessor'slanguageusingconventionalprogrammingtoolsaneditor,acompiler,andsometimesevenadebugger.Programmerstendtothinkthisisneat;afterall,onecandoanythingwithasufficientlypowerfulprogramminglanguage.(Remember,Turingmachinessupplyasufficientlypowerfulprogramminglanguagetoo.)However,documentprocessorsofthissortfrequentlydefinebizarreandsemanticallycomplexlanguages,andonesoondiscoversthatallofthetimegoesintotheedit/compile/debugcycle,notcarefulprosecomposition.BravoistheeditorandtypesetterintheAltoworld,anditrepresentedamodeststepawayfromtheprogrammingparadigmfordocumentproduction.Asingleprogramprovidedboththeusualeditingfunctionsandareasonablecollectionofformattingtools.Youcan'tprogramBravoasyouwouldadocument``compiler'',butyoucangetverytolerableresultsinfarlesstime.Thesecretisinthephilosophy:whatyouseeonthescreeniswhatyougetonpaper.Youusetheeditingandformattingcommandstoproduceonthescreenthepagelayoutyouwant.Then,youtellBravotoshipittoaprintserverandpresto!Youhaveahardcopyversionofwhatyousawonthescreen.Soundssimple,right?Ofcourse,itisn'tquitethateasyinpractice.Therearedozensofsubtlepointshavingtodowithfonts,margins,tabs,headings,andonandon.Bravowasasuccessbecausemostoftheseissuesare1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/НgН≈НwНСНхНЬН!⌠Н#HН$xН)RН+Н,ЩН/╩Н2lН7FН:%Н<НAcНGжН ЛО]┬ {Н╠О]┬НО]┬xН■О]┬НО]┬НФН▐Н"СН%╙Н+eН/;Н1xН7IН8sН=HНўО[Н ЛОX▒Н фНyНmН_НjН_ Н!$Н"АН%EН+Н0ЯН3дН6Н9÷Н< НBt yНH7ОX▒Н ЛОVИНЫНЧНKН5Н)НН<НнН╟Н"÷Н%ґН&цН(ЛН*жН,²Н1≤Н3юН5≥Н:!Н;vН<ЪН?оНB#НCЎНE═Н ЛОUB Н`НёНщНзН╡НMН┤Н qН%Н&sН(Н)}Н+qН.SН0╧Н2eН4ZН7▀Н9еН=╗Н@DНAAНD╟НFНH├Н ЛОS⌡Нg{НўОQxНтОQН┼ОQНCННtН!хН%Н&ГН)`Н,1 Н3АН7щН;Н<ыН?\НDНFДН ЛОOxНДНMНҐН#НІ Н"Н$л Н+ЭН.dН4,Н9ёН<8Н>3НAxНC©НFЦН ЛОMяН≤НwНН╗НШН!зН%оН'|Н)оН/gН1Н2юН8OН:╒Н>│ НEbНFьН ЛОL)Н EНОН<НФНрН┤НЦНлНнНТН%V Н+|Н./Н1⌠Н3МН7ъН:PН<МН@xНAуНD┬НGЮН ЛОJ┌Н -НлНґНVНіН└Н╒НжН"вН%БН'бН+Н-ЇН/ШН4[Н6аН8kН<,Н?6НB НCЁН ЛОHшyННОHшНPОHшН6Н═ННЬxН'sОHшН(:ОHшН)ХН.ҐН0пН4 Н5дНўОF_Н╗НН.НЙНkНН!iН%yН)]Н+Н0IН2лН5.Н: НA╗НC°Н ЛОD╦Н┐Н┌Н4Н%НюН!Н"sН)·Н.EН2SН48Н8Н╘Н@qНCY Н ЛО6╗НтНўН.Н╦Н┘Н(Н"Н#ШН&{Н)║Н-wН09Н3(Н91Н; Н>©НBtНElН ЛО5НwН²ННeН НrНЙН!■Н&⌡Н)хН,9Н0щН39Н77Н:░Н=ЪН@[ НGАН ЛО3YНGНН`НDНЫНАНIН ╨Н&еН)≥Н-≈Н0≤Н2Н6aН:аН>Н@мНD%НEпН ЛО1╡Н сННSН/НМН~Н┐Н"UН(Н)EН-yН14Н2ЧН4-Н7ЧН<Н>≈НAґНDНF║Н ЛО0НDНЭНqН|Н ЛО,╩НЁНS xНўО)lН┤НПНцНН ┤ Н'≤Н,╒Н.ЪН3╩ Н:ЦН>TНAНF▀Н ЛО'еНЛН≤Н'НННФН"ЖН$тН)БН+юН-Н4 Н83Н9╦Н;∙ НB╙Н ЛО& ННН1Н≈ Н ЭН$┴Н%ыН'─Н*H Н0ґН3^Н8*Н;=Н=√НC5НGжН ЛО$v НNНIН²Н╗НlН7Н вН&ъН(│Н*жН17 Н8Н=вНAuН ЛО"о НyН▒НФН Н$Н&йН-}Н0ҐН1АН8╩ НA&НDGНEПН ЛО!'Н{Н тН?НiН·Н7Н╟НєН#BН&JН'bН.aН4 Н<═yНCО!'НC~О!'Н ЛО─Н █НZНБНиНkН! Н'АН,yxН/lО─Н0▄О─Н5≥Н;Ч НB█НD>НFьН ЛОы Н~Н╔Н/НуН#▐Н) Н/▓Н28Н4яН8Н=шН@≈НBuНDНFiН ЛО1Н НчН=НЎН"┴Н$ЧН)░Н-EНўОІНеНGНҐНжНє Н!ШН#©Н&5Н)eН-юН0█Н1З Н9{Н:╩Н? НB■НF(Н ЛОН? НфНьН Н#j Н+5Н,╣Н0■Н6Н;эН?НA_НDРН ЛОg{НОgНбОgxНщОgН/Оg Н% Н!┌Н#c Н*NН.кН2Н5{Н;2Н?[НA0НDНHeН ЛОюН▓Н@НЗНКН ╞Н#1Н&yН,cН0ЛН2сН54Н8Н'НB╛НDdНFtН ЛОїН уН┌НщННЕН" Н$ъН'ЧН,Н.ХН00Н5Н:BН=ҐН?■НC<НG;Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩ @TVm$ THEBRIEFINGBLURB17resolvedmoreorlessbyfiatsomeonepreparedacollectionofconfigurationparametersandasetofformsthataccommodatedmostdocumentproduction.Manyoftheconfigurationoptionsaren'tevendocumented,soitishardtogetenoughropetohangyourself.Theneteffectisthatonespentmoretimecomposingandlesstimecompiling.InBravo'swake,severalneweditorsofunformattedtextappeared:theLaureleditor,andtheeditorintheToolsEnvironmentareprominentexamples.TheLaureleditorisparticularlynoteworthyinthatitpioneeredthedevelopmentofamodeless(oratleastlessmodal)userinterfaceforaneditor.TheStarproducteditorandTiogaaremorerecentlocaleditorsinthefullBravotradition:theycanhandleformattingandmultiplefonts.TiogaistheeditorwithinCedar,anditsuserinterfaceisveryclosetothewidelybelovedLaurelmodelessinterfacetrygoingbacktoBravoafterusingTiogaforawhile,andseehowhorribleitfeelstohavetoremembertotype``i''and``ESC''allthetime.Tiogashowsformattedtextonthescreen.Togetahardcopyofthattext,thecurrentpathinvolvesrunningacompanionprogramcalledtheTSetter,whichwillcomposeyourpagesforprintingandsendthemtoaprintserver.Tioga'sdocumentationisparticularlyconvenient,sinceitusuallyavailableiniconicformatthebottomoftheCedarscreen<29>.DealingwitheditorbugsAlltexteditorshavebugs.Furthermore,youareoftenmostlikelytotickleoneoftheremainingbugsinaneditorwhenyouareworkingfuriouslyonahardproblem,andhence,havebeeneditingforalongtimewithoutsavingtheintermediateresults.Asfatewouldhaveit,theseareexactlythetimeswhenitismostdamagingandmostupsettingtoloseyourwork.Thereisnothingquitelikethesinkingfeelingyougetwhenalargenumberofyourpreciouskeystrokesgurgleawaydownthedrain.BothBravoandTiogahavemechanismsthatcan,insomecases,saveyoufromthehorriblefateofhavingtodoallthosehoursofeditingoveragain.Bravoattemptstosafeguardyoubykeepingtrackofeverythingthatyouhavedoneduringtheeditingsessioninalogfile;incaseofdisaster,thislogcanbereplayedtorecapturemostoftheeffectsofthesession.IfyouhaveadisasterwheneditinginBravo,becarefulNOTtorespondbyrunningBravoagaintoassessthedamage.ByrunningBravoagaininthenormalway,youwillinstantlysacrificeallchanceofbenefitingfromthelogmechanism,sincethelogallowsreplayonlyofthemostrecentsession.Whatyouwanttodoinsteadisruntheprogram``BravoBug''(``Bravo/R''isnotanadequatesubstitute).Itwouldn'tbeabadideatoaskawizardforhelpalso.Whileyouarelookingforawizard,tryandthinkofsomegoodanswertothequestion``WhyareyouusingBravo,anyway?'',whichsaidwizardwillalmostcertainlyask.ThemostcommonperhapsIshouldreallysay``theleastrare''sourceofeditingdisastersinTiogaisproblemswithmonitorlocks.Unfortunately,thisclassofproblemusuallymakesfurtherprogressinanypartofCedarimpossible,sinceTiogaissobasictotheCedarsystem.IfyoucangettotheCoCedardebugger,youmightbeabletosaveyoureditsbycallingtheprocedure_ViewerOpsImpl.SaveAllEdits[]RumorhasitthatCedarversionsfrom4.2onwillallowyoutoinvokethisprocedurebyhittingaspecialcollectionofkeysinCedaritself,evenafterTiogahasbecomewedged.Afurtherrumorhassuppliedmoredetails:holdingdownboththeleftandtherightshiftkeysandtheSwatkeyformorethan1secondwillinvokeSaveAllEdits[].Whilethesavingistakingplace,thecursorwillbecomeablackbox.PrintingIngeneral,ourprintersarebuiltbytakingaXeroxcopierandaddingelectronicsandascanninglaserthatproducealightimagetobecopied.Therearemanydifferenttypesofsuchprinters,andtherearemultipleinstancesofeachprintertypeaswell.Therearealsomanydifferentprogramsthatwouldliketoproduceprintedoutput.ThePressprintfileformatwasourfirstanswertotheproblemofallowingeveryprintingclienttouseeveryprinter.PressfilesaretheEsperantoofprinting.Mostprint1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/НmННЛН∙НєН"дН(╙Н)Г Н00Н1ЭН:┐ НA²НDhНE╔НGжН ЛО]┬Н ПНвНbНвН$] Н,rН0│Н2SН4лН=WНBOНFIН ЛО[Ю Н.ННhНДН1НОНHН#BН&┐Н(BН+╨Н1ВН4ЮН7OН;+Н<їН?┘НBAНEЭН ЛОZ9Н НЖНўНCНi НўОWЎНjН5НН─Н[Н"оН$u Н,FН.ЙН5╣Н8НжН@÷НCН ЛО>ОН 4НЦНтНьН█НEН Н"РН(╧Н*юН+КН/(Н5Н7ЎН<Н?VНBЄНGRН ЛО=HН$НLН─Н НАНOН%WН*÷Н,ЎН/└Н3аН7Н8сНлНCwНEЕН ЛО;║Н ⌡НКНQН╗НЛН²НТН%БН'┼Н*QН-├Н1сН5оН74НВНAўНCfНGЮН ЛО6╚НДН фНWННиНXНcН"лН&©Н,AН-АН4Н6╠Н8·Н=╩НA НBк Н ЛО5Н╪НtН╪Н0Н╒НН!║Н&>Н'МН)Н+mН.вН0├Н3vН50Н:~Н=!Н?vНBНCТН ЛО3\Н⌡Н╠ННхН(НyН3Н!⌠Н'Н(▐Н+GН.▌Н/╧Н4╞Н8eН=Н>╠НCНDЩН ЛО1╣Н √НLН√Н≥НьНАН#▓Н%HН)0Н+≈Н1≤Н3╪Н8ШН=Н@╣НBkНDрН ЛО0 Н 4ННфНnНсНшН$┘Н&V Н,ПН0oН2ГН5R Н<ТН@НBЖНEbН ЛО.fН-Н[Н'Н Н НAН"ъН&ЁН)~Н,НН.╟Н0йН5░Н7Н9╧Н<,НAнН ЛО,©НєН4НмНАНБН%ІН'QН-0Н/EН0▓Н3nН6▀Н8]Н:ЙН<8Н@кНC,НFkН ЛО+ННяН/Н.НvН╚Н ~Н"╟Н%sН)Н*АН.Н1ЭН6ёН8\Н:гН@bНDyНFьН ЛО)pН √НО Н{Н┴НaН#яН&|Н*АН0|НўО&УНsНЎ НdН[Н#дН'|Н)хН,фН/ыН8{Н:"Н>╛НDНE╞Н ЛО%MН`НpН⌠НэНE Н'▒Н*;Н-sН/4Н4юН9zН=╩НBkНGАН ЛО#іН~НSНЩН НН┌Н#SН$╟Н&eН)иН+iН-╧Н1цН6ЭН8oН;Н=■Н?нНAmНCЎН ЛО!ЪНMННЭНЛНФН■Н ≤Н#сН'Н)Н-{Н/зНўО└Н:Н sН ЛОН ННGНННLН!ёН#яН%хН(dН+ЧН.╔Н0DН4╟Н7BН=ІН?╒НCЫНEН ЛОa Н;Н Н@НН:НН"hН%ҐН)ЇН,EН1uyН7▐ОaН8АОaН<╞Н@$НB0НF╦Н ЛО╨Н)Н1Н9НоН╣Н╛НвНҐН"dН$ЮН'ZН)├Н+kН.Н0-Н1ВН4рН7WН8MН;УН>НA╛НHuН ЛОН 2ННyН°НТННЩНUН!xН%┼Н&xН)f|Н ЛОцxНўОtН⌠НуНvНёН Н!kН#}Н'аН)Н-;Н1Н4MН8Ж Н?яНB·НCъН ЛОмН НзН%НAНdНcНН ФН&Н*Н,QН0Н5іН9-Н:ьН=ШНC\НFН ЛО&НEНдН°НZН▒Н!(Н$>Н%ЯН)фН-мН0'Н2ЫН6иНishairy,andsomeprintserversdon'tsupportthefullgeneralityofPress.Generally,however,suchserverswillsimplyignorewhattheycan'tfigureout,soyoucansafelysendthemanyPressfileyouhave.APressfilecanaskthattextbeprintedinoneofanextensivecollectionofstandardfonts.Unfortunately,youmustbecomeawizardinordertoprintwithyourownnewfont.Youcan'tuseanewfontunlessitisaddedtothefontdictionaryonyourprinter,andaddingfontstodictionariesisadelicateoperation:asadstateofaffairs.IfthePressfilethatyousendtoaprinterasksforafontthattheprinterdoesn'thave,itwillattemptareasonablesubstitution,and,inthecaseofSpruce,tellyouaboutthesubstitutiononthebreakpageofyourlisting.Ifyouhavechronicfontdifficultiesofthissort,contactawizard.Thereisanewprintfileformatunderdevelopment,calledInterpress.TheprintserversthatarepartoftheStarproductspeakadialectofInterpress.AprintfileinInterpressformatiscalledamaster.OurlocalplansforprintingInterpressmastersinvolveconvertingthemfirstintoaprinter-dependentprintfileinso-calledPDformat(withconventionalextension``.pd'').Fromthere,arelativelysimpledriverprogramoneachprintershouldbeabletoproducethefinaloutput.TherestofthissectionwascontributedbyJulianOrrofISL:PARChasavarietyofprintersavailableforyourhardcopyneeds.Wehavehighvolumeprintersforquantitiesoftext,listings,anddocumentation;wehaveslowerprinterswithgenerallyhigherqualityformorecomplexfiles;andwehaveveryslowprintersforextremelyhighquality.AllofourcurrentprintersexceptPlatemakeroffer384spotsperinchandshareacommonfontdictionary.WeusetwodifferentsoftwaresystemsforprintingPressfiles,bothrunningonAltos:oneiscalledSpruce,andtheotheriscalled(confusingly)Press.Spruceoffersspeedandspooling,butitcanonlyimagecharactersandrules,andnottoomanyofthem.Thismakesitlimitedingraphicsapplications.Furthermore,Spruceislimitedtotheparticularsizesoffontsthatithasstoredinitsfontdictionary:itdoesnotknowhowtobuildnewsizesbyconvertingfromsplines.Pressisslower,butcanhandlearbitrarybitmaps,andcanproduceodd-sizedfontsfromsplines.ISLisdevelopingInterpressprintingcapabilities.Printing``.pd''filesisnowanoptiononmostPressprinters(thatis,onprintersrunningtheprogramPressasopposedtoSpruce).Justshipyour``.pd''filetotheprinterinthestandardway:itissmartenoughtofigureoutwhetherwhatyouhavesentitisinPDorPressformat,anditwillinvokePDPrintorPressasappropriate.Documentationonthesetwoprintingprogramsisavailable,bytheway<31,32>.PDprintingshouldnotbeundertakenwithoutconsultationwithawizard.DoverprintersrunSpruceforhighvolumeprinting,producingapagepersecond.CSL'sDover,namedClover,isfoundinroom2106;ISL'sDover,namedMenlo,isinroom2305.SamplesoftheDoverfontdictionarymaybefoundnexttoCloverandMenlo.InstructionsformodifyingthequeueandgenerallyrunningtheseSpruceprintersaretobefoundnexttotheirAltoterminals.LilacisourcolorPressprinterandmaybefoundin2106withClover.Itisathreecolor,composite-blackmachine;itgenerallyproducesgoodqualityoutput,butisoccasionallytemperamental.AnyoneinterestedincolorprintingorthestateofLilacshouldjointhedistributionlistLilacLovers^.pa.IntheISLmazearea,room2301,wehaveanassortmentofblackandwhitePressprinters,answeringvariouslytothenamesofRockNRoll,Quoth,andStinger.TheprintersaretwoRavens(RavenisaXeroxproduct),oneHornet,andoneGnat(thelattertwoareprototypes).Theprintqualityisnormallyexcellent.Instructionsforinterpretingstatusdisplaysarepostedlocally.Tobeinformedofwhichprinterisfunctioningandwhere,jointhelistISLPrint^.pa.Thereshouldbethreeprintersupformostofthesummer.PeriodicallyoneoranotheroftheseorLilacarepre-emptedfordebugging.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/ННнН·ННСН"цН%|Н(╨Н*jН-УН/ХН1≤Н5"Н:}Н=≥НAъНD≤НGЮН ЛО]┬НжНЁНjН╟Н^НщН#ЙН'Н(иН,QН0мН5Н6EН:RН<ЩН@хНBvНEъНўО[НXНДН┌НЙНxН {Н#UН' Н*∙Н/HН2ЪН8-Н:╞Н=\ НCтНE╞Н ЛОYe Н╦Н╗НМН▓Н!QН%тН*,Н-²Н0юН4&Н8<Н;Н<УН?юНB_НFSН ЛОWЎН uНН·ННЎНўОUBН┐НTННшН▌Н╔Н іН"ЮН'ЩН)УН,ИН.КН1%Н7` Н=чН?ЮНEеН ЛОS⌡ Н>ННyН°НтН$RН& Н)пН+▄Н/Н2*Н5sН8┘Н;─Н?fНB┌НEБНHeН ЛОQСНЕНчННlНЦННкН5Н". Н(╟Н*аН.Н2ШН5ҐН:ZН=вН?░НFОНHeН ЛОPLНШ Н╒НпНHН}Н:Н#KН$яН'4Н*юН--Н/ЪН2╨Н5ЫН7╚Н8ыН=nН@`НB║НCнНFаН ЛОN╔НeННГН═ННтН"ЗН$= Н+%Н3 Н66Н7ЩН:vН=~Н?PНD`НFьН ЛОLЩН юННzНsНеН█Н"еН$qН'·Н,vН-ЙН0■Н3лН8╘Н;┼НBAНCЛНF─Н ЛОKVН╚НуНўОHшНеНGН├Н┼НН┤Н!Н%1Н-оН1э Н9EН<3Н?╠НDWНG;Н ЛОG3НдНrНфН·Н╣НН·Н!ЬН#і Н*кН,LН/╘Н2Н3╘ Н9ЪН>oН?оНC╩{НDыОG3НEООG3xНHЁОG3Н ЛОE▄НЯНZНН{Нъ Н"cН'zН,o Н3VН7Н9ЭН<ЖН>BН ЛОCЕН lНЛН╡НyНН≥Н"DН*vН0╚Н5ЗН9ФН=ъН?! НE*Н ЛОB=Н ЫН┬Н▌Н©НQН!мН#ҐН&ЇН(eН-ЎН0Н3NНўО?бН├Н'НЮН│ННй Н%*Н'&Н+>Н-ъН/≤НўО=FНН НнН]Н Н ?Н&Н(KН+▐Н1ёН6rН9НН@wНB5НDеН ЛО8PННq НїНН ЇН$EН&иН)ХН,╞Н0]Н1√Н7UН:S НAеНD^НFЦН ЛО6╘Н▓НННIН!▀Н%Н(ZН+≈Н0нН2уН7qН:Н;┼Н?│НDxНG/Н ЛО5Н °НН!НxНЧН$╛Н(·Н,░Н/XН5EН7вН9>Н;зН?НC" Н ЛО3ZНфН·НxНН°Н┼НeН#Н&MН*╘Н,"Н0ВН2хН8YНAН ЛО1ЁН|НшН─Н!Нs Н⌡Н!ҐН#hН&мН)▌Н*вН->Н1TН2УН4бН7ё Н>ЩН@EНChНEпН ЛО0Н НеНxНyН╪Нк Н!╒Н%Н*╔Н.AН/юН4yН7Н9╛Н>FНCЪН ЛО.dНёН/Н┬НҐН/Н!√НўО+ИН├Н Н< НЎН$"Н,_Н1мН5╨Н8иН:VН=|Н?▌НD НF2Н ЛО*BН ≈НяН<Н#НMН├Н$ЮН'cН-Н0аН2▓Н8/Н:Н@:НC7НFTН ЛО( Н дН;НЖНcННЎН+Н"тН&дН('Н)║Н-yН2pН4,Н8;Н:ЎН@НC└НFHН ЛО&СНрН*Н≤НHН©Н├ННФН ÷Н!ЬН$╔Н)"Н.┬Н0NН3ьН5┬Н=хНG┴Н ЛО%LН ┤НEН≥НЎН< Н#aН%nН'ЮН*иН-иН1^Н3ЕН99Н=гН@NНBQ Н ЛО#єНЬН╞НйНТНўО!)НВННеНsНаН"ВН'ЯН-°Н4:Н5uН8лН;RН@ЮНDЧН ЛО┌Н┘НkНИН НйН├Н"НН&∙Н+8Н/яН4║Н6Н7ЮН;°Н?ЦНEdНG/Н ЛОзН4Н2 Н╧НмНмН ЙН$ Н%гН*QН-Н2xН:НцН@wНAХНE╧Н ЛОНН─НяН!╡Н'┼Н*ВН/▐Н4TН6пН87Н?р Н ЛОiН НXННxН╣Н!tН#нН&ЗН(ґН,Н0▒Н3XН5╡Н=Н?PНўОМНcН╗НEНЎНУН└Н!Н#Н&BН( Н.ДН0┐Н4Н6╟Н:VН=дНCН ЛОFНФН╡Н0Н▓Нi Н"+Н&ЯН)гН/²Н2⌠Н7гН:9Н=НAУНFшНHeН ЛО÷ННЛН▄Н≤НCН ДН$aН'/Н*ЇН-XН/═Н7ёН:pН=лНB^НCЎН ЛОВ НХН⌡НН"ЎН&гН,0Н.ІН3OН8ИН;CН=fНC√НE│Н ЛО PННЛ НAНЫНjН!8Н#≤Н%вН.нН2яН7NН9@Н<йНAАНCТНF2Н ЛО╘Н╔НН-Н╛НXН Н%'Н&ЮН*iН,-Н/÷Н1С Н9RН;░ Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪyTVm$dTHEBRIEFINGBLURB19OurbestqualityprinterisPlatemaker,whichisnormallyoperatedat880spotsperinch,butcanberunupto2200spi;itisnotnormallyusefultogobeyond1600.Platemakerusesalasertowriteonphotographicpaperorfilm.Colorimagescanbedoneinindividualseparations,whicharethenmergedusingtheChromalinprocess.ThePlatemakerprintingprocessisusedforfinalprintsoffineimagesorforprintingmastersforpublication.Ifyouwishtohavesomethingprinted,speaktoJulianOrr,EricLarson,orGaryStarkweather.SendingandReceivingMailWerelyveryheavilyonanelectronicmailsystem.Weuseitformailandalsoforthetypeofannouncementthatmight,inotherenvironments,bepostedonaphysicalorelectronicbulletinboard.Inourenvironment,aphysicalbulletinboardisprettyuseless,sincepeoplespendtoomuchoftheirdaysstaringattheirterminalsandtoolittlewanderingthehalls.Electronicbulletinboardsmightworksatisfactorily.Butabulletinboard,beingasharedfiletowhichmanypeoplehavewriteaccess,isarathertrickythinginadistributedenvironment.Itprobablypresupposesadistributedtransactionalfileserver,forexample.Mumble.Forwhateverreason,thefactremainsthatwedon'thaveanelectronicbulletinboardfacilityatthemoment.Asaresult,announcementsofimpendingmeetings,``forsale''notices,andthelikeareallsentasmessagesdirectedatexpansivedistributionlists.Ifyoudon'tcheckyourmessagesonceadayorso,youwillsoonfindyourselfoutoftouch(andsaddledwithamailboxfullofobsoletejunkmail).Andconversely,ifyoudon'tmakemovestogetontherightdistributionlistsearly,youmaymisslotsofinterestingmail.Thisbusinessofusingthemessagesystemforrapiddistributionofannouncementscangetoutofhand.Oneoccasionallyreceivesnoticesoftheform:``meetingXwillstartin2minutesallinterestedpartiespleaseattend''.Grapevineisthedistributedtransportmechanismthatdeliversthelocalmail[33].WhentalkingtoGrapevine,individualsarereferredtobyatwo-partnamecalledan``R-name'',whichconsistsofaprefixandaregistryseparatedbyadot;forexample,``Ramshaw.pa''meansRamshawofPaloAlto.Inadditiontodeliveringthemail,Grapevinealsomaintainsadistributeddatabaseofdistributionlists.AdistributionlistisalsoreferredtobyanR-name,whoseprefixconventionallyendsinthecharacterup-arrow,asin``CSL^.pa''.DistributionlistsareactuallyspecialcasesofaconstructcalledaGrapevine``group''.GroupscanbeusedforsuchpurposesascontrollingaccesstoIFSdirectories.ThereisaprogramnamedMaintainthatallowsyoutoqueryandupdatethestateofthedistributionlistdatabase.Infact,therearetwoversionsofMaintain:thedocumentedonewiththeunfortunateteletype-styleuserinterfaceisusedfromwithinLaurelortheMesaDevelopmentEnvironment<34>;theundocumentedonewiththefuturisticmenuinterfaceisusedfromwithinCedar.SomedistributionlistsaresetupsothatyoumayaddorremoveyourselfusingMaintain.IfyoutrytoaddyourselftoFoo^.paandMaintainwon'tletyou,theproperrecourseistosendamessagetothedistributionlistOwners-Foo^.pa,askingthatyoupleasebeaddedtoFoo^.Atthemoment,Grapevineprettymuchhasamonopolyondeliveringthemail.ButthereareseveraldifferentprogramsthatgiveusersaccesstoGrapevine'sfacilitiesfromdifferentenvironments.FromanAlto,oneusesLaurel,whichismentionedelsewhereasapioneerofmodelesseditorinterfaces.Evenifyouaren'taLaureluser,IrecommendthatyoureadChapter6oftheLaurelManual[35],whichisanenlighteningandentertainingessayonpropermannersintheuseofthemailsystem.IntheMesaDevelopmentEnvironment,theprogramHardyprovidesservicesanalogoustoLaurel's.FromwithinCedar,mostfolkuseWalnut,whosedocumentationappearsaspartoftheCedarManual<25>.Walnutrepresentsasteptowardsthefutureinsomerespects,sinceWalnutusesCypress,theCedardatabasemanagementsystem,tostoreyourmailinadatabase.AccesstoGrapevinefromwithinCedarcanalsobehadwithoutthedatabasefrillsthroughaprogramcalledPeanut,whichstoresyourmessagesinastructuredTiogadocumentinsteadofinadatabase.Finally,incasetravelshouldtakeyouawayfromyourmulti-functionpersonalworkstation,thereareserversontheInternetknownbythename``Lily''towhomyoucanconnectfromanyrandomteletypeinordertoperusethemailsittinginyourGrapevinemailbox.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xНўО_/Н┴НeНШН┘НИ Н$aН(gН)кН/■Н5>Н6оН9]Н<сН?@НB║НEНG·Н ЛО]┬Н≥НаН├НЦН╔НН■Н Н"Н&6Н'ШН*Н/Н3Q Н:▌Н=·Н>чНB0НCТНG┴Н ЛО[ЮН?ННоН┐НYН#ъН&`Н(FН+ўН-Q Н3иН;3Н?6НAНD Н ЛОZ9Н ≈НЬНщН▐Нi Н&▒Н+тН0╘Н2Н5SН7▓Н:цН>╠Н@kНC9НGкН ЛОX▓Н;Н▐Н√НЕН!Н"╛Н%uН(ЇН*xН-пН4┘Н9дН=╛Н?lНC√НF║Н ЛОVЙНЮНєН,|Н ЛОS⌡Н,НлНxНўОPLНYН;НjНHНoН─ Н$ЮН(Н-ЁН0^Н2ТН4jН6хН:Н<зН?хНB%НD╔НGжН ЛОN╔Н?ННzН6НДН(чН*щН/QН1fН2·Н7ЗН9л Н@НE@Н ЛОLЧНыН┌ННNН╨Н"НН'Н(█Н,ўН1╙Н5;Н9тН=УН@|НDqНFHН ЛОKVН Н░Н*НsНrН+Н!≈Н$иН+└Н-ЕН1Ъ Н8┐Н=°НBНFН ЛОI╞НИН╘НРН'Н √Н$─Н%хН*MН,уН.ёН2пН6╧Н;TН>╧НBVНFзНHeН ЛОHН ВНжНhНН< Н+Н(Н)┤Н/V Н7Н83 Н?#НG%Н ЛОF`Н\Н╔НН·Н UН&=Н*ЗН-eН0Н5TН8.Н:aН>НASНCO Н ЛОD╧НН0НяН┘НЪН"Н$╚Н%ОН*.Н4Н5ФН<ФНCНF(Н ЛОCНФН║НН╣НННЙН²Н%}Н*пН,mН2╪Н:+Н=рН?YНBНEґН ЛОAjН 4ННoНіНSН$НMН!Н#хН'Н*Н/dН1ФН3╚Н7▐Н:лН?ЕНCНDBН ЛО?цН▄НYНяННўНщ Н&Н'xН*DН-МН1ІН6Н7яН:.НЎНB$Н ЛО>Н╡НvН2Н:НXНСН╟ Н$nyН(lО>Н)%О>Н*КН/GН0╚Н3²Н5┤Н9пН=jН?8НB!НHН ЛОНCSНGЮН ЛО6╙ НЬ ННН2НcН!Н"МН$Н){Н-+Н1Н2Р Н9щН=шНBйНDsНE█Н ЛО5НьН6НTН╗НьН6Н!Н#└Н)┼ Н3.Н7іН>%Н@НCaНGюН ЛО3\НbН Н▄НСНmН$8Н'Н-TН.┘ Н5Н;"Н<ЦНDUНHН ЛО1ЄН┘НРН▄Н┤НЬНуН!ЪН$Н)ГН.DН2u Н;яН?;НAНCіН ЛО0 Н3НщН┬yНaО0 НGО0 Н!■Н#фН%÷Н)ўН-AН0Н1^Н2IН7Н:*Н;Н@{ НEtН ЛО.fНЛН qНЧНюНEНшН+ НўН"ДН$3Н&VxН,MО.fН-4О.fН0CН1єН2цН8GН<бНB·НEbН ЛО,ЎН╪Н└Н┴НYНН~НхН! Н$Н+≈Н-МН4√Н6Н9²Н=?Н?╛НBqНGжН ЛО+НН┬ ННHН!─Н#Щ Н+⌡ Н4 Н7!Н<ДН>mНAфНEJН ЛО)pН^Н/Н⌡НQ НГ Н'DН+║Н.Н7┌Н::Н=bН?н НEўН ЛО'хН≤ННNН╩НН!Н$ДН,VН/Н1yН3°Н5╣Н7─Н:UН=Н@НBшНDіН ЛО&!Н6НХН╪НFНН 6Н!МН$ґН)ВН+ўН1 Н3мН9╪Н=░Н?■НB╚НEН ЛО$zНtНОН╛НЖН/Н∙НSН аН(:Н*┤Н5DН9√НН▌Н$ГН&1Н+АН/ЬН5Н9=Н=>Н@ НF√НHeН ЛОн НxН`НуН▒Н!RН#Н$:Н*аН/сН1┴Н4─Н8^Н<БН?ЦНB╒НF(Н ЛО&Н ; НgНЧН#сН'pН)вН.{Н0∙Н3Н8^Н<ВН?НAyНELН ЛОН┐Н≥Н9Н╛Н╛НШН└Н$█Н)╒Н+9Н.жН0mН4╩Н7Н:Н>Н?їНBкН ЛО ьН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩVTVm$▀THEBRIEFINGBLURB20PackagingSystemsandControllingVersionsIntheBCPLworld,theprimaryfacilityforpackagingupagroupofrelatedfilesandeitherhandingthemoutorstoringthemforlaterrecallwasthedumpfile.Adumpfile,givenconventionalextension``.dm'',issimplytheconcatenationofthedumpees,togetherwithenoughheaderinformationtoallowthedumpeestobepulledapartagain.Dumpfileshavefallenoutoffavor.IntheAlto/Mesaworld,andmorestrongly,intheCedarworld,acollectionofsoftwarecalled``DFfiles''hasgrownupthatattackstheproblemofdescribingandpackagingsystems,detailingtheirinterdependencies,andcontrollingtheversionsofthings.YoucanfindoutalotaboutDFfilesbyreadingEricSchmidt'sdissertation[36].YoucanfindtheanswerstodetailedquestionsaboutthebehaviorofthevariousprogramsthatdealwithDFfilesbyreadingthereferencemanualforDFfiles<37>.AllthatIwilltrytodohereistogiveyousomeideaofwhatDFfilesaregoodfor,andhow,inageneralsense,theyareused.Onewayoranother,allCedarprogrammersmustmaketheirpeacewithDFfiles:theyperformvaluablefunctions,andtheyhavenocurrentcompetition.Inthesimplestcase,aDFfilejustconsistsofalistofthenamesofarelatedsetoffiles.Atthislevel,aDFfileissomethinglikeadumpfile:giventheDFfile,youcangetateachofthefilesthatitdescribes.Ofcourse,youwanttobesurethatyougettherightversionsofthedescribedfiles,sojusthavingtheDFfilelisttheirnamesisn'tquiteenough.IftherewereanInternet-widenotionofversionnumberthatmadesense,wecouldgetaroundthisproblembyspecifyingtheversionnumberalongwiththefilename.Butthereisn't.TheclosestthingtoaInternet-wideuniqueidentificationstampthatwehaveisthecreatedateofthefile.Thus,whataDFfilereallycontainsisalistoffilenamesandassociatedcreatedates.ThefirstprogramthatyouwillmeetthatdealswithDFfilesisBringover.Bringover'sjobistoretrievetoyourlocalfilesystemthesetoffilesdescribedbyaparticularDFfile.ThiswouldbesomethingofachallengeunlesstheDFfileincludedsomehinttoBringoverconcerningwhereinthegreat,wideInternetthecorrectversionsofthesefilesmightbefound.SoDFfilesdoindeedincludesuchhints:inparticular,theyincludespecificationsofremotedirectoriesonwhichtolook.Thesedirectoriesarejusthints,inthesensethatBringoverwillalwaysverifybycheckingthecreatedatethatitisgettingyouthecorrectversionofthespecifiedfile.IfBringovercan'tfindthecorrectversiononthespecifieddirectory,itwillissueasprightlyerrormessage.Bringoverhaslotsofbellsandwhistles.Forexample,youcanpointitateitheralocaloraremoteDFfile;youcanaskittoretrievejustaselectedsubsetoffilestoyourlocaldisk,ratherthantheentiresetdescribedbytheDFfile;oryoucanindividuallyconsiderthefilesonebyone,decidingwhichyouwouldliketoretrieveandwhichyouwouldn't.SupposethatIamworkingonacollectionoffiles,suchasthesourcesforthisBriefingBlurb.IhavemadeaDFfilethatdescribesthem,andIcanuseBringovertoretrievethemfromtheirremoteandpermanenthometomylocalfilesystem,whereIcaneditthem.ThenextthingthatIneedisaservicethatissymmetrictoBringover:afterdoingmyediting,Iwanttoputthenewversionsbackontheremotefileserver,alongwithanewDFfilethatdescribesthenewversions.ThisfunctionisperformedbySModel.IrunSModel,andpointitattheoldDFfile.SModelconsiderseachfileinturn,andlookstoseeifIhaveeditedit;thatis,itlookstoseeifthecreatedateofthatfileinmylocalfilesystemisnowdifferentthanthecreatedatestoredintheoldDFfile.Ifso,SModeldeducesthatIhaveeditedthefile.ItstoresthenewversionthatIhavemadeoutontotheremotedirectory.Afterdoingthisforeachfileinturn,SModelwritesanewversionoftheDFfileitself,fillinginallofthecreatedatescorrectlytodescribethenewversionoftheentireensemble.IftheDFfiledescribesitself,asmostDFfilesdo,SModelissmartenoughtomakesurethatthenewversionoftheDFfileisstoredouttotheremoteserveraswell.SModelalsohaslotsofbellsandwhistles,butlet'snotgointothem.Ifthatwerethewholestory,meremortalscouldfigureoutDFfileswithoutstrainingtheirbrains.Butthere'smore.Sofar,wehaveonlydiscussedDFfilesasdescriptionsofensemblesoffiles.Infact,1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'|Н ЛО_,Н≤НОН▐ НкxНўО[щНnН©НсННYН │Н$ЫН'(Н-░Н/■Н0╞Н4ёН6MН:яН=╟Н@YНD6Н ЛОZ5Н |НЫНдН\НЛН0Н]Н#Н%к{Н(1ОZ5Н(БОZ5Н+ПxН-юОZ5Н/.ОZ5Н0бН4лН7■Н;OНCpН ЛОX▌Н├НН┴НЩНгН!■Н$Н*FН/ҐН2ЛН7ЙН<┘ НD#НEФН ЛОVГНKННлНҐНН▀Н"Н&kН)YН,÷Н0uН2ЙН4ёНўОTkНtНйН╟НКН≥Н"#Н'ЄН)YН+╞Н/ЎН3ЫН5 Н;FН<ЖНBeНFTН ЛОRдН ьН°Н#Н┐Н═НuН"#Н'УН)Щ Н0ЦН3ИН:ўН@TНFHН ЛОQН╙Н┤ Н°Н"!Н'▓Н)qН.╟Н1ДН4■Н7╗Н:CН;▓Н=иНAпНD─НG⌠Н ЛОOuННBНхН JН$EН'█Н*RН-zН0Н5mН7UН<фНCНG/Н ЛОMнНїНkНуН╗НфН!÷Н$ёН'иН*^Н-WН/]Н4\Н6гН<оНAцНDНF║Н ЛОL'ННYН$Н*НсНЬНєН╗Н©Н!)Н"тН%©Н(tН,Н.ШН0╠Н4Н6■Н9Н;пН??НAрНD┤НGАН ЛОJННыНгНоНН"Н Н"МН$╘Н*Н+ЛН/Э Н8[Н;╩Н?gНBіНFtН ЛОHьНwНbНrНйНC Н$≥Н'QН*aН-їН/ґН4wНўОF]Н┼НЖН[НўНЕН}НСН"║Н'ўН)tН*╙Н,УН.╩Н1'Н5xН7=Н8tН=Н?<НAНDЕНFМН ЛОD╣Н ┤НўН6Н°НН╔НNНtН#tН&жН*┤Н,ЦН/kН2*Н4чН7fН9╛Н;BН>pН@&НB┐НEmНH9Н ЛОC НцНчН▐НPНІНnН!hН$kН'CН*Н,VН.©Н2Н7pН93Н;°НAпНE НFМН ЛОAgНhНиНUН©НЧНFН┼Н"┘Н&Н+вН-ZН0ДН46Н6(Н>╡НC НDгН ЛО?©ННмН─НjН└НCН!Н&0Н(еН.<Н0+ Н6∙Н8ГН=╒НBбНFtН ЛО>НLНІНSНЖН─НVН /Н$┼Н(Н)оН*ЫН3┐Н8, Н@┼НD≤НGgН ЛОН@НD╞Н ЛО1╟Н TНlНQ НН\Н"r Н+Н-Н1ъ Н8дН;Н?EНA*НE█Н ЛО0 Н╒НЩН╔НmН"Н┴Н!/Н$Н*lН-Н1┼Н5}Н7─Н=CН?╙НCЄНFаН ЛО.bНNНфНdН'Н▓Н0Н Н!иН$4Н)ЭН-YН.ГН5SН8╠Н;╚Н>НB╣НG┴Н ЛО,╨НYН# НZНЎНwНАН!Н&жН*VН0єН7Н9■Н<7Н=ЧНAFНDН ЛО+НїННБН|Н+Н▒Н9Н#5Н$nН'дН)≈Н*пН/┤Н2!Н5їН8nН; Н=┌Н>ГН@╔НEЄНHeН ЛО)lН-НqН>НAННTН ўН$ Н(+Н+fН-зН1шН4Н:KН<\Н>пНAoНDЪНFьН ЛО'дНsННyНуНЎН!fН#]Н&]Н+ХН/РН2╔Н6оН9vН; Н@НBнНFьН ЛО&НўО#╒НFН(НDН╚НН 0Н!m Н'ІН)┌Н,эН0!Н1БН4UН9=Н;▌Н>CНC╒НH├Н ЛО!ЗН DННQНМНhНHН AН$4Н&ЩН(Н*ЄН-:Н3╚Н5kН:|Н>НA▐НDГН ЛО SНІНўН≈НXНиН"Н!·Н&└Н*╞Н+йН.hН1=Н5гН8╡Н;тН?{НB\НCwНFГНHeН ЛО╛НvНHН╦Н^Н Н"vН%╣Н) Н+ЭН0УН2Н5bН7Н9≥Н;ЭН>ННD>НG┴Н ЛОН│Н]НЭН∙Н┼НзН!9Н$\Н'Н)╨Н,ЎН2шН5oН8⌠Н?%НBtНH#Н ЛО]НбНпНЭННЎН"TН%Н(оН*7Н+БН.SН0оН3lН6уН<НB"НEeНGАН ЛОІН AНПН┘Н+НwНоНпНН!5Н#xН&>Н'ЗН)GН,щН.┐Н0нН2'Н4~Н8xН;uН=&Н?ЛНBMНCРНFIН ЛОНSНлН5Н6НзНЩН ZН$[Н']Н+~Н-*Н/┤Н1НН4wН7ЇН96Н;PН@zНE╨НH├Н ЛОgН CН┌НРНXНъНпН@Н">Н'Н)УН+Н.eН25Н4╨Н7ШН:kН?" НEПН ЛОюН БН≤НЙН0НўНqНЦН#$Н';Н(zН+}Н0ZН2'Н4°Н7<Н9╨Н=┐НA НC]НEaНG/Н ЛОН ГНiННґН Н aН#HН(Н)╧Н,Н/УyН6уОН7?ОН8Н9ДН;ФН=нНB│НErНFдН ЛОqНЖНOН6НZНН┴НxНрН йН#,Н%lН'TН)ґН-│Н.ЦН0кН2уН4дН5ХН99Н;2Н<▄Н>sНB-НElНFеxНHЁОqН ЛОйННДНYНОН╗НДН⌡Н$Н&═Н)xН+МН-щН0╣НўО NН7ННgНнНЦН╚Н"0Н'!Н*УН.ЪН1|Н4Н7Н<НAеНEН ЛОїН┼НКНRНUНяНТН7Н"LН(RН*ыН-цН/mН6ЪН8ЄН?HН@ЩНD©НF┼Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪTVm$CTHEBRIEFINGBLURB21theseensemblesareoftencomponentsoflargeprograms.Andthishasconsequences.First,therearetwodistinctlydifferentreasonsthatyoumighthaveforretrievingaprogram:youmightwanttochangeit,oryoumightjustwanttorunit.Inthelattercase,youdon'tneedtobringoverallofthesources;allthatyouneedistherunnable``.bcd''.WecouldhandlethisbyhavingtwoDFfiles:onefortheusersandtheotherforthemaintainers.Butthatwouldbeadisaster:thetwoDFfileswouldneveragree!Instead,eachDFfiledistinguishesbetweenfilesthatit``exports''andtherest.Theexportedfilesaretheonesthatusersneed,whilemaintainersareassumedtoneedtheentireensemble.YoucanwarnBringoverthatyouareauserratherthanamaintainerbygivingitthe``/p''switch(whichstandsforPublic-only).Secondly,someprogramsaregoingtodependuponotherprograms:thatis,theprogramsthemselveswillbe``users''(``clients''isabetterwordhere).ThissuggeststhatoneDFfileshouldbeabletocontainanotherDFfile.Infact,thereshouldbeseveraldifferentkindsofcontainment,correspondingtosuchphrasesas:``TheywhomaintainmealsomaintainthestuffdescribedbythefollowingDFfile.''``Theywhomaintainmearealsousers(butnotmaintainers)ofthestuffdescribed...''``Theywhousemearealsousersofthestuffdescribed...''Yougetthepoint?Formoredetailsonthewaysthatthesethingsaredone(``includes''and``imports''),checkoutthereferencemanual.Incaseyoustillaren'tconvincedthatthingsarecomplicated,itisnowtimetomentionthefactthatDFfilesareusedforyetanotherpurpose:theydescribecomponentsoftheCedarrelease.DuringtheCedarreleaseprocess,allofthenewversionsofCedarcomponents,whicharesittingoutondevelopmentdirectories,mustbecheckedforconsistency,andthenmovedenmassetotheofficialreleasedirectory.AndanentirenewsetofDFfilesmustbeproduced,describingthereleasedversionofthesystem(asopposedtothedevelopmentversion).Thismeans,amongotherthings,thatsomeDFfilesmustspecifytwodifferentremotedirectories:thedevelopmentdirectoryandthereleasedirectory.Inaddition,thereisathirdDFfileprogram,calledVerifyDF,whosepurposeistoperformcertainconsistencyandcompletenesschecksonaDFfile.ByinsistingthatallcomponentimplementershavesuccessfullyrunVerifyDFontheircomponents,theCedarReleaseMasterensuresthatthereleaseprocesshasatleastafightingchanceofsucceeding<38>.Infact,thereareseveralotherprogramsrelatedtoDFfilesthataresometimesuseful.DFDisk,forexample,looksatallofthefilesonyourlocaldiskandclassifiesthemaccordingtowheretheymaybefoundonremoteservers.Thisisaconvenientwaytodeterminewhatlocalfilesneedtobebackedupbeforeerasingthelocalfilesystemforsomereason.FormoreonDFDisk,anintroductiontoDFDelete,andmore,seetheDFfilesreferencemanual<37>.DFfilesgrewupovertimeinresponsetoamixedbagofneeds.Astheybecamemorepopular,featureswereaddedonebyonetomakethemmoreusefulinthesevaryingcontexts.Theresultingsystemasawholeisratherhardtogrok,butIhopethatthisintroductionhasgivenyoualegupontheproblem,atleast.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xН ЛО_/Н uН Н`НТ Н!═Н#YН&юН-╞Н0иН3kН5ЮНўО\╞НWНКНIН НСН$ёН)▄Н,eН/'Н3)Н6zН8б Н?Н@6НFьН ЛО[Н СН_ННуН⌠НgН.Н"5Н$ФН(RН*Н,ІН/Н0ГН3VН6ЗН:PН=Н@╩НD'НEЕН ЛОY`Н НЪН╪Н НЗНОНбН }Н#чН%NН'╡Н-┴Н2сН5bН92Н=ҐН@cНBcНFЦН ЛОW╧Н└Н┬НAН▀НВН│НEН ╡Н$^Н&╗Н)Н1rН4 Н6ШН;7Н=4Н>jНDwНFЦН ЛОVН|НnН║НqН!Н!RН$┬Н'Н)├Н1іН7Н:Н<ъН>: НDsНG/Н ЛОTjН uНSНННaНфН ЭН#пН'TН+Н.и Н68Н8▒Н>'Н?шНC>НEёН ЛОRцНРННёН!Н ▄Н#fН&(Н(┤Н)╪Н,аН0зН4Н5A Н<1Н>8НBfНCгНF2Н ЛОQН&НґНэНОP╡ЧрНОQНКОQНўОN°НлН>Н0НbН"Н#≤Н(aН+тН/QН6Н8лН:oН<ґНB÷ Н ЛОLТН┤НhН6НDН═Н╧Н║Н#Н'hН*rН/╞Н2mН5 Н7┐Н9эН>HН@)НCНD╟Н ЛОKMНЭН▀НыНґНІНDН!дН#╧Н(NН-ЫН1╡Н3oН;╞НD╚НF]Н ЛОIіНжНўОG&НФНКНіНЫНфН$│Н&АН*Н0<Н28Н4≈Н:╙Н=5НўОDіНФНКНіНЫНMН!Н$≈Н'▒Н*Н1ИН3╒Н6Н92Н?]Н@9НAНўОB&НФНКН`НЁННсН!QН# Н%iН( Н.еН/║Н0|НўО?іНЬН}ННDН+Н ЗН%├Н'хН*cН-ШН1Н4кН9Н;╞Н?^НFьН ЛО=ЧН)НН─НЮНщНўО;~НrНWНН НqН ИН#ґН'╩Н*Н1ЪН3KН4╛Н7іН:аНвНCf Н ЛО4АН НННН)ННН┘НН"СН$ОН+t Н2Н4┐Н9эН>╟Н@uНBЮНGgН ЛО3:Н`ННb Н█Н!·Н$ЁН)IН-иН1bН5мН8√Н<#Н>╗НA░НDРН ЛО1▓Н┼Н"Н╪НLН · Н(аН.┘Н1/Н3│Н7Ы Н>▀Н@LНFН ЛО/КН Н Н╡НН+НUН ▐Н'iН+ыН1_Н3 Н4ЧН:≤Н?b НFьН ЛО.DНSНдНуН Н÷НЗН"!Н'▌Н*gН,bН3■Н<2Н?└НFЫН ЛО,°Н.Н6Н Н├НХН$Н)Н-ўН2 Н5kН7мН.Ifyouthoughtthatitwasworthwritingdown,itisprettylikelythatthereareotherfolkinCSLwhowouldconsideritworthreading,andsubmittingittotheCSLNotebookisoneeasywaytogetitread.(IbelievethatlikelylookingsubmissionstotheCSLNotebookareconsideredforentryintotheCSLArchivesaswell.)AboutISLISLalsohasaweeklymeeting,onTuesdaysstartingat11:00am.Thismeetinghasnocatchynameatthemoment.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'zН ЛО^УН┘НН|Н ЛО[≈НxНўОX;НН÷НОН╠НН EН'й Н.ЄН2рН7кН<шН> НBяНEоН ЛОV■Н Н^Н╛Н╡НZ НЬН(Н,*Н.╨Н1Н5©Н9 Н;╟Н@┴НB╣ Н ЛОTМННОНЙНwН;НЯН!3Н%гН'ЕН*⌠Н- Н1|Н4cН6ПН9ЄН>iН@НA©НEkН ЛОSEН°НKН█Н┐Н}Н#хН%▀Н'іН)~Н-Н2В Н9█Н; НBв Н ЛОQ·Н 4 НQН╩НцН░Н'ЫН)х Н0╧Н4MН6Ї Н?НBНE▄Н ЛОOВ НVНAН Н3 Н"И Н+BН,НН.фН0fН2ґН7ZН>2НA─НCхН ЛОNOНY Н НyН GОNOН!XОNOН#[Н&ЭН-╦Н0нН2)Н4$Н9wН=;Н>ОНCИ Н ЛОL╗НьН▌НЇНЄНXНLНъН █Н"©Н#вН%Н'хН)&Н*╧Н. Н3╨Н5МН;SН=√Н>Т xНDWОL╗НEwОL╗Н ЛОKНEННYН⌡НjН!>Н#≈Н& Н-vН/╧Н7)Н9* Н?pНCpН ЛОIYН╔НуН)НЕН■НHНrН"Н%ыН'┤Н+аНўОFуННН╠Н Н∙Н$Н%iН*ДН,вН-ВН1ШН3ЬН6NН8╧Н;ЬН=╡НBfНE┌Н ЛОE-Н╘НwНЩНН Н"0Н'Н)!Н+─НўОB╘Н┘Н╣НdНRННПН$бН'эН-B Н3╦Н6Н74 Н=iН?!НA┼НFьН ЛОAН ЙНеН└Н─Н⌡ Н"gН&╗Н(RН+sН1, Н7░Н:YН?≤НAэНDXН ЛО?ZН▓Н:Н)НфНШНи Н#EН$ЦН']Н-8Н0╞Н3kН7 Н=ЇНB НDгН ЛО=ЁНюН╒НН⌠НLНМ Н$"НўО;.Н╙ННвНб НJН!йН#rН%лН(ВН/╧Н3аН7pН9Н<хН>╡Н@fНB© Н ЛО9┤ НА НcНН Н#pН&┐Н*┴ Н1Н2НН5Н8┘Н<╞Н@НE@Н ЛО7Ю НR Н;НфН"Н$еН)!Н,NН0ГН2СН5Н;▀Н=VН?рНCН ЛО68НН░НHНjН9Н▐Н;Н"3Н&ЕН+ Н,_Н-кН1нН5█Н8\Н;ЕН>9НAыНD╟НF^Н ЛО4▒НВН-НґН Н Н!\Н$ Н*ЩН,ZН.Н0vН3ґН:$Н;≈Н>IНATНD3НEИНH9Н ЛО2ЙН ПНxН1ННлНф Н'bН)Н+~Н.╣Н5+Н7┘ Н>rН@ІНDPНG/Н ЛО1BН НлНz|Н ЛО-ГНxНўО*▄НYНН┘НёН4НцН!ЎН'╟Н,▐Н.Н1яН4ЙН7ЫН=0Н? НA∙НEоН ЛО(ДН┘Н ДН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪ╘TVm$sTHEBRIEFINGBLURB23SomeCodePhrasesYoumayoccasionallyhearthefollowingincomprehensiblephrasesusedindiscussions,sometimesaccompaniedbylaughter.Tokeepyoufromfeelingleftout,weofferthefollowingtranslations:``Committingerror33''(1)Predicatingoneresearcheffortuponthesuccessofanother.(2)Allowingyourownresearchefforttobeplacedonthecriticalpathofsomeotherproject(beitaresearcheffortornot).KnownelsewhereasForgie'sprinciple.``Youcantellthepioneersbythearrowsintheirbacks.''Essentiallyself-explanatory.Usuallyappliedtotheboldsoulswhoattempttousebrand-newsoftwaresystems,ortouseoldersoftwaresystemsinclever,novel,andthereforeunanticipatedways...withpredictableconsequences.Alsoheardwith``asses''replacing``backs''.``We'rehavingaprintingdiscussion.''Referstoaprotracted,low-level,time-consuming,generallypointlessdiscussionofsomethingperipherallyinterestingtoall.Historically,printingdiscussionswereoffargreaterimportancethantheyarenow.YoucanseewhywhenyouconsiderthatprintingwasoncedonebycarryingmagnetictapesfromMaxctoaNovathatrananXGP.FontologyThebodyofknowledgedealingwiththeconstructionanduseofnewfonts.Ithasbeensaidthatfontologyrecapitulatesfile-ogeny.``Whatyouseeiswhatyouget.''Usedspecificallyinreferencetothetreatmentofvisualimagesbyvarioussystems,e.g.,aBravoscreendisplayshouldbeascloseaspossibletothehardcopyversionofthesametext.Alsoknownissomecirclesbytheacronym``WYSIWYG'',pronuonced``whiz-ee-wig''.``Movingrightalong'',``Pop!'',or``Heyguys,up-level!''Eachofthesephrasesmeansthattheconversationhasdegeneratedinsomerespect,oftenbybecomingenmeshedinnitty-grittydetails.Feelfreetoshoutoutoneormoreofthesephrasesifyoufeelthataprintingdiscussionhasbeengoingonlongenough.Iftwoparticipantsinalargemeetingbegindiscussingdetailsthatareofinteresttothembutnotofinteresttothegroupasawhole,shout``Off-line!''instead.``Lifeishard''Twopossibleinterpretations:(1)``Whileyoursuggestionmayhavesomemerit,IwillbehaveasthoughIhadn'theardit.''(2)``Whileyoursuggestionhasobviousmerit,equallyobviouscircumstancespreventitfrombeingseriouslyconsidered.''Thecharmofthisphraseliespreciselyinthissubtlebutimportantambiguity.``What'saspline?''``YouhavejustusedatermthatI'veheardforayearandahalf,andIfeelIshouldknow,butdon't.Mycuriosityhasfinallyovercomemyguilt.''Moral:don'thesitatetoaskquestions,eveniftheyseemobvious.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'zН ЛО^УН┘НцxНўО[╒НлНЮН░Н╨Н *Н&LН1dН6^Н9╙Н;hНBжН ЛОYШ Н3Н/НnН∙НГН"·Н&Н*▀Н-Н/мН1УН5QН7╟Н=б{НўОW}НрН.xНўОTЪНn Н╚НaНнН"ёН&BН(╚Н-iН/,Н5(Н7ХН=ьНAНD+Н ЛОSWН ьН╗Н╨Н7Н_НЮН}Н"еН$÷Н(TН,Н0сН3_Н4жН6"Н;іН?⌠НAxyНE┘ОSWНFlОSWН ЛОQ╟НТНLН─ {НўОO2НMНшН1Н}НбН°Н ХН%AН&ГН*xНўОLЄ НаНН$kН)⌡Н+▌Н.3Н1╘Н5`Н8╙Н=ШН?ОНB╘Н ЛОKНpНсН║Н[НшНyН#ЩН)Н*юН/%Н3HН6 Н;ЩНD²НHН ЛОIeН Н%yН┼ОIeН]ОIeН Н#1Н%ґН)wН.9 {НўОFГНUНЄНХНxНўОDhНfНsНЭ НL Н"чН-÷Н3ЕН9С Н@тНBЛН ЛОBаН╞ Н~НCyН<ОBаН#ОBаН#rН'╧ Н-jН0#Н1√Н3aН7$ Н<ЬН?▐НBНDНG@Н ЛОAНУН яН2Н*НVНЇНУН *Н"MН$ЛН'ўН)DН-┼Н2;Н5Н7хН:яН<)Н=Н@НBOНDFНEс{НўО>°xНўО<НnНсНtНAНЭН"ЪН%FН,ЩН/°Н1ЫН3 Н6pyН:▌О<Н:ЬО<Н;їН=▀Н@(НB[НD┤Н ЛО:vНE {НўО7ЬН НЇНЖНaН╙НAxНўО5zНcН▀Н[Н{Н!KН#лН*#Н+ЧН0Н4ЎН6эН;фНA?НDBНE▌Н ЛО3рН4НЖН│Н─Н=НЄН qН%аН'Н)МН0Н4эН6єН9Н<÷Н@PНC▌НH#Н ЛО2+Н НґН╘Н НўН%2 Н,т{НўО/ґНTН²Н]xН}О/ґН 8О/ґ{Н!AО/ґН!≥О/ґН$ЮН(S xНўО-/НgНfН6НfНЯН#Н%╚Н-КН0і Н8єН:≤Н>rНC╧НG⌠Н ЛО+┤НFНмН▀НvН$аН'ЙН*гН,┘Н0UН2зН5√Н7iН;Н<уН@nНEgНFьН ЛО)ЮН╞Н■НуН. НгНTН"гН&╘Н(фН+ВН1КН3└Н6GН=иН?▌Н@оНDMН ЛО(9Н к НWН╩Н·ННсН$фН&┴Н*'Н,╪Н/FН1Н6Н7йН:=Н>TН@НAUНEн{Н ЛО&▒xНЖО&▒НYО&▒{НўО$НBНўxНўО!∙НМНIН÷{Н!АО!∙Н"9О!∙xН"▒О!∙Н#РО!∙Н&цН* Н0АН4Н7aН;Н?+Н@NНCНGАН ЛОНН■Н░НиН÷Нi{НЭОННTОНxНґОНН ОНН!╦Н$Х Н+┴Н-РН3Н6ЩН;дН@ыН ЛОFНЩНeНщН╧НzН&Н(ВН-BН/Н1©Н66Н8╩Н>}Н@<НBОНGН ЛО÷НM {НўО!НЩН1xНўО╒Н┤НХНєНШН?Н═Н!┴Н$ZН(VН*ўН+РН/Н1ЦН3'Н6gН99Н:\Н="Н>EНBэНGН ЛОШНCНбНEНґНЕН#Н%jН*Н/Н2²Н7▒Н94Н;▒ НAЯНE*НFН ЛОTН iН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪЗTVm$THEBRIEFINGBLURB24HintsforGraciousLivingThereareacoupleofareaswherelifeatPARCcanbemademorepleasantifeveryoneispoliteandthoughtfulenoughtogotosomeefforttohelpout.Hereareafewwordstothewise:CoffeeBothISLandCSLhavecoffeealcoveswheretea,cocoa,andseveralkindsofcoffeeareavailable.Allcoffeedrinkers(notjustthesecretariesorsomeothersuchbarbarism)helpoutbymakingcoffee.Ifyouareabouttoconsumeenoughcoffeethatyouwouldleavelessthanafullcupinthepot,itisyourresponsibilitytomakeafreshpot,followingthepostedinstructions.Therearelotsofcoffeefanaticsaround,andtheygetirritatedbeyondallreasonifthecoffeesituationisn'tworkingoutsmoothly.Forthosecoffeesforwhichbeansarefreshlyground,thelocalcustomistopipelinegrindingandbrewing.Thatis,youareexpectedtogrindacupofbeanswhilebrewingapotofcoffeefromthepreviousloadofgroundbeans.Thisspeedsupthebrewingprocessforeveryone,sincealoadofgroundbeansisatleast,hadbetterbealwaysreadywhenthecoffeepotrunsout.SharingOfficeSpaceBewarnedaswellthatsomelabmembersareunbelievablypickyaboutthestateoftheiroffices.TheconventionisthatanyAltoinanemptyofficeisfairgametobeborrowed.PrivateDolphinsandDoradosmaybeborrowedonlybypriorarrangementwiththeirowners,becauseoftheproblemsofsharingdiskspace.Ifyouusesomeone'sofficeforanyreason,takecaretoputeverythingbackexactlythewayitwas.Don'tspillcrumbsaround,orleaveyourhalf-emptycocoacuponthedesk,orforgettoputthemachinebackinthestatethatyoufoundit,orwhatever.Ofcourse,lotsofpeoplewouldn'tmindevenifyouwerelessthanfanaticallycareful.Butsomepeopledomind,andthereisnopointinirritatingpeopleunnecessarily.SharingprintersWhenyoupickupyouroutputfromaprinter,itisconsideredantisocialmerelytoliftyourpagesoffthetopoftheoutputhopper,andleavetherestthere.Takeamomenttosorttheoutputintothelabelledbins.Sortingoutputistheresponsibilityofeveryonewhoprints,justasmakingcoffeeistheresponsibilityofeveryonewhodrinks(coffee).Checkcarefullytomakesurethatyoucatcheverybreakpage:shortoutputshaveawayofgoingunnoticed,andhencebeingmissorted,especiallywhentheycomeoutrightnexttoalongoutputinthestack.Therulefordeterminingwhichbinistousethefirstletterthatappearsinthenameonthebreakpage.Thus,``Ramshaw,Lyle''shouldbesortedunder``R'',while``LyleRamshaw''shouldbesortedunder``L''.Atrickierquestioniswhattodowithoutputfor``Noname'',orthelike.Followingtherulewouldsuggestfilingsuchoutputunder``N'',butthatdoesn'tseemveryhelpful,sincetheoriginatorprobablywon'tfindit.Checkthecontentsandfileitintherightboxifyouhappentorecognizewhoseoutputitis;otherwise,eitherleaveitontopoftheprinterorstickitbackintheoutputhopper.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'zН ЛО^УН┘Н'Н.xНўО[÷НеН/НoНЖНеНXН"├Н%Н&ЄН+.Н-пН/жН3╛Н7UН<дН>:НD,НEўН ЛОYЬНё НiНSННРН═Н!3Н$ЧН&╛Н)гН-Н0▄Н2ъН4 Н6╙Н:ІНд|Н ЛОV║xНўОSKННыН⌡НвН*Н MН%Н):Н+эН0Н2ьН7uН;5Н<ЗНAНC| Н ЛОQєН<НQН╠Н²Н;Н≤ Н$-Н%НН)~Н-Н0I Н77Н:OН<аН>╨НC═НH Н ЛОOЭНєНЫНэН▀НHН3Н#MН&Н(тН-Н0█Н3$Н6KН7vН:Н<╠Н>`Н@юНC▐НDГНFTН ЛОNU НwН?Н НPНэНбН%НН(gН,ФН5TН9oН;эН>▀Н@]НD▐Н ЛОLўННцНьН&НnН!\Н#QН'╟Н)Н+zН/≈Н57Н85Н=▒Н@НFДН ЛОKН ■Н:Н│Н≤Н┐НъН#oН(≥Н+Н.RН3Н4▌Н6FН;²НA*НCКН ЛОI_Н 5НЭН╣ННйН{Н'Н TН#Н$©Н(╒Н,YН1╘Н2уН5MН7Н;#Н>▄Н@ННF─Н ЛОG╦НєНlН(НAНіНЇН!Н&bН+5Н-qН3єН7Н8?Н;NН=НAнНEўН ЛОFН jН!ННKНН"кН%*Н)CН+╦Н.р|Н ЛОB╨НН:xНўО?dНуНйН▐Н⌠НxН!Н!▄Н'■Н)ЧН2/Н5ШН9СННDCНGАН ЛО3я Н°Н |Н ЛО0zНxНўО-$НпН▒Н÷Н╪НН }Н#НН%"Н*Н+wН,Л Н3э Н9ОН>┴Н@BНBНEдН ЛО+}Н)Н⌠ННжН@НҐНчН!═Н%3Н'²Н*HН.бН2?Н3sН8ЛН:╔Н=fН?пНDMНG/Н ЛО)уН)Н!НН┴НН w Н(ЗН*еН0╠Н3гН8Н:пН<▐НA┴НE╡НG/Н ЛО(. НfН&Н НyН!UО(.Н!ІО(.xН$ТО(.Н&bО(.Н*ўН0[Н2Н5лН8мН;ёН>aНAЩНE╧Н ЛО&┤Н[НОНШНWН≈Н└Н SН$2 Н+ Н-зН1ГН5х НБН@GНAОНD^НFЇН ЛО#8Н uН8Н7НзН.НБНщН!1Н$ЭН)Н,р Н4Н7ДН9НBQНFIН ЛО!▒Н ґН▌Н∙ННН#JН'YyН+О!▒Н,`О!▒Н05Н4╠Н5чН8≥Н9ШН;ёН>)НAаНC√ Н ЛОИНHН !НыННыНН]Н $Н"ШН%|Н(ЩН,%Н.кН0©Н2ЯН6ўН9lН;яН?жНB▀НDd Н ЛОBН≈Н╒НЧНеН2ННwН!іН#≈Н$╛Н&Н'ПН*⌡Н,йН-ГН0Н4Н5cН:KН=іНA7НBLНD@ Н ЛО⌡Н НЦНУН⌠Н▀НКНяНyНЦНpН ┌Н#!Н$yН&_Н)МxН%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩ РTVm$иTHEBRIEFINGBLURB25ThephonesystemWhentheVoiceProjecthashaditsway,ourphonesystemwillbeamarvelousassemblageofcomputerstalkingtocomputers,andthissectionoftheBriefingBlurbwillhavetobeexpandedtotellyouallaboutit.Atthemoment,however,wearesimplycustomersofPacificTelephone,sothereisn'ttoomuchtosay.First,alittlepreaching.Ifyoumakeasignificantnumberofpersonallong-distancephonecallsfromXeroxphones,itisyourresponsibilitytoarrangetoreimburseXeroxforthem.Thismaynotbethateasy,either,sincephonebillstakequiteawhile(sixweeksorso)topercolatethroughthebureaucracyupstairs,andthesaidbureaucracyalsohasalotoftroublefiguringoutwheretosendthephonebillsofnewpeople,andpeoplewhomovearoundalot.JustbecauseitiseasytostealphoneservicefromXeroxdoesn'tmakeitmorallyright;ifyouthinkyouaren'tbeingpaidenough,youshouldstartagitatingforaraise.Ifenoughsuspiciouscallsaremadewithoutrestitution,PARC(beingabureaucracy)willimposesomebureaucratic``solution''onallofus.Soasnottoendonasournote,let'sdiscusshowthephonesystemworks,anyway.TheofficeswithinPARChavefour-digitextensionswithinthe494exchange,asystemknownasCentrex;todialanotheroffice,thosefourdigitssuffice.Dialingasingle9asthefirstdigitgivesyouanoutsideline,andyouarenowanormalcustomerofMaBell:seeaphonebookformoredetails(Oh,comenow,surelyyouknowaboutphonebooks!).Dialingasingle8givesyoudifferentsoundingdialtone,andputsyouontotheIntelNet(nottobeconfusedwiththeInterNet).TheIntelNetisaXerox-widecompanyphonesystem,completewithitsownphonebook,anditsownphonenumbers.IfyouarecallingsomeoneinsomeremotepartofXerox,youcansaveMotherXeroxsomebreadbyusingtheIntelNetinsteadofgoingstraightoutoverMaBell'slines.Ontheotherhand,youmaynotgetasgoodacircuittotalkoveralthoughthissituationisfrequentlysaidtobeimproving.Furthermore,throughthewondersofmodernelectronics,youcandialanylong-distancenumberovertheIntelNet.JustusethenormalareacodeandMaBellnumber:thecircuitryissmartenoughtotakeyouasfaraspossibletowardsyourdestinationalongIntelNetwires,andthenswitchyouovertoMaBelllinesfortherestofthetrip.UsingtheIntelNetdoesn'tstarttosavemoneyuntilthecallisgoingafairdistance;therefore,theIntelNetdoesn'tletyoucalloutsidenumbersinareacodes408,415,and916bettertojustdial9.Onemorething:afteryouhavedialedanumberontheIntelNet,youwillhearafunnylittlebeeping.Atthatpoint,youarebeingaskedtokeyinafour-digitnumbertowhichthecallshouldbebilled.Youshouldusethefour-digitextensionnumberforyournormalofficephoneundermostcircumstances.Callsmadebydialing9insteadof8arealwayschargedtothephonefromwhichtheyareplaced.Thefirstthreerings(roughlyspeaking)ofanincomingcalloccuronlyinyouroffice.Thenextroughlythreeringshappenbothatyourofficephoneandatareceptionist'sphone,centrallylocatedinthelaboratory.Duringnormalbusinesshours,thereceptionist'sphonesarestaffed;thus,someonewillatleasttakeamessageforyou,andleaveitonalittleslipofpaperinyourphysicalmessagebox.Ifthesecondthreeringsgobywithouteitherofthosetwophonesanswering,thecallisthenforwardedtotheguardsdeskdownstairs(Ibelieve).Ifyouareexpectingacallbutwon'tbenearyournormalphone,acallforwardingfacilityexists:dial106andthenthenumbertowhichyouwantyourcallstobeforwarded.Lateron(trynottoforget),youdial107onyournormalphonetocanceltheforwarding.WhenIforwardmyphone,Iturnthephonearoundphysically,sothatthetouch-padfacesthewall.Thishelpsmetoremembertocanceltheforwardingagainlater,atwhichpointIturnthephonebackthenormalway.ThereisalsoawaytotransferincomingcallstoadifferentXeroxnumber:Depresstheswitchhookonce,anddialthedestinationnumber;whenthedestinationanswers,youwillbetalkingtothedestinationbuttheoriginalcallerwon'tbeabletohearyourconversation;depressingtheswitchhookagainputsallthreeofyouontheline;thenyoucanhangupwhenyouplease.Ifthedestinationdoesn'tanswer,depressingtheswitchhookonceagainwillflushtheannoyingringingorbusysignal.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'zН ЛО_Н WН2xНўО[╠НЬН▀Н·НyН!Н"Н$Н'{Н*9Н.іН3TН62Н8UН9╡Н@| НGжН ЛОZ НєН=НТ НН дН#nН(Н)уН,>Н1▓Н5|Н80Н;Н=6Н?0НEyНG0Н ЛОXcНёН⌠НtНіН║ННфН$╒Н&иН)Н-▄Н3ЬН5╠Н:" НAIНCНF√Н ЛОV╩НVН-НшННЄНщН НўОT@НMН"НУН< НСН"=Н$Н)ІН20Н6┬Н9╣Н=:НA{НF╞НH#Н ЛОR≥Н F НжНёН╣Н┌Н%Н)XН+ЄН0UН3▌Н6╟Н9CН;RН>?НA╧НFН ЛОPЯН(Н$Н Н╛НыyН░ОPЯНЯОPЯНёН!БН#NxН%ОPЯН%┼ОPЯН&лН,ЇН1ЯН4S Н<НA─НD:НF°Н ЛОOJ НгНЇНOН°НяНґН! Н&СН)▄Н-гН/≥Н2ЬН5zН9вН<СН>оНAАНFьН ЛОMёНkНrН5НЖН#НН ТН&Н'rН(АН+ХН- Н0цН5Н9┴Н<СНAНEшН ЛОKШНZН{НЫНqН?НЖНдН#╪Н'·Н*яН0*Н2ЬН7▄Н:ЁН@eНB╧НCЗyНH@ОKШНH╘ОKШН ЛОJTН т ННoНEН>НAН#юН'=Н*═Н+┬Н2Н4,Н7ПН:фНAНFOНGХН ЛОHґНMxНўОF1НкН░ННБН╟НнНН5Н!©Н$ўН)bН,}Н.ТН3EН7вНйНEНFьН ЛОBЦННPНННХН#TН(SН)▓Н-⌠Н.щН0═Н3Н6Н9HН<оН?°НA║НF─Н ЛОA;НІН─НФНЩН9Н Н!Н"оН%bН)\Н+бН,ЪН1KН4шН7+Н:яН?3НBvНF3Н ЛО?■Н НыНґНёНРН"КН'ИН)'Н-'Н.qН1ВН4цН:}Н@┘НCPНFьН ЛО=МН )НН─ННмНТН зН#Н) Н,`Н.В Н6[Н9kН? Н@дНB& Н ЛОНН╠НrН!oН#AН'уН*╔Н-JН0gН5uН9╠Н=]НAXНClНG/Н ЛО8ВНpН*НИН╨Н╚Н!'Н$HН&нН*┬yН.╛О8ВН/┴О8ВН0≈Н2┌Н5mН8┘Н:ІН=%Н?!Н@ЗНBXНEНFН ЛО7OНAН iН(Н?Н╦Нв Н"#Н$gН%╩Н'E xН-=О7OН.$О7O Н5ІН:ЙН=EНB╧НDnН ЛО5╗НЭНїН&НяНeН#ІН(жН+ЦН.6Н4wН7DН9╛Н<Н@╟НC²НFьН ЛО4НuНVН⌠НЭНuНЙН"ЎН'╡Н)jН,mН/-Н0ЕН3Н4мН:Н?CНB┬ Н ЛО2YН ґН+ННяНЬН!3Н#ЛН'Н(ІН+7Н.Н1LН3▀Н5ЛН8▌Н:HН<╘yН@)О2YНAО2YНC^НEEН ЛО0╡Н ЎН7Н√НН╚НQН>НMНvН"┘Н#zН%┴Н*÷ Н/іН1▓Н5ЩН9оН;lН=·Н?ўНC┬НHН ЛО/НMНVНґНН1 Н НxН⌠Н!©xНўО,▐НшН≤Н~НЦНдН"4Н&┌Н'уН-+Н/[Н1ЕН7ДН:еН= Н@чНB2НF^Н ЛО*ХНННХНХНіНН!уН%╡Н'iН*Н+╪Н,Н Н3 Н8TН: Н> Н@┤НCНG·Н ЛО)AННgННмНg Н"лН)%Н.▄Н1Н4yН9qН=│НAУНF2Н ЛО'≥ yН~О'≥НIО'≥Н?Н?НуН}НtН#6Н$≈Н%▌Н'jН*НН/Н0jН2PН5╠Н8jН;╗Н>Н?ЬxНўО%НёН≤Н>НцНoН%╣Н'▀Н)≥Н/ЎН2fН6DН9{Н;FН>·НC┼НFН ЛО#wНН■НЪННН.НкН#Н&ЕН+#Н-чН/{Н0╘ Н8ИН=─НCНGАН ЛО!оНG НЁНxН1Н"⌡Н&еН)! Н1YН6Н8bН=тНA-НFДН ЛО (Н■НиНрННrНЎНщН єН$<Н%║Н'ЇН(ПН,0Н.жН0·Н4▐Н6MН9≈Н>ТНD[НH Н ЛО│НEНпНSНЁН²Н▓Н ≈Н$}Н&0Н)хН,nН1% Н7МН:FН<йН>/НAOНGЮН ЛОыНKН╪НЛ Н╪Н=НўО^НAН НnН╙НЕН│Н Н#ОН%ЯН)Н,iН18Н5шН7Н9╡ Н@иНEaН ЛОІН▒НН╧НмНН4НяН!лН$qН'╪Н*ЕН-БН/~Н1\ Н8╛Н7{Н>╟ОІН?!ОІxН@╪ОІНA┐ОІНCНD╩Н ЛОН╧Н├Н1НMН·НqН аН"┘Н&иН)? Н1LН5zН6≥Н;зН>NНBЖНDНG/Н ЛОhННя Н│Н<НН XН&сН*1Н,┬Н0?Н3PН6ФН91Н:жНAdНC НG/Н ЛОю ННбНTНН!Н!тН"ПН& Н(|Н,иН0$Н2≈Н7hН;CН?XН@вНC╦НDУНGЮН ЛОН6Н}НкН╧Н!Н"Н&hН-Н2▒Н50Н9╘Н=eНACНD9НG/Н ЛОr НЦНЛН▒НЮ Н#жН)>Н+ЕН.─Н0aН4АН6Н8о Н?еНB6НD┘Н ЛОйН ╛Н┌Н~Н┐Н=НbН╘Н'І Н.├Н0ПН56Н8ЎННЬН┤НСН Н#аН&{yН+│О #Н+КО #Н,╧Н.╒ Н4DН8Н< НAxНCaНFеН ЛО|Н▀НyН⌡Н^НDННьН BН"АxН%JО|Н%ўО|Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩеTVm$THEBRIEFINGBLURB26ReferencesReferencenumbersin[squarebrackets]areforconventionalhardcopydocuments.ManyofthemareXeroxreportspublishedinblueandwhitecovers;theCSLblue-and-whitesareavailableonbookshelvesintheCSLAlcove.Referencenumbersinareforon-linedocuments.Thepathnameforsuchfilesisgivenhereinintheform[FileServer]SubDirectory>FileName.Extensionforbackwardcompatibilitywithearliersystems.Recently,thesimpleralternativeform/FileServer/Directory/SubDirectory/FileName.Extensionhasbeguntocomeintolocalcurrency,butsomesystemsstilldemandbracketsratherthanslashes.:Thegenericformforareferencetoanon-linedocument.[n]:Thegenericformforareferencetoahardcopydocument.[1]:SunsetNewWesternGardenBook.LanePublishingCompany,MenloPark,CA,1979.ThedefinitivedocumentonWesterngardeningfornon-botanists;1200plantidentificationdrawings;comprehensiveWesternplantencyclopedia;zonedforallWesternclimates;plantselectionguideincolor.[2]:JohnE.Warnock.TheDisplayofCharactersUsingGrayLevelSampleArrays.blue-and-whitereportCSL-80-6.[3]:RichardF.Lyon.TheOpticalMouse,andanArchitecturalMethodologyforSmartDigitalSensors.blue-and-whitereportVLSI-81-1.[4]:TheEthernetLocalNetwork:ThreeReports.blue-and-whitereportCSL-80-2.[5]:JohnF.Shoch,YogenK.Dalal,RonaldC.Crane,andDavidD.Redell.EvolutionoftheEthernetLocalComputerNetwork.blue-and-whitereportOPD-T8102.<6>:[Maxc]NetTopology.press.Containsapictureoftheentireinternetworkconfigurationinsevenpages.Itisoutofdate.Allsuchdocumentsarealwaysoutofdate.AcopyispostedonthewalloppositetheAlcoveinCSL.[7]:DavidR.Boggs,JohnF.Shoch,EdwardA.Taft,andRobertM.Metcalfe.Pup:AnInternetworkArchitecture.blue-and-whitereportCSL-79-10.[8]:InternetTransportProtocols.XeroxSystemIntegrationStandardreportXSIS028112,December1981.[9]:Courier:TheRemoteProcedureCallProtocol.XeroxSystemIntegrationStandardreportXSIS038112,December1981.[10]:C.P.Thacker,E.M.McCreight,B.W.Lampson,R.F.Sproull,andD.R.Boggs.Alto:Apersonalcomputer.blue-and-whitereportCSL-79-11.<11>:[Maxc]AltoHardware.press.EverythingthatyouneedtoknowtowriteyourownAltomicrocode.[12]:TheDorado:AHigh-PerformancePersonalComputer;ThreePapers.blue-and-whitereportCSL-81-1.<13>:[Indigo]DoradoBooting.press.DescribeshowtobootaDorado,andhowtoconfigureittobootinvariousways.[14]:Myer,T.H.andBarnaby,J.R.TENEXExecutiveLanguageManualforUsers.AvailablefromArpaNetworkInformationCenterasNIC16874,butintherelativelyunlikelyeventthatyouneedone,borrowonefromaTenexwizard.<15>:[Maxc]BCPL.press.ThereferencemanualfortheBCPLprogramminglanguage.<16>:[Maxc]OS.press.Theprogrammer'sreferencemanualfortheAltoOperatingSystem,includingdetailedinformationontheservicesprovidedandtheinterfacerequirements.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'zН ЛО^У xНўО[іН>НЭН╧Н▐Н%dН'фН*Н29Н8Q Н@:НD?НFН ЛОYЪН┘НМНзНwНjН!йН$гН(мН.▌Н13Н4╘Н>ОНA┬НG┴Н ЛОXX Н┬Н'НwН≤НЯН$dН*Н+єН/НН5СН87Н:eН? НFЇН ЛОV╟Н НрННAН.Н НNН"▓Н$AН&═НўОT5П6Н ЛОQ╨Н)Н_Н╠НкН"Н'ЙН-ЧН0^Н5G Н<НўОO?П5Н ЛОLдНaН░Н>НХНюНН"Н$┘Н(Н-Н/╧Н5Н:jН>wНA·НўОJж{Н ^ОJжxНОJжНпОJжН╗НqНьНН?Н%<Н&ЙН(шН-█НўОHХ{Н ОHХxН оОHХНпОHХН╗НqНьНН?Н%<Н&ЙН(Н.НўОFЗ|НпОFЗНKНfНтН"╗xН'ОFЗН(ОFЗН*█ Н1SН7ЛНoНСНўО<│НпО<│ННФ|НpО<│НdО<│НQН$CН)4Н+эН-тН6, Н>▐Н@иНDСНпО:ыxНkО:ыНкО:ы Н GН$k НўО8К|НпО8КН╘НMН-Н#╧Н'╩xН,WО8КН-ЇО8К Н74Н;WНўО6ЩНпО6ЩНJНН╧Н/Н!>Н%]Н*MН,9Н0╩Н3└Н7╨Н9г|Н?,О6ЩН@О6ЩНEqНG0НпО5VНtНTН ╘xН%ЎО5VН'О5V Н0 Н4Ў НўО3hНпО3hП"Н)╦Н0.Н2Н7aН9йН<ыНAuНпО1аНJНЪНяН#├Н%Н&wН(ТН*ЄН.єН0ЧН46Н;/Н=┼НAЖНDrНF2НпО0Н\НўНН─Н├НФН"сН(XН*ЇН/SН1НўО.,НпО.,НCНxН-НЕН!ЫН&пН,BН.vН2Н5Н:Н<≥|НCфО.,НDўО.,НG]НпО,└НСxН QО,└Н!╠О,└ Н+-Н/Q НўО*√|НпО*√НjН#xН"рО*√Н$ЕО*√Н)aН.x Н5ЦН<Н@≈НD░НпО(ОНtНўО'|НпО'Н`Н[Н▓Н%@Н(PxН-oО'Н/О'Н3XН88 Н?lНEkНпО%ZНoНnН НўО#lНпО#lН╚НZННпН Н%CН'Н)FН/╗Н1▌Н3SН8▀Н;DН=AН?'|НDО#lНEО#lНHНпО!дНGxНйО!дН+О!д Н&їН*й НўОжНпОжП#Н(Й Н/МН2╦Н5lН8фН:qН>-Н?ьНCSНF▀НпО/НЙ НўОA|НпОAН═НЫНgН%сН+xН2ўН6╗xН;ЬОAН<©ОAНEkНпО НўО╛НпО╛П(Н,vН2жН5ЗН7хН;Н╔xНCqОНDyОНпОoНQНХН╣ Н%zН*Н+БН/$Н3█Н6'Н7ОН:h Н@tНEзНпОхН·НUН╡НІН!~Н$*Н'▒Н(╨Н,ХНўОзНпОзН$Н&ТН,ЯН1шН4Н6xН: НC-НўО ЛНпО ЛН"ИН& Н/Н5VН:┬Н=Н?ІНCНпОDН░Н7Н$ Н,Н.╦Н1╙Н7HН=╛Н@ВНCИНпО ²Н%IОЩН(▐yН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪ єTVm$}THEBRIEFINGBLURB27<17>:[Maxc]Packages.press.AcataloguegivingdocumentationforthevariousBCPLpackagesthatotherhacker'shavemadeavailable.[18]:JamesG.Mitchell,WilliamMaybury,andRichardSweet.MesaLanguageManual,Version5.0.blue-and-whitereportCSL-79-3.Acrossbetweenatutorialandareferencemanual,thoughmuchclosertothelatterthantheformer.<19>:[Ivy]Doc>Compiler60.press.DescribesthechangesintheMesalanguageandthecompilerthatoccurredinmovingfromMesa5.0toMesa6.0.[20]:Morris,J.H.TheElementsofMesaStyle.XeroxPARCInternalReport,June1976.Somewhatoutofdate(sinceMesahaschangedunderit),butareadableintroductiontosomeusefulprogramstructuringtechniquesinMesa.[21]:AdeleGoldbergandDavidRobson.Smalltalk-80:TheLanguageandItsImplementation.bookpublishedbyAddison-Wesley,1983.[22]:WarrenTeitelman.InterlispReferenceManual.Publishedinablueandwhitecover,althoughnotofficiallyablue-and-white.October,1978.[23]:TheInterlisp-DGroup.PapersonInterlisp-D.blue-and-whitereportCIS-5(alsogiventhenumberSSL-80-4),Revisedversion,July1981.[24]:L.PeterDeutschandEdwardA.Taft,editors.RequirementsforanExperimentalProgrammingEnvironment.blue-and-whitereportCSL-80-10.<25>:[Indigo]Documentation>Manual.df.HardcopiesareentitledTheCedarManual.[26]:AltoUser'sHandbook.Internalreport,publishedinablackcover.TheversionofSeptember,1979isidenticaltotheversionofNovember,1978exceptforthedateonthecoverandtitlepage.IncludessectionsonBravo,Laurel,FTP,Draw,Markup,andNeptune<27>:[Maxc]SubSystems.press.DocumentationonindividualAltosubsystems,collectedinasinglefile.Individualsystemsaredocumentedon[Maxc]systemname.TTY,andthesefilesaresometimesmorerecentthanSubSystems.press.[28]:Jerome,Suzan.BravoCourseOutline.Internalreport,publishedinaredcover.Orientedtonon-programmers.<29>:[Indigo]Documentation>TiogaDoc.tioga,orTiogaDoc.press.HowtousetheTiogaeditor.<30>:[Maxc]PressFormat.press.DescribesthePressprintfileformat.<31>:[Maxc]PressOps.press.DescribesthePressprintingprogram.<32>:[Maxc]PDPrintOps.press.DescribesthePDPrintprintingprogram.[33]:AndrewD.Birrell,RoyLevin,RogerM.Needham,andMichaelD.Schroeder.Grapevine:anExerciseinDistributedComputing.blue-and-whitereportCSL-82-4.<34>:[Ivy]Maintain.press.DocumentationfortheteletypeversionofMaintain,theversionthatisusedfromwithinLaurelorTajo.[35]:DouglasK.Brotz.TheLaurelManual.blue-and-whitereportCSL-81-6.[36]:EricEmersonSchmidt.ControllingLargeSoftwareDevelopmentinaDistributedEnvironment.blue-and-whitereportCSL-82-7.<37>:[Indigo]Documentation>DFFilesRefMan.press.ThereferencemanualfortheuseofDFfiles.<38>:[Indigo]Documentation>ReleaseProcedures.press.DescribesthepoliciesandproceduresthatindividualswhocontributetoCedarreleasesneedtounderstandandobserve.<39>:[Indigo]Docs>HowToUseCSLNotebook.press.1983EDITIONxН!ІОg'yН"²Оg'Н#┐Оg'xН$іОg'yН%▌Оg'xН*ХОg'yН+пОg'xsНG~Оg'xНўО_'НпО_'Н&Н'ЁН-ФН2'Н;╛Н>Н@├НElНпО]Н√НeНН"QН%≈Н)W НўО[▒НпО[▒НЕНГН╣Н!РН(:Н*НН0-|Н5О[▒Н6eО[▒Н8кН?НD┘НпОYЙxНОYЙНФОYЙНІН!ТН)9Н*ЮН.bН3КН50Н:Н<ЯН>5НDMНпОXCН└НZНFНТН!TН$ХН(Н*nНўОVUНпОVUН'KН-хН0dН5мН7ЇН:SН>9НD<НG/НпОTўН▀НYНН ╧Н%ґН)Н,ҐН.ЫН0╗Н4QНўОRюНпОRюНКН÷|Н≥ОRюН█ОRюН╞Н#щН%хН)пxН.╞ОRюН/╦ОRюН3Н7╟Н=%НBbНEЯНпОQНlНнНtНfН"?Н%жН(8Н-■Н1└Н3≥Н6Н7Н< НD`НEЭНпОOqНХНw Н!i Н(EН)СНўОM┐НпОM┐НЦН*НСН"(|Н(>ОM┐Н)ОM┐Н1WН4BН:²Н=OН?r xНHЁОM┐НпОKэНMНєН═Н'9НўОIННпОIНН |НОIНН▄ОIНН#ЎН*qxН/ОIНН0ЪОIНН7╙Н9║Н;Н>xНAyНE┌НпОHGН▄Н Н╠НзН*3Н/ьНўОFYНпОFYНґ Нд|Н &ОFYН! ОFYН$╟Н&╟ xН-ОFYН.┘ОFY Н8НН3UНпО4╣Н┤ННЧНRН# Н&²Н*аН-ГНўО2гНпО2гН|НО2гНЫО2гНН#ҐxН)їО2гН*,О2гН.ФН3hН9гН;|Н<ґН?)НCхНпО1 Н~НўО/2НпО/2П,Н.6Н0+Н; Н>⌡Н@zНCНE╞НпО-▀НўО+²НпО+²П&Н*Н0ZН2╧Н6AН9╘Н<НўО)╞НпО)╞П#Н(Н.SН0ЁН4;Н9}НўО'аНпО'аП%Н)НН0/Н2▌Н7ЯН=4НўО%сНпО%сНННЎН©Н$ Н(4Н*mН1Н3шН9/Н;2 |НB═О%сНCЁО%сНпО$,НюНMНП Н! xН(ЛО$,Н)ЁО$,Н2hН6▄НўО">НпО">Н"ґН,ZН.┘Н0сН5НН:єНDocumentation>Glossary.tioga,Glossary.pressXEROXXeroxCorporationPaloAltoResearchCenter3333CoyoteHillRoadPaloAlto,California94304ForInternalUseOnlypН ЛО^kНєНьН"УqН ЛОYuН·Н8Н)ьН0 Н4{Н ЛОTН═НLНжН╘ Н)Н ЛОO┴ННrН ЛОJ⌠Н┌НGНdН┌sН ЛОE²Н┌НДНXНН▄Н█Н!Н%ZН,3Н-ВН0│Н ЛОBNН ∙НCtН ЛО?НяsН О?Н╛О?П,Н0О uН ЛОГsН(НОГН-0 Н(НО@Н,IН/XН5ЫН(НО ≤Н,▀Н1■Н4Н(НОЯН,IН/╩ Н6gqН ЛО JНН⌡Н-tTVm$╔THEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY2abstractmachine:Asetoflow-levelfunctionsandcapabilities,providedbysomecombinationofhardwareandsoftware,thatformstheunderpinningsofasystemsittingabove.Forexample,theInterlisp-Dsystem,whichrunsonvariousmachines,consistsofalotofmachine-independentstuffsittingontopofasmallamountofmachine-dependentcode.Thegoalsofthemachine-dependentpartwerespecifiedbydescribinganabstractmachinethatitmustimplement.Asanotherexample,partoftheCedarprojecthasbeenthespecificationofa``Cedarcomputer''asanabstractmachine.Alcove:SeeCSLAlcove.Alpine:AtransactionalfileserverbeingbuiltwithinCSLontopofCedarforusebydatabasesystemsandotherdistributedcomputingapplications.SomefolkarenowstoringtheirWalnutmaildatabasesonAlpine.Alto:(Onitswaytobeingarchaic.)Asmallpersonalcomputerwithabitmapdisplayandmouse,designedatPARC;theprecursortoD-machines.Seetheblue-and-whitereporttitled``Alto:ApersonalComputer'',numberCSL-79-11.Altoworld:AnenvironmentcreatedbyrunninganAltoemulatoronaD-machine.AltoFontGuide.Press:Afile,availableon[Indigo],thattellsallabouttheexistingfamiliesofdisplay-screenrasterfonts,anddescribeshowtheyareorganizedondifferentsubdirectoriesof[Indigo].Notethatthename``AltoFonts''isananachronism,andshouldreallybechangedto``DisplayFonts'',or``ScreenFonts'',orthelike;thesamerastersthatweredrawnforuseonAltosworkjustfineontoday'sD-machines.AM:AcronymfortheCedarabstractmachine.ARPA:AcronymfortheAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofDefense.Theysupport,amongotherthings,anetworklinkingresearchcomputers:ourARPANETaddressisPARC-MAXC.atom:(orATOM:)Uniqueidentifiersimplementedoveraglobalnamingspace.Twooccurrencesofthesameatomwillevaluatetotheidenticalvalue,ratherthanjusttoequivalentvalues.AtomshavealwaysbeenpartofInterlisp;theywereaddedtoMesaonthewaytoCedar.InCedar,anatomliteraliswrittenwithaprefixeddollarsign,asin``$foo''.Eachatomhasalistofpairsassociatedwithit,calleditspropertylist.Auditorium:AlecturehallinthenewwingofBuilding35.bank:AunitofmeasurementofprimarystorageinanAltoworld,equalto64K16-bitswords,thatis,128Kbytes.AnAltoIIhasfourbanks,whileDoradoshaveatleasteight.bar:Agenerallythin,generallyrectangular,generallyinvisibleregionofthescreeninwhichcertaingenerallydisplay-relatedactionsoccur,e.g.,thescrollbar,theline-selectbar.baseboard:Amicrocomputerthatlivesonthelowestprinted-circuitboardofaDorado.Thebaseboardlistenstotheterminal'sbootbutton,andtovariousthermometers.ItsjobistosupervisetherathercomplexbootingsequencenecessaryforbringingaDoradoupfromacoldstart.Thebaseboardannouncesitsstatetotheoutsideworldbyflashinganumber(encodedinunary)onalittlegreenlightontheDoradochassis.SignsneareachbankofDoradosexplainwhatvariousnumbersofflashesmean.Bayhill:AnothernameforBuilding96,occupiedbypartofSDD.TheBayhillbuildingislocatedonHillviewjustbeforeitrunsintoArastradero.BCD:AcompiledobjectprogrammoduleinMesaorCedar;anacronymforBinaryConfigurationDescription.BCPL:Afree-wheelingandtypelesssystemprogramminglanguageusedastheenvironmentformuchearlyAltoprogramming.Also,thecompilerforthatlanguage.BFS:AnacronymforBasicFileSystem;thecontentsofadiskorpartitionusedbyanAltoworld.Alsoastandardsoftwarepackageforlow-levelmanagementofanAltofilesystem.Binder:BCD'sexportservicestotheirclients,and,inturn,importvariousservicesfromother1983EDITIONvН╗ОgwН▐ОgН uОgvН!≤ОgwН"─ОgvН'зОgwН(бОgvН,WОgwН-│ОgvsНHDОgxНўО^PНТvНГО^PНxО^PН НXН$9Н*<Н,ЬН4sН:JНН7ЖН:*Н=НAxНDїОNАНFОNАvНпОM:НЙН НxНўОKLvН&ОKLН÷ОKLНЫНоН╒НLНН$Н%≥Н)2Н.╠Н4вН7МxН9ОKLН9цОKLvН=⌠ОKLН>ZОKLНBAxНDСОKLНFОKLvНH╡ОKLНпОIєН└xНОIєНЩОIєvНАОIєНTОIєН╛Н%дxН'kОIєН(ОIєvН-жОIєН.ZОIєН/╛Н2:xН4⌠ОIєН5CОIєvН=╒ОIєН>&ОIєНAЎНEKНпОGЩН\НЮ НvН$ё xНўОFНҐvНСОFНШОFНF НUН$Н&Н+QxН-AОFН.4ОFН0PvН6ОFН6яОFН8xН9EОFН:YОFvН?╟ОFxНўОD!vНОD!Н°ОD!Н]Н%xН'ОD!Н'▄ОD! vН0їОD!Н1┐ОD!Н4QН74Н9$Н=Н?eНDoНпОBzНq Н:xНЛОBzНZОBzvН!JОBzН!нОBzН"⌠Н%2Н+Н-НН0ЕН3!Н9SН;AН@н НпО@сxН╪О@сН*О@сvНоО@сН ∙О@сН$>Н'?Н)яН-дН5мН7lН9▐НB)НEНпО?+Н╧НхНUН"Н(aН*CН3СН5уН8SН<9Н>ЇНBSНFаНпО=└Н!НZН≤Н xНО=└Н О=└vН!·О=└Н"іО=└Н&#Н(еН+▒Н-≤xН2?О=└Н3SО=└vН8╙О=└Н9.О=└xНўО;√vНЩО;√НО;√ННBxН╒О;√Н∙О;√НёО;-Ч╔vНёО;√Н IО;√Н$╩О;-Ч*Н$╩О;√Н%ДО;√xНўО9╗vНlО9╗НuО9╗НrН╛Н О9?ЧН О9╗НО9╗Н#}О9?Ч Н#}О9╗Н$├О9╗Н)cО9?ЧрН)cО9╗Н*4О9╗Н.▄О9?ЧН.▄О9╗Н/■О9╗Н3~Н54Н7▒Н<6Н@, НGжНпО8Н]НН ёН%VН)"Н-©Н/Н4 Н9nН>Ч НGНпО6YН1НН├ xНўО4lvН┼О4lНО4lН╦ННьНи Н%1 Н-sН0~Н1≥Н5╛Н:▒Н?НB НпО2дН÷ННїН:НШН$tН&8Н(ўН.SН2kН6▌Н9йН<│Н>E НE НпО1НDН НН {Н#nxН%7О1Н%╩О1vН*О1Н+юО1Н.ъН2@Н6txН82О1Н9▓О1vН<О1Н<гО1Н>!Н@░НCxxНE5О1НF)О1vНHЁО1НпО/vxН═О/vН⌠О/vvНО/vНЭО/vНМНlН YН!фН&zН)√Н*аН01Н4(Н7eН9Н:цН@'НC⌡НGНпО-нНЗН7НПН╦НН"o Н(шН+ЖН-єН1°yН3vО-нН4'О-нН8еvН:О-нxНўО+Ю vНVО+ЮНЦО+ЮНjН!НоН".Н%Н(xxН*1О+ЮН+$О+ЮН/╘vН1 О+ЮxНўО)РvНйО)РНnО)РНkН< Н гН"≤Н'ГН,╡Н.xxН0│О)РН1tО)РН3╘vН6ЦО)РН7ьО)РН;╠Н=xН@√НE*НпО(KН·НbНН┬xНшО(KН нО(KvН"ЙО(KН#oО(KН$wН&ЛН)ПН.@xН1ТО(KН3О(KvН6cО(KН7lО(KН:ЁНО∙Н>кО∙НCqНDяНпОННжНZНЭНKН ║Н#╪Н&■xНўОvН[ОНоОН╣НІН",Н'xН(╙ОН*ОvН,\ОН-ОxН.ОН.ШОvН1├ОН2ьОН4╟Н:=НЯО жН?╦О жНBOНDmxНF─О жНGsО жНпО.vН О.НkО.Н НдН_Н$ьН*Н,WН22 Н:LН<Н=ЖНAНCyxНўО @vНО @НЙО @xН▄О @Н1О @vНЪО @Н┐О @Н!.Н#xН&lО @Н'О @vН)╡О @Н*6О @Н+7Н.kН0>xН3©О @Н4#О @vН8HО @Н8ЫО @Н=5НBdНEПН%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩХTVm$БTHEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY3BCD's.Theprocessofresolvingtheseinter-modulereferencesiscalledbinding,andtheBinderistheprogramthatdoesit.Actually,theloadercanhandlemanyoftheeasycasesofbindingonthefly,aspartoftheloadingprocess;butforcomplexstuff,youneedtheBinder.TheBinderacceptscompiledmodules(withextension``.bcd'')andbindinginstructionsintheformofaconfigurationdescription(withextension``.config'');itproducesanother``.bcd''asoutput.BITBLT:(pronounced``bit-blit'').Acomplexinstructionusedformovingandpossiblymodifyingarectangularbitmap.The``BLT''partisanacronymforBLockTransfer.bitmap:Generallyreferstoarepresentationofagraphicalentityasasequenceofbitsdirectlyrepresentingimageintensityatthepointsofaraster.ThedisplayhardwareandmicrocodeonanAltoorD-machineprocesswhatisessentiallyabitmapoftheimagetobedisplayed.AtPARC,bitmapsarenormallystoredword-aligned,andinrow-majororder.blue-and-white:AreportthathasbeenclearedfordistributionoutsideXerox,andpublishedinablueandwhitecover.Suchreportshaveidentifyingnumbersformedbyconcatenatingthelaboratoryacronym,theyear,andasmallinteger.OneofmyfavoritesistheLaurelManual,byDouglasK.Brotz,numberCSL-81-6;IespeciallyrecommendChapter6.CSLblue-and-whitesarestoredonbookshelvesintheCSLAlcove.Alistgivingthetitlesandnumbersofalloftheblue-and-whitesisavailablefromthePARCLibrary.Bluejay:TheEtherphonevoicefileserver.boot:Shortfor``bootstrap'',whichisinturnshortfor``bootstrapload''.Referstotheprocessofloadingandstartingaprogramonamachinewhosemainmemoryhasundefinedcontents.bootbutton:Thesmallbuttonbehindthekeyboardused(sometimesinconjunctionwiththekeyboard)tobootsomeprogramintoexecution.OnDolphin'sorDorado's,thereareothermorepotentbootbuttonsonthechassis,inadditiontothebootbuttonbehindthekeyboard.bootfile:Afilethatcontainsabootableprogram.UsedtostartCedar,aswellasvariousgamesandotherusefulprogramsavailablefromtheNetExecintheAltoworld.bootserver:Acomputeronthenetworkthatprovidesaretrievalserviceforcertainstand-aloneprograms(whichareencapsulatedasbootfiles).SeeNetExec.Bravo:(archaic)AnintegratedtexteditoranddocumentformattingprogramthatrunsontheAlto.BravoBug:(archaic)AprogramusedwhenBravocrashestoreplaytheeditingactionsuptothepointofthecrash.BravoX:AsuccessortoBravowritteninButtewithsomewhatgreaterfunctionalityandasomewhatricherinterface.Warning!:BravoXsourcefilesarestoredinaweirdandwonderfulformatthatalmostNOprogramsotherthanBravoXcanhandle.Also,BravoXruns,atthemoment,onlyonAltoII'sand(perhaps?)Dolphins.breakpage:AheaderpagethatdividesoneprintedfilefromanotherintheoutputofaSpruceprinter.IfSpruceencounteredanydifficultiesduringtheprintingrun,itwillinformyouofthemonthebreakpage.Bringover:Aprogramthatretrievesfilesfromremotefileserverstoone'slocaldisk;Bringoverreads``.df''filesinordertofigureoutwhatversionsofwhatfilesshouldberetrieved,andwhereinthegreatwideelectronicworldtheymightbefound.UseofBringover(confusingasitmaybeattheoutset)istoberecommendedoveruseofeitherFTP(intheAltoworld)ortheFileTool(inCedar),sincetheversioncontrolandsystem-descriptionfeaturesof``.df''filesareveryvaluable.bug:Acomputingtermforanon-feature,somethingthatisnotasintended.Sometimesusedinadifferentsensetorefertotheactofpointingatsomethingwiththemouse,andthenclickingamousebutton;butthisusageisfrowneduponby100%ofourUsagePanelnamelyme.Irecommendusingtheverb``click''insteadinthiscontext,sinceIthinkthat``bug''isalreadyanoverloadedword.Ihavealsoseentheverb``hit''usedtorefertothisaction;Iconsider1983EDITIONvН╗ОgwН▐ОgН uОgvН!≤ОgwН"─ОgvН'зОgwН(бОgvН,WОgwН-│ОgvsНHDОgvНпО_,НkНqНrН XН&aН*Н2─ Н9/Н:хyН>МО_,Н?²О_,vНCAО_,НDKО_,НG/НпО]┘НcНшНHНЦН!ЎН$ШН'GН-%Н/▒Н3вН6oН;Н>зН@÷НCНFНпО[щН·НиНЕНYНьН ⌡Н#■Н%bН'вН,уН2яН5gН7╨Н=SН@ЯНCҐНG/НпОZ6НэН┼НЕН!zН'MН,іН0Н6Н:ЇН=DНB/НпОX▐Н²НН╒НzНцН$T Н+├Н/9Н5vН=Н>┤НD└НпОVГН5НЦxНўОTЫvНЎОTЫН7ОTЫ Нм Н"ЩН$}Н)У Н0дН3СН6$Н;Н=ЇНBВНпОSRНЗ xН"ОSRНрОSRvН#ОSRН┐ОSRН![Н%ЖН(зН*FН,6Н1шН4ОRИЧГН4ОSRН5ОRИЧГН5ОSRН5ГОSRН8}ОRИЧГН8}ОSRН9dОSRxНўОQdvН ОQdН3ОQdН┴Н~НLН ∙ Н)╛Н+└Н,нН2ЮН6АН8╞Н9ЬН@НAыНD НпОOҐНЄНмН"iН$Н&zН*╘Н,oН-╔Н2dН5IН:Н@НBАНпОNНБxНъОNНрОNvНШОNНІОNxНкОNНъОNvН фОNН!█ОNН%іН)Н*┬ Н1!Н2WН7Н8эН;HН?`НAНC wНпОLnНfН0Н\Н9Н ЮН$/Н+Н-IН.║Н3ЬxНўОJ─vНQОJ─НЕОJ─ННЕН"aН%еН*┼Н,оН4@Н9Н=⌠Н@RНF╟НHeНпОHыНЫНюН▐Н<Н"©Н'vН*к Н1йН7┴НvНG/НпОG2 Н[НKН²Н"ЛН%√Н&ЁН*DН/╒Н2≥Н4EН6√Н<Н=wН?иНD!НпОE┼Н:ННuНПН%┼Н-≥Н/ Н5╡Н=╚НCgxНFTОE┼НGGОE┼vНпОCЦНКНYН!≈Н#Ї Н+}Н-EН/©Н3 Н8ІН:]Н<╣Н@ЯНCkНFьНпОB<Н│Н9Н)НБНBН(CН)ўН/iН2пН50Н9■xНўО@NvНО@NНО@NxНЯО@NНыО@NvНCО@NНСО@NН жН#@xНўО>`vНSО>`НО>`ННX Н(Н#9Н$╗Н&ZН)bН,ЦН/# 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ОН5ОНрН╞Н$AН'=Н*╡Н/hН1ЮН6Н8<Н;рН?'НC/НпОqН┌НННвН ÷Н"aН&wН)Н,qН1яН3·Н7Н:Н>═Н@╔ НFьНпОйНКН°НЧНsНг Н& Н)ЫН-Н1Н2ЫН7ХН:╦Н9О"Н?ГxНBGО"НC:О"НEWvНH▒О"НпО{Н√xНЬО{НтО{vН■О{НО{xНЎО{Н╠О{vН <О{Н ╣О{Н!■Н% Н'kН,5Н0ЙН3ёН?(НDWНFНпОтНЎНН xНўОФvНыОФНlОФНMН НчН Н'вН.│Н1UН2хН5CН6ЬН=²НD·НGАНпО>НЦНrНЗН▓НмН!eН#ўН%кН'nН,яН.SН4ъН7ДН:-Н>хНAiНDyНпО ≈НЧН]НжН\Н!Н$яН&BН+ЄН/MН1NН4ПН6ўН9>Н=eНFДНпОПНгН@НьН&Н":Н&еН+fН-Н/▓Н4ґН8Н9Н<⌠Н?OНCaНD╩НпО HНю НяН5Н>Н"└Н%PН(jН*йН-ОН1mН4╗Н6WН9╗Н;VН=ВНC НDН%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩ kTVm$THEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY4itanacceptablealternativeto``click''.bugaward:ReferstoaoccasionalcustomwithinCSLandISLwhereinthosebravesoulsresponsibleforferretingoutthecruelestandmostintricatebugsincriticallyimportantsystemsarerewardedfortheireffortsbybeingpresentedwithacutelittlebug-shapedstickerthattheycanthendisplayontheirofficenameplateorelsewhere.Abugawardisthemoralequivalentofagoldstar.Ifthestickerconsistsofabackgroundfromwhichabughasbeenexcised,thentheawardisan``inversebugaward'',andservestopraiseitsrecipientforproducingcodethatisnotablyfreeofinsectinfestations.BugBane:Apackagethatimplementsthebasicprimitivesnecessaryforhigh-leveldebuggingintheCedarworld;theUserExecisaclientofBugBane,and,inturn,providesdebuggingservicestousersofCedar.Building32:ApartofOSD,locatedonHanoverStreet,northofPageMill.OncecalledPARC-place,whenitwasoccupiedbypartsofPARC.Building34:ApartofPARC,locatedonHillview,justacrossCoyoteHillfromtheBuilding35,thehomeoftheICL.Building35:ThemainbuildingofPARC,locatedattheintersectionofCoyoteHillandHillview.Thesiteofthecafeteria.Building37:ApartofPARC,locatedonHanoverStreet,northofPageMill,andjustsouthofBuilding32.ThesiteoftheCSLElectronicModelShop.Building96:ApartofOSD,locatedwhereHillviewrunsintoArastradero;alsocalledtheBayhillbuilding.CurrenthomeofsomepartsofSDD.Butte:AcompilerforBCPLthatoutputsMesa-stylebytecodesinsteadofNovaassemblycode;also,thebytecodesthemselves,andthemicrocodethatimplementsthem.button:Asmallareaonthescreenthatreactswhenclickedwiththemouse.InViewers,buttonsarerectangularareaslabelledwithawordorphrase;theyareorganisedintomenus.bytecode:Lisp,Mesa,Cedar,Smalltalk,andButteatPARCcompileintodirectlyexecutablelanguagesthatarestackoriented,andwhoseopcodesareusuallyonebytelong.Suchaninstructioniscalledabytecode.Thesebytecodesareinturninterpretedbyspecialmicrocodeoneachofourvariousmachines.Cabernet:AparticularmailserverthatispartoftheGrapevinedistributedtransportmechanism,locatedintheCSLmachineroom.caret:Ablinkingpointer,indicatingwherekeyboardcharacterswillappearwhentyped.catchphrase:AchunkofMesaorCedarcodethatispreparedtohandleacertaintypeofexceptionalcondition.Onewaytothinkofacatchphraseisasthebodyofaprocedurevariablethatisdynamicallybound.Suchproceduresvariablesarecalledsignals.Ifyoususpectthatanexceptionalconditionmightarise,andyouthinkthatyouknowwhattodoifitdoes,youspecifythisresponseasacatchphrase;thatis,youbindaprocedurevaluetothesignal,whichisaprocedurevariable.Ifanyprocedurethatyoucallnoticesthattheconditionhasinfactarisen,itwillnotifytheworldby``raisingthesignal'',whichshouldbethoughtofasaprocedurecalltothecatchphrasethatyouspecified.(ThismethodofexplainingsignalsisaminorfacetofthereligionespousedintheCLRM.)Cedar:AlargeprojectinCSLtobuildaprogrammingenvironmentforCSL'sfutureapplications.Alsothenameofthatenvironment.Alsothenameoftheprogramminglanguageuponwhichitisbuilt.TheCedarlanguageisavariantofMesaaugmentedbygarbagecollection,atoms,andrun-timetypes.ThedesignoftheCedarenvironmentwasstronglyinfluencedbytheprogrammingenvironmentandservicesavailableinInterlispandSmalltalk.ForadiscussionofthegoalsofCedar,seetheblue-and-whitereporttitled``RequirementsforanExperimentalProgrammingEnvironment'',numberCSL-80-10.CedarGraphics:Asubroutinepackageofgraphicprimitives,builtwithinISL,thatformsan1983EDITIONvН╗ОgwН▐ОgН uОgvН!≤ОgwН"─ОgvН'зОgwН(бОgvН,WОgwН-│ОgvsНHDОgvНпО_/Н&Н Нф Н!Н#. xНўО]AН/vНLО]AНUО]AН┤НН" Н!░Н&0xН*VО]AН+IО]AvН-sО]AН.О]AxН0О]AН0░О]AvН2╧О]AН3ЇО]AН7эН;]Н? НB] НпО[≥НPН,НДН├Н#уН&оН*nН0 Н3⌠Н5┐ Н;UНAЫНG;НпОYРНХН4Н┼Н ХН"СН&мН-Н0GН1─Н4┴Н7и Н?8НC╒НFНпОXKНHН\НШНОН #Н#ФН*wН,( Н3(Н4╒Н7RН;WН<╟Н>ЩНBЮ НпОVёН⌡НвННєН9Н╙Н#Н()Н)ТН+0 Н2нН6GН:gН;ёН>xН@ЪНDnНпОTЭНН░НеНNН[Н#шН&╨Н+ЬН.мН2ЖН4бН8АН:ыН@їНCНпОSUННЕНQНFН Н!лН%ґxНўОQgvНKОQgНЛОQgНCН' Н%╔Н(Н+╒ Н2"Н8JН:² НAНGАНпОO©xНTОO©НGОO©vН{ОO©НxОO©НґxН2ОO©Н EОO©vН%■ОO©Н%ЬОO©Н'%xН(sОO©Н)ОO©vН,bОO©Н-ОO©Н.@Н4≥Н7мН9═Н=!НBуНпОNНзxН┴ОNНDОNvНОNНлОNНйxНўОL*НlvН·ОL*НqОL*Н°xН°ОL*Н╪ОL*vН ╛ОL*Н!оОL*Н&тН)"Н/Н3╔Н7ґН9ґН=EНA╡НE≤xНпОJ┌ vНОJ┌НУОJ┌Н╙НН ╛Н&Н(zН+ЦН-°xНўОH■Н2vН╣ОH■НNОH■Н?xНОH■НЛОH■vНпОH■Н ╧ОH■Н%└Н'≈Н-│Н0/Н4HН9Н;МН?axНAмОH■НBюОH■НGRvНH╡ОH■НпОFМН/ННЎxНОFМН╒ОFМvН|ОFМxНўОDЪН%vН~ОDЪНfОDЪНVНрН!KxН#ОDЪН#ЙОDЪvН'╙ОDЪН( ОDЪН,gН-ЪН0]Н7╪Н9tН>0Н@ЩНCЁНпОCWН╗Н(НАН@ xНўОAiН:vНуОAiНvОAiНnxН<ОAiН#ОAivН ОAiН ЬОAiН%кН'ФН-║Н2Н5зН7╗Н;Н>~НAJНDНGжxНпО?бНHvН О?бНЯО?бНАНaН xН"zО?бН#mО?бН%╣ Н,KН0╔vxНўО=тНvН]О=тНЮО=тН╨xНjО=тН┼О=тvНzО=тНMО=тН$Н(Н-▄Н0²Н3kН;жН>≥НB┤xНDщО=тНEпО=тvНпО<,Н%НRН 'Н!ЮН%sН(эxН*■О<,Н+qО<,НўО:>vНО:>Н║О:>НexН╚О:>Н·О:>vННО:>Н \О:>Н"еxН'дО:>Н)%О:>vН+ О:>Н+└О:>Н.ҐН1жН5╙Н:fН<(Н?ИНEоНпО8≈НУНTНdН/ Н$xН'/Н)▌Н0=Н3 Н:txНўО6╘vН╒О6╘Н:О6╘НЕНИНЭНgН#╛Н&┤Н*tН.5Н2ИН6Н8|Н=9xН?О6╘Н@О6╘vНC╟О6╘НD≥О6╘НпО5Н# НKНиН"УН&Н'9Н*бН,├Н1ИН4ЫН7LН=─xН@YО5НAlО5vНDО5xНўО3НрН Н⌡НЙН!p vН('О3Н(мО3xН+ О3Н+ЧО3vН/О3Н/їО3xН0фО3Н1ґО3vН5AО3Н5эО3Н:єН=╗НBй НпО1lН/ННyН Н%эН(їН,ЙН/Н2ДН5LН:Н<сН?ЬНDНG·НпО/д Н░НЮНҐxНкО/дН|О/дН ╘vН$┼О/дН%rО/дxН(qО/дН)!О/дН+OvН.О/дН.СО/дН1+Н2ЎН5╗ Н<═Н>─НBАНпО.НжННюНKНxНўО,/vНО,/Н╣О,/ НУНН#/Н&Н'}Н*jН,-xН.≈О,/Н/╙О,/vН5!О,/Н5ХО,/ Н<НB НпО*┬Н▌НfН?йНD▄НGжНпО% Н. НiН"█Н%┘Н'TН+Н,ЛН.6Н1КН6qН7ЩН9кНщНB²НGжНпОq Н}НМНYН┐Н" Н%ЛН'╔Н*Н/Н4ЖН6єxН9ОqН9ВОqvН==ОqН=■ОqxНўО┌vНО┌Н■О┌НТН┴Н/Н XН!ЧН%√Н&╦ Н/C Н7JН9─Н=┘НA║НпОшНХН/НвНyН/Н&ЙН*Н,JН/РН1⌠Н3ш НЁ xНE5О4НEФО4vНH.О4НH╡О4НпО▄НёНpНН!Н%xН'MxН)хО▄Н*╩О▄vН-ФО▄Н.▄О▄ Н6Н8ыН>7 НEНG/НпОЕ НV Н!XН$Н)Н.╞xН0PОЕН0уОЕvН5╟ОЕН6VОЕxН8[ОЕН97ОЕvН> ОЕН?QОЕНAОНC НпО>Н{НмН<НГНJН ░xН"АО>Н#▓О>vН+ЙО>Н,nО>Н0Н3┤ Н=Н?/НAНпО √ Нm Н"фН'С xНўО╗ vН=О╗Н О╗ Н!,Н&╠Н(ўН-э Н4ЦН8nxН<ЖО╗Н=zО╗vН?>О╗Н@^О╗НCpНG·Н%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪжTVm$xTHEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY5importantpartofCedar.ItsdesignwasheavilyinfluencedbytheresultsofexperimentalsystemswritteninJaM.SoontobereplacedbytheImager.Chardonnay:AGrapevineserver.Chat:Aprogramthatprovidesteletype-like``interactive''accesstoaremotecomputeronthenetwork.Mostprogrammingenvironmentsincludethiscapabilityinsomeform;bothAltoandCedarincludeprogramsactuallynamed``Chat''.ChatismainlyusedtocommunicatewithMaxcandIFSservers.Checkpoint:AmethodusedinCedartopreservethestateofyourcomputingworld.TakingaCheckpointinvolvespreservingashapshotofthecurrentstateofthevirtualmemory,butnotofthefilesystem.If,aftertakingaCheckpoint,somethingbadhappensandyourCedarsystemgetswedged,thecommandRollBackwillreturnyoutotheearliercleanstateofyourvirtualmemory;butchangestothefilesystemmadebetweentheCheckpointandthesubsequentRollBack,suchasstoringeditedversionsoffiles,willnotbeundone.Cheshire:AsubsidiaryofXerox.Theymakeamachinethatbindsstacksofpaperintobookletsbymeltingglueandlettingitbeabsorbedbytheedgesofthepaper.ThereareCheshirebindersinCSLandinthePARCTIC.Chromalin:ThetradenameofafancycolorprintingprocessusedwiththePlateMakerforcreatinghigh-resolutioncolorprintsfromPressfilesorPDfiles.Chipmunk:AD-machineMesaprogramforinteractivelycreatingandeditingintegratedcircuitdesigns.Chipmunkmakesuseofacolordisplayinadditiontothenormalblack-and-whiteone.ItisasuccessortoIcarus.Cholla:ALaurel-basedICfabricationlinecontrolprogram,whichisusedinICL.CIFS:AnacronymforCedarInterimFileSystem.CIFSiscurrentlyusedwithinCedartomanageaportionofthelocaldiskasacachecontainingreadonlycopiesofremotefiles.ThisfunctionandotherswillsomedaybeprovidedbyFS.CIFSwasthefirstCSLsystemtoallowthecomponentsofahierarchicalfilenametobeseparatedwithsimpleslashesinsteadofwithsquarebracketsandanglebrackets;theclumsierbracketsarebeingusedinthisdocument(sigh)forcompatibilitywiththepast.CIS:AnacronymforCognitiveandInstructionalSciencesGroup.ApartofPARC,andthehomeofmanyofthebuildersofInterlisp-D.Clearinghouse:TheanalogoftheGrapevineregistrationdatabaseintheNSworld.Thatis,amachinerunningStartalkstothelocalClearinghouseinordertofindouthowtotalktoaparticularfileserverorprintserver.click:Amanipulationofamousebutton.Pushingandreleasingamousebuttonseveraltimesinquicksuccessionissometimescalleda``double-click'',``triple-click'',etc.asappropriate.Thephrases``click-hold''and``double-click-hold''arealsosometimesheard.client:Aprogram(asopposedtoaperson)thatavailsitselfoftheservicesofanotherprogramorsystem.LaurelisaclientofGrapevine.Seeuser.Clover:ADoverlocatedinCSL.CloverFonts.Press:Afile,availableon[Indigo],thatlistsbyfamilyname,face,size,androtationallofthefontsinClover'sfontdictionary.Thatis,thisfileliststhefontsthatyoucanprintwith;forthefontsthatyoucanseeonyourscreen,seeAltoFontGuide.Pressinstead.Toseethecharactersofthefontsinalltheirglory,checkoutthebooklocatedontopofClovercalledCloverCharacters.Press.CLRM:AcronymfortheCedarLanguageReferenceManual.Thisdocumentisn'texactlyeasybedtimereading,butitisthemostauthoritativedescriptioncurrentlyavailableofthebehaviorofCedarprogramsininterestingandsubtlecases.TheCLRMalsoattemptstoconvertyoutoaparticularreligionregardingtheproperdesignofapolymorphiclanguagewithintheAlgoltradition.TogetthegooddopeaboutcurrentCedarwithoutspendingthetime1983EDITIONvН╗ОgwН▐ОgН uОgvН!≤ОgwН"─ОgvН'зОgwН(бОgvН,WОgwН-│ОgvsНHDОgvНпО_,НRНWxН1О_,Н$О_,vНўО_,Н!PО_,Н#lН'эН*╘Н/┤ Н6mН8┴Н; Н?zНATНпО]┘НоН┌xН0О]┘НЛО]┘vН ^О]┘Н!%О]┘Н#ФН%∙Н'┘Н- Н/xН1eО]┘Н1ЙО]┘vН5┬О]┘xНўО[≈ vНдО[≈xНPО[≈НdО[≈vНяО[≈НUО[≈xНўОY╗vНОY╗НюОY╗Н{НvН"1Н*+Н2gН6║Н8{Н9рН>╔НDЩНG/НпОXНН⌠ Н#(Н+ЎН0═Н3D Н9┤Н;7Н>мНC6НFuНпОVZН°НиНҐН"ЕН(Н,╛Н2oН5АН7bН<Н?XНA НпОT╡xНКОT╡НKОT╡vНАОT╡Н├ОT╡xН≤ОT╡НОT╡vНYОT╡НчОT╡xНўОRд vНёОRдНEОRдНgН╧xН!}ОRдН"pОRдvН%■ОRдН&ОRдН'YН,ХН/]Н2єН4sН7дН>╣НC╘НHeНпОQ Н!Нk Н$ Н%&Н*йН,uН.гН3┌Н6іН8QН:╒Н>ОНDїНGНпОOvН╙Н*НЄНMНHН"єН&СН(> Н0Н6зН9ЁН?BНBНEwНпОMнНJxНОMнНЧОMнvНZОMнН6ОMнН■xН%ТОMнН&РОMнvН+ШОMнН,ЫОMнН.іН2тН5┼Н77Н9√Н=ьНAkНD⌡НFTНпОL'НgНLН Н$sН&_Н(ШН+╒Н0ZН4WН:Н<÷ НD;НG/НпОJ─ НЫНCН!tН#"Н'ЄН+ЦН1/Н2ХН6-Н8ыН;NН=?xНўОH▒vННОH▒Н┐ОH▒ Н НоН"чН&oН*,Н+^Н0КН3бН7┼Н;┼Н=LНA5НDНпОFЙНБНЬННЮН";Н#╗Н%╞Н+ґН-юН05Н4Н5ФН8\Н=FНA^НCхНпОECН╨xНhОECН[ОECvНёОECНIОECН[Н Н!hxН%мОECН&юОECvН(8ОECxНўОCT vН═ОCTН┤ОCTНcНьН└Н (Н!>Н$ъН(HН-vН25Н5]Н8cxН:╞ОCTН;√ОCTvНB/ОCTНB╗ОCTНDXНпОAґНVНтН!юxН%'ОAґН&ОAґvН(шОAґН)TОAґН+хxН-▄ОAґН.tОAґvН0ОAґН0┘ОAґxНўО?©vНО?©xНкО?©НчО?©НщvН!кО?©Н"▓О?©Н'}Н)чН1дН7Н9ЫН>╧ НEUНпО>Н░Н~Н!©Н$=Н%ЧН'0Н*ІН/qН1(Н6÷Н8VН:ЎН?┐НпОМО8■Н?ЮО8■vНBщО8■НCLО8■НDyНпО6МН-Н?Н+НЎН7Н"XН$:Н%√Н)√ Н0┌Н6eН:гН<ЁНA█НFuНпО5EНnНJН▓Н aН&6Н(KН.AxН0aО5EН1=О5EvН2О5EН3цО5EН7°Н:lН<ПН?ЛНCAНGЮНпО3·Н{Нэ Н▀Н FН!rН(чН+IН/Н0╩Н2ўН8пН;МН@TНDэНпО1ВН╡НВН├Н Н"ТН&гН-{Н0Н5╡Н;?Н=╪НA╟НEНFМНпО0OН=ННPН%╒Н(ҐН+xНўО.avНгО.aНоО.aНН⌡НгО-ЬЧЧНгО.aНдО.aН ТН#≥О-ЬЧ└Н#≥О.aН$О.aН+▄О-ЬЧгН+▄О.aН,SО.aН0ТН6(Н7╒Н:tН<Н@фНClНE╧НпО,╨Н┴НSННlН╧xН!rО,╨Н!ВО,╨ vН'щО,╨xНўО*л vНzО*лНaО*лНvНЧН шxН#^О*лН$rО*лvН*О*лН*├О*л Н1XН7Н8ИxН;lО*лН<О*лvН>О*лН?О*лНCНF}НHeНпО)$Н_xН═О)$Н|О)$vН╧О)$Н(О)$Н!ЧН#ЇН& Н)qН2}Н45Н7ТН9╛Н<╔Н?$НB3НCКНF╛НHeНпО'} xНО'}НtО'}НdvНeО'}Н О'}xН)О'}НыО'}Н"yvН%ВО'}xНўО%▐vНwО%▐НО%▐НlН&НPН"╙Н'ЫН-<Н/СН5ўН6ыН;3Н?╔НD7НGАНпО#ГН∙ Н&Н▀Н#=Н'.Н(QН1яН:^Н<БН>┴НFЇНпО"@Н╨ Н|Н 3Н,┬Н.шН1╗Н8`xНўО RvНКО RНvО RНН*Н ╒Н"OН#xН(kН+8Н/Н2\Н4Н6rН;|Н=3НB=НGкНпО╚xН'О╚НО╚vН▀О╚ННО╚НВxН!О╚НфО╚vН ЙО╚Н!іО╚xН"ёО╚Н#ЇО╚vН*О╚Н*гО╚xН,√О╚Н-RО╚НўО╪vНО╪xНО╪НО╪vН#О╪Н├О╪НАxН▐О╪Н┌О╪vН!FО╪xНўОнvН▌ОнН)ОнНЫН#цxН%вОнН&EОн vН/`ОнН0KОнН3(Н5ЫН8НН@│НCЪНFьНпОН▒Н0Н╣Н(Н ЎН$gН'lН*YН-Н/єН1АН5RН:xН<єОН=≈ОvНпОьНqН═НЩНe Н#шН%²Н(Н+│Н-8Н/1Н2│Н6jН:UН<сН?;НBаНG┴НпО1НEНЧНyНpxНўОCvНОCН!ОCН3Н┌НТОыЧЧНТОCНЯОCН"ОыЧГН"ОCН#ОCН({ОыЧ Н({ОCН)└ОCН/ОыЧVН/ОCН0eОCН5%Н8QН>яНAэНF▀НпО⌡НН@НіНАН 2Н"wН%╦Н-╒ Н4 Н:\Н?ЭНA НCъНпОТН┼НєН╦Нg Н%"Н'зН+ИН0:Н3Н7щН:╚Н@=НAМНFьНпО MН╔НЖ НRН┌Н%рН(YН,ШН1qН3QН4║ Н<вНBдНG/НпО╔Ня НмН6Н бН#dН'Н*нН.СН3ЪН8ZН=╗НCгНFiН%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪгTVm$√THEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY6necessarytoundergoreligiousconversion,skipimmediatelytoChapters3and4oftheCLRM.CoCedar:Aworld-swapdebuggerforCedar.colordisplay:ACRTdisplaywithred,green,andbluephosphors.GriffinandChipmunkbothusethecolordisplay,andthecolordisplayisalsoavailabletousersofCedarwithaminimumofhasslethroughthegoodauspicesoftheCedarColorDevice.ThepublicDoradoswithcolordisplaysarelistedatthesign-upsheets.ColorDevice:AcomponentofCedarthatprovideslow-levelsupportforacolordisplay.Com.cm:AfileusedbytheAltoExecutivetostorethecurrentcommandbeingexecuted.SeeRem.cm.Commander:A``light-weight''commandinterpreter,providingtheminimumoffunctionalityneededbyCedarimplementerswhiletheyaredevelopinganewreleaseofthesystem.MostusersofCedarcaninsteadenjoythemoreplentifulfeaturesoftheUserExec.component:Amongmanyotherthings,achunkofsoftwarethatisdistributedaspartofaCedarrelease.config:AsourcefilethattellstheBinderhowtoassemblemodulesintoacompletesystem.CoPilot:Aworld-swapdebuggerforPilot.CopyDisk:Astand-aloneprogramusedtotransferanAltoBFS,thatis,theentirecontentsofanAltodiskorpartition.Maybeusedbetweencomputersoronasinglecomputerwithmultiplediskdrives.createdate:Whensaidofafile,thedateandtimethattheinformationcontainedinthisparticularversionofthisparticularfilewascreated.Createdatesaregenerallystoredaccuratetothenearestsecond.Thismakesthemsufficientlyuniquethatthepaircangenerallyserveasauniqueidentifierforaparticularpileofbits.credentials:Proofthatyouarewhoyousayyouare;usuallyyourGrapevineR-nameandthecorrespondingpassword.CSL:AcronymforComputerScienceLaboratory,apartofPARC,locatedonthesecondfloorofBuilding35.CSLAlcove:AsmallmeetingareacontainingalargeroundtablethatislocatednearCloverinCSL.CSLNotebook:Amechanismfordistributing,indexing,andgenerallysharingthedocumentaryoutputoffolkinCSL.CSS:AcronymforComputingSeminarSeries:talks,oftenbyvisitors,onvariouscomputingtopics,whichareheldinCSLonTuesdaysat1:30.cursor:Asmallpictureonthedisplaythattracksthemotionsofthemouse.Cypress:Adatabasepackagebaseduponanentity-value-relationshipmodelofdata,andwritteninCedar.Walnut,Hickory,andSquirrelareclientsofCypress.czar:Ageneraltermforapersonwhofunctionsasabenevolentdictatoroversomeareaoflocallife;forexample,wehaveasoftballczarandapublicationsczar.Inthelattercase,theroleoftheczarislargelythatofaneditor.D-machine:Agenericname,referringtoanyofthecurrentmachineswithinXeroxthatimplementthePrincOpsarchitecture:Dandelions,Dicentras,Dolphins,andDoradosaretheprimaryD-machines.D0:(thatis,``D-zero'')AnobsoletenamefortheDolphin,aD-machine.DA:AcronymforDesignAutomation,andthenameofaprojectinCSLandIDLtoproducetoolsthathelppeoplebuildhardwareofvarioussorts.Daffodil:AninexpensiveD-machineusingcustomVLSI,beingdesignedbylocalfolk.SincetheDaffodilmaybecomethehardwarebaseoffutureOSDproducts,certaindetailsconcerning1983EDITIONvН╗ОgwН▐ОgН uОgvН!≤ОgwН"─ОgvН'зОgwН(бОgvН,WОgwН-│ОgvsНHDОgvНпО_/Н$ННаН$░ Н, Н/; Н7SН9BН?TН@иНCаНE6НG/НпО]┬xНўО[ vНуО[ xНbО[ НIО[ vНgО[ Н.О[ Н"pxН$ґО[ Н%═О[ НўОY╚НIvН▀ОY╚Н+ОY╚Н╠Н wН#╔Н&├Н*╪Н-┤Н0╣ xН8\ОY╚Н9oОY╚vН<ИОY╚Н=▌ОY╚xН?ЄОY╚Н@їОY╚vНFSОY╚НGОY╚НпОXН/НyНАНжН xН"бН&*Н*гН,Н.тН4yН6Н9zН;Н? НB%НC9НпОV]НwНhН▌НэН!=Н&▐Н(6Н*└xН.▀ОV]Н/~ОV] vН5чОV]Н6╗ОV]Н9nxН=≈ОV]Н>╚ОV]vНCОV]НDОV]НFНпОT╣ННZНН²НЭН$ФxНўОRгvНЭОRгН┬ОRгН╟xН iОRгН!\ОRгvН$kОRгН$зОRгН'9Н,иН2єН7╟Н9МxН;ОRгН;╪ОRгН>÷vНB╚ОRгxНўОPыvНюОPыНcОPыНБН5НGНҐxН"МОPыН#уОPыvН)MОPыН)╪ОPыН+Н.┘Н0ШН5шН`Н@╨НFНпОIУНMННН╙Н!]Н%Н'{Н+Н0·Н5кН7└xН9ЦОIУН:ВОIУvН?²ОIУxНўОH vН3ОHН<ОHН#НУН!⌡Н&Н'DН+zН-:Н2╨Н5░Н7 Н=ЭН?╠НB°НD\xНE█ОHНF─ОHНпОF`vНГОF`xНўОDqvНGОDqНсОDqН#Н▄НZН =xН"²ОDqН#░ОDqvН'ОDqН'сОDqН*Н+©Н1░Н7Н9ЛН;Н@ЧxНўОB┐vН:ОB┐xНфОB┐НўОB┐vНлОB┐Н▓ОB┐Н!уxН$ОB┐Н$ЫОB┐НўО@∙vНwО@∙НО@∙ Н]Н"ОН&.Н'ъН,МН.ЮxН1ЭО@∙Н2ОО@∙vН4╗О@∙Н5┬О@∙Н8YН: Н<┌Н@qНEЦНG·НпО>ННпНєxНOО>ННЪО>НvНcО>НН░О>НН!іН#}Н&═Н+УН2┼Н45Н6!Н71Н;НAНDНпО=FНЎxНўО;XНаvНО;XНqО;XННБН█НїН!ZН#╚Н&║Н)IН,`Н/Н1p Н8КН?'Н@гНCY НпО9╠Н╗НpН" Н gН"АН%°Н+aН/жН3pН5сН;иН?ЩНEqНG/НпО8 Н┤НЩНН"XН%ЕН,ШН1╗Н4zН6чН:CН=aНA}НCКНпО6bНрН┬НН ЗН$┌Н&0Н'ZН, Н1УН42Н5\ Н;▒Н>HН@xНўО4tvНdО4tН6О4tНMН:НН!┌Н$╔Н'zН)ВН,мН0[Н5-xН8┤О4tН9 О4tН?&vНDYО4tНDЪО4tНG/НпО2мНгxНўО0ъvНTО0ъН\О0ъНWН▒О0uЧЧН▒О0ъН▌О0ъН О0uЧгН О0ъН АО0ъН%О0uЧГН%О0ъН%СО0ъ Н,{Н-║Н0│xН25О0ъН3О0ъvН6О0ъН6ыО0ъН;⌠Н=∙Н?ЯНD~НGжxНпО/7НHvН╗О/7xНўО-IНЩvН,О-IНлО-IН~Н тН#А Н*╞Н+ЛН/gН3■Н7Н9РН;rН@DxНCsО-IНDfО-IvНGАО-IНHDО-IxНпО+╒НўО)ЄНЧvНО)ЄН╙О)ЄН РН#DН+Н1#Н3ОН9КН>сНAH НпО( НBНШНрxН─О( НsО( НўО&vНсО&НшО&ННkО%╣ЧЧНkО&НiО&Н!сО%╣ЧгН!сО&Н" О&Н'kО%╣ЧгН'kО&Н(2О&Н,ЎН0{Н48Н6^Н;▓Н=бНBЄНпО$wН Н.Н│Н°Н JН#zН%─Н+~Н-xНўО"┴vН]О"┴НЙО"┴Н┬Н0Н7Н √Н%IН(Н,Н.nН3╞Н5hxН7хО"┴Н8шО"┴vН;┤О"┴xНўО ⌡vНhО ⌡НО ⌡НўН Н#ЯН'■Н)■Н8≤Н<ЮН>╘НBНDэНпОСxН~ОСНqОСvНЭОСxН\ОСН╪ОСvНюОСxН°ОСНфОСvН!oОСН"KОСxН%ОСН%ъОСvН*CОСН*ИОСН,≈Н0шН2■xНўОvН,ОНҐОН■НъН!НPН"оН%ьН+шН-▌Н.╪ Н5гН:ьН=ЖНA▌НD▀НFIНпО^Н&Н[Н$НCН!┌Н"ёН'zН*TН-Н.%Н5тН9┐Н;JН=║НA-НDkНFбНпОЇН┴НХНкН7Н╡Н ─Н"9Н$)xНўОи vНФОиНcОиНН$Н$дН&cН(УН*·Н,ОН1╘Н7╒Н;вН?КНB╙НпО!xНQО!Н8О!vН┘О!Н+О!xН"GО!Н#[О! Н)Е Н0²vН6ФО!Н7▀О!xН9©О!Н:рО!vН?cО!Н@О!НAвНDXxНпОzvН:ОzН©ОzxНўО▄vНmО▄НФО▄Н╣Нy НОНBН#╔Н'eН)╒xН,О▄Н-О▄vН0ҐО▄Н1 О▄xН2цО▄Н3вО▄vН9.О▄xНўО·vНО·НО·Н(Н│О4ЧН│О·Н═О·НDО4ЧНDО·НLО· Н&YН),Н+╗Н/┐Н1XН2·Н7WxН9!О·Н:О·vН0НB┬ Н%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩ!TVm$ВTHEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY7theDaffodilprojectarerathersensitive.Daisy:ADoverlocatedintheBayhillbuilding.Dandelion:ThenameoftheprocessorthatisintheStarproducts;anexampleofaD-machine.dead:Eithernotcurrentlyoperational(saidofapieceofhardware),oroperationalbutnotcurrentlyundergoingcontinueddevelopmentandsupport(saidofbodiesofsoftware).Dealer:ThenameofCSL'sweeklymeeting,occurringonWednesdayafternoonsfrom1:15until2:45(orso);alsousedtorefertothepersonspeakingatthatmeeting.Givingsuchapresentationisreferredtoas``givingaDealer''orsometimes``Dealing''.Seealsoweeklymeeting.DDS:(archaic)AcronymforDescriptiveDirectorySystem.AnAltosubsystemprovidingsophisticatedmanipulationoftheAltofiledirectorysystem.SeealsoNeptune.DFfiles:Acollectionofprogramsfordescribingthefilesneededtobuildacomplicatedsystem,forautomaticallyretrievingthesefilesfromremotefileserverstothelocaldisk(Bringover),andforstoringthembacklater(SModel).Unlikethemoregrandandglorioussystemmodelstocome,DFfilesprimarilyaddressestheproblemsengenderedbyourcurrentfeudalcollectionoffilesystems.Theletters``DF''areanacronymforDescriptionFiles,whichsuggeststhatthephrase``DFfiles''isredundant.Dicentra:ArecentandinexpensiveD-machine.TheDicentraessentiallyconsistsoftheDandelion'sCPUminusthetaskingstuffsqueezedontooneMultibuscard,andcommunicatingwithmemoryandwithI/OdevicecontrollersovertheMultibus.dirtball:Asmall,perhapsstrugglingoutsider;notinthemajororeventheminorleagues.Forexample,``Xeroxisnotadirtballcompany''.distributionlist:AlistofR-namestowhichmailcanbeaddressed.Insomecases,MaintaincanbeusedtoaddoneselftointerestingDL's,suchas``MesaFolklore^.pa''.IfMaintainrespondsthatyouaren'tallowedtodothat,thecorrectrecourseistosendapolitemessageto``Owners-MesaFolklore^.pa'',askingthattheypleaseaddyoutotheirlist.Formoredetailsaboutdistributionlists,tryeithertheLaurelmanualorthedocument[Ivy]Maintain.Press,whichdescribestheAltoandTajoversionsofMaintain.DiskDescriptor:AfilethatcontainsthediskallocationinformationusedbyanAltofilesystem.DL:AcronymforDistributionList.DLS:AcronymforDataLineScanner:anAltoequippedwithlotsofmodemsplusotherhardwareandmicrocodetoallowdialingintoandoutoftheInternet.DMT.boot:AcronymforDisplayMemoryTester.AmemorydiagnosticfortheAltoworld.DMTisautomaticallybootedfromthenetworkbytheAltoExecutiveaftertheAltohasbeenidleforabout20minutes.DMTacceptsvariouscommands;trypushingthe"S"key,andalsotrytypingshift-swat.DesigningcursorsforDMTisapopularsport:sendyoursuggestionasalistof16octalnumberstoDavidBoggs(Boggs.PA),alongwithasuggestedtitlelineandanindicationofwhetheryouwanttobecreditedbyname.Dolphin:AD-machine;oncecalledtheD0.MoreflexiblethanaDandelion,butalsoslowerandmoreexpensive.Dorado:Ahigh-performanceD-machine,designedbyCSLandcovetedbyallandsundry.Seetheblue-and-whitereporttitled``TheDorado:AHigh-PerformancePersonalComputer'',numberCSL-81-1.Dover:Genericnameforatypeof384bpilaser-scanprinterbuiltontheXerox7000xerographicengineandconnectedtoanAltobymeansofaOrbitinterface.SuccessortoEARS.DoversarenormallydrivenbytheprogramSpruce.Dragon:Genericnameofanew,custom-chipprocessorbeingdesignedbyateaminCSL;itishopedthattheDragonwillsatisfyourambitionstohave``aDoradoinashoebox''.Draw:(archaic)AnAltosubsystemthatpermitsinteractiveconstructionofpicturescomposedoflines,curves,andtext.DrawusersmaybeinterestedtonotethataprogramReDrawexiststhatconvertsDrawsourcefilesintoPressfilesthatwillprintwithoutthejaggiesonaDover.1983EDITIONvН╗ОgwН▐ОgН 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Н9|ОEВЧГН9|ОF`Н:cОF`Н=BНAaНFаНпОD╧Н/Н∙НпНnНз xНўОBкvН┤ОBкНЗОBкНН╒ xН"ЭОBкН$ОBкvН)gОBкН*■ОBкН-RН2ъ Н9QН>8Н?вxНBОBкНC0ОBкvНH.ОBкНH├ОBкНпОA$НtНхxНYОA$НрОA$vН QОA$Н жОA$Н#ЄН)мН-/xН0ОA$Н1mОA$vН6ОA$Н6ЁОA$Н9╡Н<⌡НFtНпО?|Н=НТННэН# Н)ДН,ЧН/]xНўО=▌vН О=▌НёО=▌НїНА Н$OН*╣Н-7Н.СН1`Н5cН74Н:┬Н<УНAНFДНпО;ГН║НtНЮНUxН ~О;ГН!/О;ГvН%;О;ГН%жО;ГxНўО9ЫНЗvНжО9ЫНiО9ЫН╛xНkО9ЫНiО9ЫvН#О9ЫН#└О9ЫН$йН(чН+ЩН.▌Н0┘ Н7цН9≤Н=1xНAО9ЫНBcО9ЫvНGО9ЫНG·О9ЫНпО8QНґНуНpНН╡Н M xН&РО8QН(О8QvН(МО8QН)EО8QН*▓Н-╟Н/JН<┤Н=УНCхНпО6╙НХНХНН qН"iН$╧Н()Н*рН/ґН5pН7%Н9Н<╒Н>НB@НGЮНпО5Н"╨Н' Н)БН,ЩН1+Н3НН6╟Н8iН;╩Н>КНA║НE?НпО3[ННЙН#lН&ЗН,NxН0О3[Н0ЭО3[vН5ЮО3[Н7 О3[Н<0Н?[НC"НпО1ЄН"XН&eН,MxН.ґО1ЄН/═О1ЄvН1╪О1ЄН2bО1ЄxН4sО1ЄН5gО1ЄvН7╨О1ЄН8kО1ЄН=Н>©xНўО/фvН╘О/фН5О/фН÷НmН#пН&0Н) Н/] Н6ГН:#Н<Н>НA)НC▓xНўО-ьvНєО-ьН╛О-ьН╛НИО-oЧНИО-ьНО-ь Н ╛О-oЧГН ╛О-ьН!⌠О-ьxН"ЙО-ьvxНўО+ЙvН6О+ЙН?О+ЙН%НJО+│ЧНJО+ЙНiО+ЙН▌О+│ЧГН▌О+ЙНvО+ЙН╠О+│ЧгН╠О+ЙН wО+ЙН%©Н'≈Н*≤Н0■Н3√Н6Н7ЄН=Н@НC├НпО*CН┤Н5НДН█Н$Н&ЖН)ґН,#Н-эxН0;О*CН0юО*CvН4ВО*CxНўО(UvНэО(UНДО(UНтНО'КЧНО(UН!О(UН!ЩО'КЧVН!ЩО(UН#SО(UН'┤О'КЧГН'┤О(UН(nО(UН,rН-ОН3M Н9╣Н;ЦxН>3О(UН?&О(UНA2vНDmО(UНEўО(UНпО&ґН7НєН<Н"·Н$ЫН*кН,аxН/О&ґН0О&ґН2&vН8jО&ґН9О&ґН;║Н=ШНAНC─НFьНпО%НЬНеН■wН}О%НcО%Н!├Н%AН)Н/1Н0ыН4УН6йН8эН;#Н=>Н?kНAНDl НпО#_Н НяН║НаНЙН щН$ЧН(÷Н+:Н-ж Н33Н4▒Н5└Н7UН8╩Н:DН<РНA┘НBБНF7НпО!Ї НвНжНRН@Н"7Н$uН&║Н(мН*Z Н/~Н0ъН5Н7IН9ЗН;RН<ъНAНBЄxНўОиvНoОиxНЪОиНОиvНiОиНjОиНЄН#ўxН&ОиН'%ОиvН'уОиН);ОиН,ЧН1ЙН5xН6AОиН7TОиvН°НAfНFЫНпО█xНqО█Н"О█vНйО█НNО█Н!/Н%Н(пН.√Н0dН<)НAЫ НпОЕНЭxНўОВvН/ОВНYОВНlН'Н`Н├Н!▒Н#EН%жН(G Н.┌Н3Н6SН8TН:╞Н>нНB НпОPН7НФНaН Н!НН$ЪН&РН+.Н,чxН-ЪОPН/ОPvН1╛ОPН2ОPН8Н>IxН?ООPН@жОPНDСvНH├ОPНпО╘Н#НТНCН?Н!·xН'-О╘Н( О╘vН+DО╘xНўО╩vН5О╩Н_О╩Н│НJН Н@Н"░ Н*^Н0{Н4OН:Н<Н=NН@©xНBwО╩НCjО╩vНE.О╩НFцО╩НH#НпОН НьxН8ОНKОvН+ОН (ОН!жН&Н(▐Н.ЕН0⌠Н3зxН5ЄОН6гОvН:їОН; ОНvНAО]>Н╨О]>НWНзН :Н#lН%÷ Н,ТН3єН5HxН7/О]>Н8"О]>Н:4vН=oО]>Н>╩О]>НC▒НG]НпО[≈Н/НЫНЩН xН ╦О[≈Н!■О[≈vН%uО[≈Н%НО[≈Н'╡ Н.ш Н5iН7dН8▌xНўОY╘vН'ОY╘Н/ОY╘Н;Н└ОY?ЧН└ОY╘НёОY╘НООY?ЧaНООY╘НPОY╘Н!╪ОY?Ч└Н!╪ОY╘Н"пОY?ЧVН"пОY╘Н$&ОY╘Н'рН)Н- Н3cН5Н8DН:╟ НB·НDіНпОXНXН_Н╪НsН ▀Н$≤Н'ЎН+Н-сxНўОVvНъОVНYОVН`Н⌠Н!ШОU╙ЧГН!ШОVН"БОVН%ЯОU╙ЧН%ЯОVН&ЗОVН)6ОU╙Ч Н)6ОVН*?ОVН/IОU╙ЧэxН/IОVН0&ОVvН3!ОVН4вОVН7VН<ДНCO НпОTlНeН╞Н╦НН!@Н$┬ Н,Н0~Н38Н9PНlНAмНC║НGHНпОQНІНыН1Н┴НАН╛Н"Н$AН(dН+Н,7Н-дxНўОO0vНОO0Н÷ОO0НМН%XН+Н,©xН/)ОO0Н0ОO0vН3*ОO0Н3оОO0Н7▌Н=вНCиНGЮНпОM┬Н≈ НЧН$Н&├Н-vН0NН3Н6lН9├Н=ЖНC"НF=НпОKАНаНПНЄНуН ▄Н#сН)еН,йН.xН1┬xНўОIСvНОIСНїОIСxНЖОIСНщОIСvНьОIСНQОIСН"BН'юН*сН/SН2·Н4\Н9vН<НН?КxНA╘ОIСНBYОIСНE vНH├ОIСНпОHLxН┤ОHLН8ОHLН╛vН├ОHLН▌ОHLxН=ОHLН0ОHLvНхОHLНLОHLxНўОF^ НAН≤vНОF^НОF^НaН"6xН#ЛОF^Н$ъОF^vН'%ОF^Н'┬ОF^Н+АН-ДН3┤Н7:xН8ЕОF^Н9ьОF^Н>ZvН?╩ОF^НA8ОF^НCжНGжНпОDЇН(Н+ Н Н$Н'&Н(шН/Н5ДxН8ОDЇН9ОDЇvН<.ОDЇН=ОDЇНC<НG/xНпОCvxНўОA!vНЯОA!НЗОA!НNxНrОA!НОA!vНЯОA!Н ╦ОA!Н#7Н$ОН)ЦН,╔Н/°xН1TОA!Н2<ОA!vН5ОA!Н5▄ОA!Н9≈Н|Н@v НG/НпО:=НnНxНКО:=НчО:=vНЙО:=Н╔О:=xН·О:=Н ╠О:=vН&|О:=Н&КО:=Н): Н0⌠xН4oО:=Н5пО:=vН7╣О:=xН8│О:=Н9iО:=vН;О:=Н;вО:=xН=▀О:=Н>gО:=vНCўО:=НDО:=НE НпО8√Н~НщН╞ xНўО6╗vНHО6╗НPО6╗Н9Н_О6?ЧГН_О6╗НFО6╗НО6?ЧНО6╗Н%О6╗Н"оО6?ЧгН"оО6╗Н#√О6╗Н(АН*╨Н2zН7!Н8╦Н>÷НAVНCКНпО5НШНЮН Н⌡НtН#v Н*■Н/tН1.Н4vН7#Н<[Н?JНAGНEkНG╙НпО3Z Н╧Н▌Н jН"!Н%eН(1Н+u Н1q Н9Н>ZН?цxНBеО3ZНC║О3ZvНEО3ZНFО3ZНпО1╡Н:Н╠НЬНН}xН%О1╡Н&)О1╡vН+─О1╡Н,═О1╡xН1НО1╡Н2rО1╡vН7qО1╡Н8О1╡xН:@О1╡Н;О1╡vН@┼О1╡Н@ЫО1╡НBOНDфНпО0xНўО. vНAО.НнО. xНО.НКО.vНшО.Н_О.Н"ХН'іН)TН.НxНўО,/vНNО,/Н6О,/НЩН┤Н" Н(щН,Н3Н6p Н=Y НCтНпО*┬Н≥Н╛НїН#XН$нН&Н*Q Н1bН5Н6еН;ЕН?эНBhНDрНH#НпО(ЮНдНЙНтН!pН%≈Н++ Н1їН7Н9І НArxНCfО(ЮНDzО(ЮvНH├О(ЮНпО'9НtНЭН╛Н nН$┌xН&▐О'9Н'О'9vН+єО'9Н,О'9Н-ЇН3ЧН7дН9▐НsНA²НEНпО °НЭНН╙Н▄Н!/Н"NН&ЎН.ЬН4⌠Н7дН9ЄxН< О °Н<ПО °vНBжО °НCZО °НDєНG/xНпОТ vНюОТНDОТНҐН!+Н$▄Н*Н-╟Н4Н7О Н=ЩНCxНўО vНТОН╙ОН▀НnН Н%╧Н(╠Н+fН0NН3ЁН7╡ Н>▀НBвНE╦НпО_НnНuНsН#ёН*Н+ьН.9Н2iН4$Н;Н<╡НAъНD≤НFTНпО╦Н▒ НГ Н'▌Н)y Н1гН4W Н<Н>хН@/ НHeНпОНЧН Н"≥Н,і Н3mН4n Н;@Н<еН?НB"НCИНпОi НЮН╙НNН(`Н*!Н,/Н/кН1мН82Н; НB╟НD/НEkНпОбННфxН4ОбН'ОбvН"ОбНСОбН"вxН')ОбН(ОбvН)ЮОбН+[ОбН.AН4,Н5РН8_ Н?МНDwНH9НпОННъН▀НPН7Н#┤Н+ЯН1Н4g Н;9Н=Н@бНB НпОsxНўО┘ vНУО┘НYО┘Н▌xН О┘Н!О┘vН&лО┘Н';О┘Н)rН.ыН3Н9рН;XН?ьНBg НпО чН/Н≥Н Н >Н"УН$єН)@Н,Ю xНўОПvН⌡ОПxН5ОПН√ОПvН ОПНхОПxНчОПНяОПvНМОПНЄОПН#┼Н&eН,Н0uН4Н5ГН7ДН:$Н<▒НA╘НGАНпО IxНюО IН#О IvНoО IНрО IНшНЁНaН"╠Н% Н%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪВTVm$▓THEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY9face:TheinterfacethatanI/OdevicepresentstothePilotoperatingsystem;forexample,thereisadiskfaceandadisplayface.Eachfaceiscodifiedasaninterfacemodule.Particularimplementationsofthisinterfaceforparticulardevicesarecalledheads.fileextension:Theportionofafilenamethatappearsfollowingaperiod(possiblynull).Byconvention,anumberofextensionsarereservedtoindicatethetypeofdatainthefile,thoughnotallsubsystemsareconsistentintheiruseofextensions.Somecommonlyencounteredextensionsare:~anAltoExecutivecommand(notreallyanextension).al:screenfontrastersintheoriginalformat.bcd:Mesaobjectprogrammodule.bcpl:BCPLsourceprogrammodule.bfs:anentireAltofilesystemgatheredintoafile.boot:programinvokablebybooting.br:BCPLobjectprogrammodule.bravo:textfilecontainingBravoformattinginformation.cm:Executivecommandfile.config:Mesasourcethatdescribeshowtocombinemodules.df:descriptionofasystemforusewithDFfilessoftware.dl:distributionlist(inafileasopposedtoinGrapevine'sdatabase).dm:(archaic)dumpfile,i.e.,severallogicalfilesstoredasone.errors:Swaterrormessagefile.icons:filecontainingdisplayableIconimages.image:executableAlto/Mesaprogram.jam:JaMinterpretablecode.ks:screenfontrastersinafancyformat.laurel:specialflavorof.bcdthatcanberunwithinLaurel.log:historyofcertainprogramactions.mail:Laurelmailfile.mail-dmsTOC:Laureltable-of-contentsfile.mesa:Mesasourceprogrammodule.pd:fileinPD(=printerdependent)printfileformat,usuallyproducedfromanInterpressmaster.press:printfileinPressformat.profile:recordsauser'spreferredvaluesofvarioususerinterfaceparametersinCedar.run:executableAltoprogram,thatis,asubsystem.sil:SILsourcefileforadrawing.st:Smalltalksourceprogramtext.strike:screenfontrastersinacompactandefficientbutlimitedformat.style:Tiogadocumentstylerulesforformatting.symbols:Mesasymboltable(fordebugging).syms:BCPLsymboltable(fordebugging).tex:TEXsourcetext.tfm:fontmetricinformation.tip:TIPinteractiondescription.tioga:Tiogatextdocument1983EDITIONvН╗ОgwН▐ОgН uОgvН!≤ОgwН"─ОgvН'зОgwН(бОgvН,WОgwН-│ОgvsНHDОgxНўО_,vНО_,НО_,НЖН·НpНcН!2Н%yН*уН,├xН.ХО_,Н/пО_,vН2RО_,Н3 О_,Н8sН=РН@2НFНпО]┘НUН≤Н÷Н⌡НlН╞Н"{Н&lН)ЬН,УН.zН3ЮН5╗xН7╠О]┘Н8О]┘Н=yvНA╪О]┘НCOО]┘ НпО[щН3НЛН█Н%3Н'p Н-іН2oН4бxН8╧О[щН9uО[щvН;{О[щН;ЪО[щxНўОYОН1 vН@ОYОН(ОYОН>НBН! Н"pН$ЧН(ЦН+вН1Н7@Н8▐Н=НBЗНGsНпОXH Н!Н2НEНЕ Н&oН(╙Н. Н/═Н4ЁН6ЗН9ЯН;▒Н>~Н@НBZwНD?ОXHvНDшОXHНEJОXHНпОV║НcНr Н╒Н Н%┬Н'UН*╨Н-MН/% Н6ЮН:тНAІ НпОTЫ НsНoОSН▒ОSН┌Н°НГН%HН(6Н,Н-Я НoОQН▒ОQНкН╧НН ІН#Н(НoОO0Н▒ОO0Н;НTН БНoОMBН▒ОMBНЄНН!▓НoОKTН▒ОKTН┌НnН┬НЯН#lН)Н+ЙН-НoОIfН▒ОIfН НjН!fНoОGxН▒ОGxНЄНмН![НoОE┼НRОE┼Н Н s Н',Н+- Н1Я НoОC°Н▒ОC°НщН >НoОAўНRОAўНШН#KН&Н,Н/Н0ЄН6NНoО?аН▒О?а НєН]Н├Н"Н$?Н&ЄН)оН,YН/GНoО=сН▒О=сНЭН:НaН ▀Н"ТН$╒Н*Н+йН-x Н5НoО;ЕН▒О;ЕН╪Н©Н!Н#≥Н()Н,┐Н/qН3■Н5BНoО9ВНRО9ВН╞Н"!Н'xНoО8 НRО8 Н╩ Н$t Н+°Н.аНoО6НRО6 Н"Н)НoО4-Н▒О4-Н╛НгНoО2?Н▒О2?НкН╧НН ІН!ЮН%∙НoО0QНRО0QНмН#дН%}Н(│Н+OН-шН/кН2bН6іНoО.cН▒О.cН#НэНcН#РНoО,uН▒О,uНЖННoО*┬НRО*┬НЇН*1НoО( НRО( НШН#KН(ыНoО&╛Н▒О&╛ННбНCН ╪ Н(Н+|Н-РН2рН7▒Н=ҐНA1НC. Н▒О%НoО#НRО#Н╨Н!#Н"яН&YНoО!)НRО!)Н bН!иН%шН, Н0▀Н2│Н7┘Н:╩Н@· НGАН▒О│НoО⌠Н▒О⌠ НWНpН#WН&&Н'ЙН)НoО╔Н▒О╔НHН≤НН?Н hНoО╦Н▒О╦Н╔НТН#┐НoОйНRОйН▀Н"yН&иН(wН)═Н/Н1рН7*Н9╚Н>^НoОэН▒ОэНqНчН!Н$kН&╗ НoОННRОННШН#цН'+Н)Б НoОНRОНtН$<Н'єН*[ НoОН▒ОННН=НoО$Н▒О$Н─Нд НoО6Н▒О6НS Н. НoО HНRО HН2Н!ЙН%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩ·TVm$╡THEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY10filename:Seefileextensionandpathnameforinformationaboutthelocalconventionsforfilenames.fileserver:Acomputeronthenetworkthatprovidesafilestorageandretrievalservice.MAXC,IFS,andAlpinearethreedifferenttypesoffileservers.FileTool:AprograminCedarthatallowstheusertostoreandretrievefilesfromandtoremotefileservers.UseoftheFileTooltoretrieveportionsoflargesystemstoone'slocalfilesystemisfraughtwithperil,sinceitisquiteimportantthatoneretrieveconsistentversionsofthingsifthelargesystemistowork,andtheFileTooldoesn'tincludeanyschemeofversioncontrol.CautiousprogrammersuseBringoverand``.df''filesfromthebeginning;everyoneusesBringoverand``.df''fileseventually.Finch:TheprogramthatrunsinyourworkstationandhelpstocontrolyourEtherphone.FLG:(pronounced``flug'')InLISPprograms,aswitchthatcustomizesaprogram'sbehaviortoanindividualuser'sworkinghabits.fogindex:Ameasureofproseobscurity.Unitsareyearsofeducationrequiredinordertounderstandthemeasuredprose.font:Anassortmentofcharactersallofonesizeandstyle;moreprecisely,amappingfromasetofcharactercodenumberstoaconsistentcollectionofgraphicimages.Fonts.widths:Afilecontainingcharacter-widthinformationforalargenumberoffonts.UsedbysomeprogramsthatdotextformattingwhileproducingPressfiles.Thestandardsourceis[Indigo]Fonts.Widths.Otherprogramsappealtoseparate``.tfm''files,oneforeachfont,astheirsourceofinformationaboutcharactermetrics.foo:Thefirstmeta-syntacticvariable.Thesecondis``bar''.Thereisatieforthirdbetween``fum''and``baz''.Thewords``foo''and``bar''arecognates,bothderivedfrom``fubar'',anacronympopularintheU.S.NavyandusedbyearlycomputerprogrammersemployedbytheNavy,possiblyasatechnicaltermdescribingthestateofasystem.Football:Atwo-persongameinCedar.format:AnattributeofanodeinaTiogadocument.Examplesmightbe``longquotation'',or``iteminabullettedlist''.Theeffectofthevariousformatsisdefinedbythestyle.Forum:AseriesoftalksontopicsofgeneralinteresttofolkatPARC,heldonThursdayafternoonsateither3:45or4:00p.m.intheAuditorium.FS:AfiledirectorysystemthatwillemergeinCedaralongwiththeNucleus;FSwillreplaceCIFSandtheCommonSoftwareDirectory(apartofPilot).FTP:AcronymforFileTransferProtocol(orProgram).AnAltoworldprogramthatprovidesaconvenientuserinterfacetothefiletransferprotocol,enablingthetransferoffilesbetweenco-operatingcomputersontheInternet.Garage:AnicknamefortheElectronicModelShop,apartofCSL.Gateway:AcomputerservingasaforwardinglinkbetweenseparateEthernets.Gatewaysmayalsoperformcertainserverfunctions,suchasnamelookup.germ:AsmallpartofPilotthatrunsfirst;thegermhandlesbootstraploading,inloadingandoutloadingmemoryimagesduringworldswaps,teledebugging,andthelike.Grapevine:Thedistributedelectronicmessagetransportsystem;ithasasetofprotocolsallitsown,andprovidesvariousserverfunctionssuchasauthentication.Seetheblue-and-whitereporttitled``Grapevine:anExerciseinDistributedComputing'',numberCSL-82-4.Griffin:AMesaillustrationprogram,asuccessortoDraw.Excellentonfilledareas,andhandlescolor.GriffinwasthesourceofmanyoftheprettypictureshangingnearLilac.group:(whenreferringtoGrapevine)AsetofR-names.Thestandardinterpretationofagroupisadistributionlist.Forexample,CSL^.PAisthegroupofallpeopleinCSL,incasetheyallshouldgetcopiesofamessage.Groupscanalsobeusedforotherpurposes,suchasaccesscontrol.TheR-namesthatconstituteagrouparecalleditsmembers.Inaddition,a1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgxНўО_,НvНxО_,Н?О_,xН!О_,Н▐О_,Н▓vНлО_,Н qО_,xН"√О_,Н#GО_,Н%цvН)О_,Н)ЬО_,Н+о Н3lН7aН9сН=- НDуНG%НпО]┘xНўО[≈НvН≤О[≈Н)О[≈НXНcН хН&$Н(ВН.▀Н/╨Н2(Н6ъН9⌡Н?xНDnО[≈НEоО[≈vНH╡О[≈xНпОYОvНЙОYОН▐ОYОxН║ОYОН■ОYОvНООYОН∙ОYОНCН лН&rН*Н+©Н.(xНўОXvНрОXНdОXНЫНўН лН#║Н'тН*:Н-9Н.НН2QН5Н:Н=Н@uНC3НDХНпОVZН(НrН-НуН#Н$╙Н&GН+6Н0┤Н2/Н5┘Н:sН<Н?┤НB╪НEНпОTЁН8НННўН!Н"oН#вН'\Н-╨Н0└Н3+Н8' Н>yНCаНEvНпОSННkН©Н(Н│НН"ъН%└Н'яН-WН2Н6оН9]Н>)Н?пНD┘НпОQdНс НuxН"&ОQdН#ОQdvН(╚ОQdН)QОQdН+·xН,OОQdН,їОQdvН-еОQdН.ОQdН/6Н2_Н6Н8² Н@~НF√xНпОOҐvНОOҐН©ОOҐНяxН│ОOҐНзОOҐvНЬОOҐНPОOҐН-Н xНўОMоvНОMоНЛОMоНщНkН:Н TН"Н%= Н,їН/^Н2ЩН4╛Н9^xН<≥ОMоН=│ОMоvНCgОMоxНўОKАvНґОKАН'ОKА НвН,Н! Н$║Н+Н,TН0²Н3z Н:nН;їНB!НGЮНпОJ:Ню НBНН"oxНўОHLНCvНОHLНжОHLН{НlН"W Н)∙Н-▄Н0Н3жН5фННCдНH#xНпО=рvН#иО=рН$щО=рН'рН-ВН2oН4/Н9≥Н=ЫНAQНDНF^НпО<+ННдНН[Н Н&·Н*─Н0hxНўО:=vН_О:=НGО:=Н(НП НыН$лН'∙Н,Н-sН2Н5ЬН7TН8nН:ZН<┬Н?АНE@НпО8√НxН"НЛНЙН"╟Н%XН)Н+dН1=Н4jН9QН<╘ НBНCЙНпО6ННТНіНН%Н уН#▐Н&оН(мН,8Н2e Н:оНA(НC'НE┴НпО5GННкНТН╪Н" Н(⌡Н*ЗН.+Н/ДН1xНўО3YvН²О3YН)О3Y НFНОxН!²О3YН"░О3YvН%О3YxНўО1kvНЦО1kНКО1kНPНШНоxНО1kНнО1kvН!}О1kН!ЮО1kН#ExН$┴О1kН%}О1kvН(⌡О1kН)bО1kН0Н6rН:┐Н<▌Н@rНGкНпО/дНіНTН}НEН!Н#ГН'ЁН)lН+кН0⌠Н5⌠Н6ЪН;ЪН=ШxН@ZО/дН@ИО/дvНCО/дxНўО-жvНYО-жНяО-жН}Н"НJН<Н" Н#еН(└Н-PН.ЙН1ўxН32О-жН4О-жvН6ЧО-жН7фО-жН:мН<юНBк НпО,.НhНUНdН'Н6Н!ZН#xН%hО,.Н&[О,.vН,О,.xНўО*AvН╚О*AНPО*AНрН╪НOН"6Н$ЗН)ЕxН+╚О*AН,÷О*AvН/фО*AН0kО*AН3²Н6пxН9HО*AН:\О*AvН>О*AН?бО*AНB НDяxНпО(≥vН┘О(≥Н*О(≥Н<Н⌡НўН%jН+■Н-7Н0Н1сxНўО&╚vН─О&╚Н┴О&╚Н⌠НзО&BЧГНзО&╚НбО&╚Н╪О&BЧГН╪О&╚НєО&╚Н"JО&BЧрН"JО&╚Н#О&╚Н'нН*О&BЧрН*О&╚Н*ГО&╚Н1xН3vО&╚Н4jО&╚Н6░vН:YО&╚Н; О&╚Н?СНBкНHeНпО% НзНЦН ≈Н"UН$цН';Н,UН2*Н7сН:BН?\НA$НD НпО#]НЎНmН!sxН#сО#]Н$WО#]vН(▐О#]xНўО!ovНЬО!oН└О!oНдНxН`О!oН HО!oН%ВН*PvН-TО!oН.0О!oН/ZН2>xН3ВО!oН4ЙО!ovН6ўО!oxНўО│vНО│НцО│Н Н АН"╙Н#О Н+Н-ЬН3┌xН8ЖО│Н9щО│vН>О│Н> О│Н@0НF▀НпОыН°НТН{Н!┤ Н'чН+xН,ҐОыН-xОыН0fvН4gОыxНўОКvНОКН╧ОКН}Н├xНdОКНLОКvНПОКН _ОКН"ДН&$Н)⌡Н, Н/нН4ЧН;8Н@÷НFьНпОD Н╙НН!╗xН&ОDН'ОDvН,+ОDН,╞ОDxН-▄ОDН.ОDvН3%ОDН3уОDН6▄Н9CН;ёxНўОV vНЯОVНьОVНБ НМ Н%FН*ІН0ґН6XН7гН:UН;≤Н=нН?═НE╚НGЄНпО╞НMН%НуН!ЎН%КН, Н/\Н1+Н;AН=ЬxН@xО╞НA)О╞vНпОНСН┬Н uН"fН'сН)│ Н0лН9Н>>xНўОvН╙ОxН;ОН°ОvН ОНlО НРН$щН&Н,xН-ЄОН.хОvН0ДОН2LОН8MН:XН=ОНAхНD└НпОrxН)ОrН<ОrvН╒ОrН═ОrНNНўН"ЩН$ІН(─Н*9Н,≥Н0°Н5иН;xН>%ОrН?ОrНўО└vН"О└Н°О└Н[НxНлО└НЮО└vН#хО└Н%^О└Н&ТН)xН*чО└Н+шО└vН/nО└Н/СО└Н1fН4HН9М НB√НDYНE█НпО щН?xНmО щНО щ НЇvН├О щННО щН ²Н&rН,┬Н-ЬН0[Н4aН6Н8Н<▒xН>CО щН?6О щvН@ЗО щНAшО щНC█НFНпО5НДН└НЯНDН !Н!oН'ЙН-Н/ЎН2ўН4цН8#Н:┘Н>HНD▀НGАНпО ▌НЛН≈Н~Н#SН&0 Н,Н-╦Н1хН4+Н80yН:О ▌Н;/О ▌vН@╡О ▌НA6О ▌НB░НHeН%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩ TVm$╒THEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY11grouphasfriendsandowners:afriendissomeonewhomayaddordeleteherselffromthegroup,whileanownermayaddordeleteanyonefromthegroup.Hardy:AToolthatprovidesthefunctionalityofLaurel,thatis,mailsendingandreceiving,withinTajo;aclientofGrapevine.head:TheprogrammodulewithinPilotthatcontrolsaparticularI/Odevice.Forexample,eachparticularmodelofdiskdrivehasanassociatedhead.Alloftheseheadsexportthediskface.Hickory:AreminderandcalendarsystembasedontheCypressdatabaseinCedar.Hornet:Genericnameforafamilyof300bpilaser-scannedprinters,builtontopof2600copiers.Ibis:AnIFSserverinSDD/PaloAlto.Icarus:(archiac)AnAlto-basedprogramforcreatingandeditingintegratedcircuitdesignsgraphicallyandinteractively.icon:Asmallimagerepresentingsomeconcept.UsedextensivelyinStarandCedar.Idun:AnIFSserverinSDD/PaloAlto:thehomefileserverofthePilotgroup.ICL:AcronymforIntegratedCircuitLaboratory,apartofPARC,locatedinBuilding34.IDL:AcronymforIntegratedDesignLaboratory,anincipientpartofPARC.Onceformed,IDL(tobepronounced``ideal''ratherthan``idle'')willbelocatedsomewhereinBuilding35.IFS:AcronymforInterimFileSystem.AnAlto-basedfileserver.ManyIFSserversexistonvariousEthernets,includingIvy,Indigo,Ibis,Iris,Idun,Igor,Phylum,andErie.IFU:AcronymforInstructionFetchUnit;manycomputershavethem.Igor:AnIFSserverinSDD/PaloAlto:thehomefileserveroftheMesagroup.Thisnameshouldbepronounced``Eye-gore'',asinthemovieYoungFrankenstein.Imager:AnewimplementationoftheCedarGraphicspackagethatisunderdevelopment.implementationmodule:AMesaorCedarmodulethatactuallyprovidesasetofservices,asopposedtoaninterfacemodule,whichsimplyspecifiesexactlywhatthoseservicesaretobe.Indigo:AnIFSserverinPARC,usedbyCSLandISLtostoreprojectsoftwarefiles.[Indigo]:AdirectoryonwhichdocumentationforvariousAltosubsystemsarestored(generallywithextension.press).[Indigo]:AdirectoryonwhichscreenfontsfortheAltoarestored(extensions.al,.strike,or.ks).Subdirectoriesareusedonthisdirectorytodistinguishvariousfamiliesofdisplayscreenfontsthathaveaccumulatedovertheyears.[Indigo]:AdirectoryonwhichthestandardstartingconfigurationsforAltodisksarestored,asfileswithextension``.bfs''.ThenormalwaytoinitializeanewAltoworldistouseCopyDisktoretrieveoneofthesediskimages.[Indigo]:AdirectorycontainingtheCedarsourcecodeanddocumentation.[Indigo]Documentation>:Adirectorycontainingtheon-linedocumentationforthelatestversionofCedar.[Indigo]Top>:Adirectorycontainingtoplevel.dffilesforcomponentsofthecurrentCedarrelease.[Indigo]:Adirectorycontainingvariousdocumentsofprintinginterest,includingFonts.widths.YoumightbeinterestedinCloverFonts.Press,orAltoFontGuide.Press.[Indigo]:AdirectoryofpackagesreleasedbyISLforusewithinCedar.Containsmainlyinteractivegraphicssoftwareanddocumentformattingtools.[Indigo]:Adevelopmentdirectoryfor[Indigo];thatis,thisiswherecomponentsofanewreleaseofCedararestoredwhiletheyarebeingdeveloped.Oneofthejobsofthereleaseprocessistomovethingsfromto.[Indigo]:Theanalogousdevelopmentdirectoryfor[Indigo].1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgvНпО_,НЕyНlО_,НшО_,vНГО_,Н█О_,yН╠О_,НbО_,vН#╩О_,yН$ЬО_,Н%fО_,vН(НО_,Н)RО_,Н*mН0:Н3QН6gН91Н;Н?(НCІНG/НпО]┘Н*НъyНоО]┘Н─О]┘vНиО]┘НСО]┘Н!мН$┘Н&IН*VН/Н2┘Н4ЕxН8cО]┘НўО[√vН8О[√xН╦О[√Н╚О[√vНЩО[√НlО[√Н©НAН!■Н)▄xН+9О[√Н, О[√vН/О[√Н/ИО[√Н2╙Н4bН7oННЧxНЇОYОНкОYОНўОXvНnОXНVОXНGНвНьxН#ОXН$ОXvН&├ОXН&УОXН)UН.█Н/╦ Н5ОН8ҐН=ъН@▄НF^НпОVZ Н&ННXН fН$Н&╔Н(╣ Н/BН3╩Н6.Н8Н;╠xН?ЁОVZН@XОVZvНD!ОVZНD░ОVZНF║xНпОT╡vН9ОT╡xНўОRдvН|ОRдНОRдНШН╡Н#7Н'╡Н+⌠Н-≥xН/ЫОRдН0ЛОRдvН5ОRдН5уОRдН:╘xН:ОIdvН@дОIdxНўОGuvНTОGuН\ОGuНїН^НkxНОGuНУОGuvНОGuНмОGuН"ФН&ЧН)]xН-3ОGuН-║ОGuН/▒vН3⌠ОGuН4NОGuН5LxН7╚ОGuН8⌠ОGuvН;ОGuН;бОGuxНўОE┤vНОE┤НОE┤ННMОEЧ└НMОE┤НяОE┤НФОEЧЧНФОE┤Н ЦОE┤Н$┐ОEЧГН$┐ОE┤Н%jОE┤ Н+ВН-!Н0xН1ЎОE┤Н2╔ОE┤vН5┴ОE┤Н6eОE┤Н;#xН<яОE┤Н=еОE┤НBIНўОC≥vН0ОC≥Н9ОC≥Н;Н{ОC0Ч└Н{ОC≥НЪОC≥Н ОC0ЧН ОC≥Н!5ОC≥Н$юОC0ЧГН$юОC≥Н%їОC≥ Н,7Н.*Н3щН6дxН8ОC≥Н9gОC≥vН\xН≤О>\НО>\vН╦О>\Н<О>\НxН"-О>\Н"╠О>\vН#ЯО>\xН$мО>\Н%RО>\Н)hvН+▐О>\xН,lО>\Н,ПО>\vН.gО>\xН/CО>\Н/хО>\vН1НО>\xН2кО>\Н3OО>\vН5?О>\xН6О>\Н7О>\vН;rО>\Н<О>\Н>)xНўО$О:─НB■НEоНпО8ьНLН= НчН&hН(Н)дН,#yН0EО8ьН1CО8ьН4ёzНН@YНBHНGАНпО3TНIНЖxНФО3TНIО3TН■vН#вО3TН$╡О3TН(©Н-.Н2їН7CН:÷Н>=НCGНE≥НGGxНўО1fvНhО1fНpО1fxН╩О1fН?О1fvН|О1fНО1fН┴xН7О1fНО1fvН!О1fН!ъО1fН%xН'О1fН( О1fvН*QО1fН*ВО1fxН- О1fН-█О1fvН/уО1fН0DО1fН1└Н4ЮН9}Н>ЖxНўО/xvН▄О/xН&О/xН"Н$Н(3Н1іН3ПН8еН;Л НCНEkНпО-я Н0НKxН iО-яН аО-яvН#╨О-яН$3О-яxНўО+БvН*О+БНшО+БН"яН$ЭН).Н-▄Н1#Н3┘Н6Н9GН;ЎН@ xНGGО+БНG÷О+БvНH╡О+БxНпО*;vНyО*;НtО*;xНWО*;Н╞О*;vНЫО*;НsО*;Н Н$2Н&єН)ЪН,#Н.ЦН4тН6║ Н=╟НB≈НGжНпО(■Н┐Н╪Н.НЩН#C Н+>Н.XН0ЇxНўО&╔vНUО&╔НщО&╔Н"╙Н$╛Н(ІН+Н0їН5█ Н>Н@╦НCмНG;НпО$ЧНEНЛНтНХН#xН$О$ЧН$╦О$ЧvН%╣О$ЧН& О$ЧН'╦Н*┼Н/@Н2Н3╧ Н9AН:dxН=LО$ЧН>?О$ЧН@UvНD О$ЧНDpО$ЧНErНGxНпО#WvНО#WН┬О#WНхНхН sН",Н%╣Н(ёxНўО!ivНTО!iНАО!iНЁ Н&lxН(кО!iН)ЎО!ivН,мО!iН-QО!iН1Н4dН7 xНўОzvН"eОzН#ЪОzН)ч Н0єН3Н7пНADНC▌НEШНпОсН≤xНQОсНDОсvНнОсxНўОЕvН9ОЕН╞ОЕН"j Н) Н+lxН.⌡ОЕН.СОЕvН0ОЕН0ЫОЕН3VxН5}ОЕН6#ОЕvН<ООЕН=╙ОЕН>▒Н@зxНE█ОЕНF─ОЕНпО=vНГО=xНўОOvН╒ОOН╘ОOН!Ж Н)*Н.lН5ьН8Н=иНC{xНпО╗vНBО╗Н╒О╗Н╠Н ╗Н"≥ Н(ЕxН*⌠О╗Н+├О╗vН5LО╗Н6(О╗xН7ЛО╗Н8ъО╗НўО╨ vН^О╨НО╨НГН ╣Н&░Н+РxН.О╨Н.┤О╨vН0ДО╨Н1^О╨Н37Н5аxН:О╨Н; О╨vН?#О╨Н@!О╨НDЧНпО ННМН"fН%Н+┼ Н2OxНўО$vНТО$Н[О$ Н#fН)xН+*О$Н+≤О$ vН4уО$Н6О$Н8ЄН:RН<нН>xНBО$НB╛О$vНпО}Н┘Н╛Н√НxНнО}НаО}vН лО}Н!rО}Н#Н'<Н*МН-ЫН0IН4 Н;~Н>~Н@3НB▐НEzНG/НпО уНVН)Н∙НDН!Н%Н(┌ Н/ЖН1╔xНўОГvН0ОГНОГНН"s Н*єН0vxН2ЁОГН3!ОГvН;)ОГН%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪTVm$JTHEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY12inputfocus:Supposethattheusertypesakey,whileoperatinginanenvironmentthatsupportsmultiprogramminglotsofthingsgoingonatonce,eachintheirownwindow.Whichprogramwasthekeystrokeintendedfor?Differentsystemshavedifferentconventionsonthisimportantpoint.InTajo,thewindowinwhichthecursoriscurrentlylocatedgetsthekeystroke.Butinseveralothersystems,includingCedar,thereisaconceptcalledthe``inputfocus''thatispassedaroundamongtherunningprograms;whateverprogramhastheinputfocusgetsthekeystrokes.Leftclickingamousebuttoninsideofawindowoftenhasthesideeffectofgivingthatwindowtheinputfocus.Inscript:Amechanismforkeepingtrackofuserinputtoaprograminageneralway(keystrokes,mouseclicks,andthelike),usedwithinCedar.install:AtermappliedtotheAltoOperatingSystemandanumberofsubsystems(notablyBravo),referringtoaprocedurewherebycertainconfigurationoptionsareestablished.Frequently,whatisreallygoingonisthattheprogrambeinginstalledissaltingawaysomewherethecurrentharddiskaddressesofthepagesofimportantfiles,sothatlateraccesstothosefilescanavoidthetediousoperationsoflookingupthefileinadirectoryandchainingthroughdiskheaderstogettotherightplacewithinthefile.Intelnet:TheXeroxcorporatephonesystem,accessiblebystartingyourdialingwiththedigit8.NottobeconfusedwiththeInternet.interface:Aformalcontractbetweenpiecesofasystemdescribingacollectionofservicestobeprovided.Aprovideroftheseservicesissaidto``implementtheinterface'';aconsumerofthemiscalleda``clientoftheinterface''.interfacemodule:InMesaandCedar,interfacesarewrittendownasaspecialkindofsourcefile,startingwiththeword``DEFINITIONS''insteadof``PROGRAM''.Thisexplicitencodingofaninterfaceiscalledaninterfacemodule.Interlisp:AdialectofLispwithalargelibraryoffacilities,aswitnessedbyInterlisp'sfamous15-poundreferencemanual(wouldthatCedarweresowelldocumented!).Interlisp-D:AnimplementationofInterlisponD-machines,donebyagroupwithinPARC.Itprovidesnetworkfacilitiesandhigh-levelgraphicsprimitives.Seetheblue-and-whitereportentitled``PapersonInterlisp-D'',numberCIS-5(SSL-80-4)Revised.Internet:ManyEthernetsconnectedbyGatewaysformanInternet.InterPress:Aprintfileformatstandardthatiscurrentlyunderdevelopment:asecondcutatthesameissuesaddressedbyPressformat.InterScript:Astandardformatfortheinterchangeofeditabledocumentsthatiscurrentlyunderdevelopment.Iris:AnIFSserverinSDD/PaloAlto,whichservesastheofficialsourceofreleasedPilots.ISLAcronymforImagingSciencesLaboratory,apartofPARClocatedonthesecondfloorofBuilding35.Ivy:AnIFSserverinPARC,usedbyCSLandISLmainlytostorepersonalfiles.jaggies:Theannoyingsharpcornersvisiblewhensmoothcurvesareimagedonarasterdevicewithoutsufficientresolution.JaM:AcronymforJohn(Warnock)andMartin(Newell).Aninteractivelanguage,similartothelanguageForth,withasimple,stack-orientedexecutionmodelandequippedwithlotsforgraphicoperationsasprimitives;implementedinMesa.JaMGraphics:AcomponentofanISLreleasewhichprovidesJaMcommandsforalltheCedarGraphicsfeatures.CreatingJaMpictureswithJaMGraphicscanbeveryaddictive.Jedi:AHornetatPARC.Juniper:(archaic)AnAlto-baseddistributedfilesystem,builtwithinCSL.Juno:Aconstraint-basedsystemforinteractivegraphicsinCedar.junta:AtechniqueforeliminatinglayersoftheAltoOperatingSystemthatarenotrequiredbyaparticularsubsystem.1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgxНўО_,НEvН┼О_,НQО_,ННЩН lН#uН'Н(SН+QН/Н5DН7Н9 НA!НCЪНпО]┘Н 8Н".Н&┐Н*┼Н,мН.ёН2Н5МН7ьН;\Н>°НEНпО[щН}НGНдН"Н'ФН+sН1▐Н6╛Н:Н?у НG┴НпОZ6Н}НКН~xН YОZ6Н!MОZ6vН#ОZ6Н$ОZ6Н&pН+їН-aН1{xН3ГОZ6Н4▄ОZ6vН8+ОZ6Н8▌ОZ6Н9ёН?▄НDVНG/НпОX▐ НеН_НН ▐Н$&Н)vxН/┐ОX▐Н0vОX▐vН3ОX▐Н3уОX▐Н7WН8╩Н9щН>ЛНBэНE4НпОVГННМНXНҐН"{Н'Н)_Н.√Н5іН;┌НAНC┘НEДНпОU@НaН!Нr Н ЮН#кН(сН)ОН.;Н2÷Н6⌠Н8>Н9ZН>xНAЧНDeНFЇНпОS≥Н⌡НTНwНEН"qН$пН({xНўОQ╚vНОQ╚Н÷ОQ╚НкНН#&Н&▓Н(DН+6Н.зН0│Н1єН7,Н8сН9ЖН>бНA⌠НD⌡НпОPН*НBНЫНYН!жН%xН)VОPН*IОPvН,тОPxНўОNvН!ОNН║ОNНшН╧Н[НўН"╪Н)&Н-ьН0┌Н1═Н6юxН8lОNН8ШОNvН>]ОNН?ZОNxНD╩ОNНEўОNvНH9ОNНH╡ОNНпОLnНrНН.НёН%%Н)·Н2Н6сН9wН@ЮОLnНA≥ОLn НFцНпОJгНЭН ННеНЯН8Н'Н#╒Н&ЁН+Н,IН/мН2║Н8bН:QН>.Н@мНC.НHНпОI Н╡НЇНН*НеН *Н"eН$ФН( Н)tН,VН.╙Н0╞Н3╚Н5█Н9] Н>╠Н@НDНEєНG├НпОGxН(ННЎНЙН]Н"┼Н$БН(КН*CН,Н-oН/UН1ЩН4зН8DН:*xНўОE┼vНsОE┼Н[ОE┼Н[Н█Н ╪Н%Н)Х Н08Н2CН7=Н:┬Н?)НBSНDбНHНпОCЦН║НOН@НН -xН"▄ОCЦН#ОCЦvН'IОCЦxНўОAУ vНОAУН╚ОAУН-Н┐Н%Н)/Н*ШН,7Н0е Н7pН8ґ Н>ТН@юНEщНG·НпО@NН┤НН╛Н jН#ЬН)Н*wН-TН/ Н6║Н9Н@cНA▒НGжНпО>іНYНеН╪НФНWН!Н#oxНўО<╧Н\vН⌡О<╧НО<╧xНjО<╧НкО<╧vН5О<╧НзО<╧xН ЛО<╧Н!ъО<╧vН$iО<╧Н%FО<╧ Н+pН-цН2vН6AН7ОН9Н=■Н@еНB~НFмНпО;НоНЪНtНН*▌Н/VН1$Н;▌Н>ЎНCїНпО9jН┴НyНН▀Н┌Н!rН'xНўО7| vНО7|Н╪О7|НJН*НlН"ўН$Н'▌Н,&Н. Н3ИН5ЎН<Н>> НD╩НпО5уННН!ЛН&■Н)bН-zН0лН2▐Н5}xНўО3ГvНbО3ГНkО3ГНп Н!иН#°Н)/xН+PО3ГН,cО3ГvН2IО3ГН3@О3ГН6мН8ЦН:'Н>CНB╒xНF┌О3ГvНHО3ГНH°О3ГНпО2?НjНл Н!:Н#Щ Н*hН/Б Н7?Н9ЮxНН.5 Н5%xНўО.╙vНeО.╙Н╩О.╙Н\Н├Н$ Н&Н,EН/╛Н1°xНўО,╪ vНЎО,╪НKО,╪НЄНН Н&6Н)Н*rН0PН4SН=┐Н>ўНC@НE√НG/НпО+НMН.Н└xН ─О+Н!gО+vН$4О+Н$ґО+xНўО)'vНGО)'НАО)'Н┼Н!Н#]Н%й Н-BН/ Н4NН;MН>(Н?╒НE▄НпО'─xНўО%▓vНєО%▓Н╛О%▓НВНўН╩xНiО%▓НEО%▓vНlО%▓НО%▓Н"6Н%╗Н)ІН-цН/qН1пН6lН:╪НgН@шНFjНHeНпО I Н Н%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩ÷TVm$ЪTHEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY13Kanji:ADoverinBuilding34.Klamath:AforthcomingversionofPilotandotherMesasystemsoftware.Lampson:Aunitofspeechrate.1LampsonisdefinedtobeButler'smaximumsustainedspeed.Forpracticalapplications,themilliLampsonisamoreappropriateunit.Larch:Afamilyofspecificationlanguages.Lark:TheEtherphoneprocessor,aswellastheprogramthatitruns.Laurel:AnAlto-based,display-orientedprogramthatprovidesaccesstothefacilitiesofGrapevineforsendingandreceivingmail.SucceededbyWalnutintheCedarenviroment.Leaf:Apage-levelfileaccessprotocolsupportedbysomeIFS's.level:ThereisatreestructureimposeduponthenodesthatmakeupaTiogadocument,andtheTiogaeditorcanbeinformedtosuppressthedisplayofallnodesdeeperthanacertainlevel.Incombinationwithscrolling,thelevelscommandsinTiogaprovideaconvenientwaytonavigateinawell-structureddocument.levelisystem:(foriB[1..3]).Aterminologyforclassifying(software)systemsaccordingtotheirintendedusercommunity:1implementersonly2implementersandfriendlyusers3naiveusersLibrarian:ATajoprogramforcheck-in/check-outofthemodulesofalargeMesasystem,usedinSDD;also,aserverforthisprogram.Lilac:APuffinlocatedinCSL,rightnexttoClover.Lily:Aprogramthatprovidesteletype-styleaccesstothemailsittinginone'sGrapevinemailbox.Lilyisdesignedtohelpoutthosefolkswho,becauseoftravelorwhatever,areunabletousetheirpersonalcomputersandeitherLaurel,Hardy,orWalnut.Also,aserverthatrunsthisprogram.logicalvolume:AportionofaphysicalvolumethatisbeingusedtosupportaPilotenvironment:thePilotequivalentofapartition.look:Anattributeofacharacterorstringofcharactersinvariouseditors,includingBravoandTioga.``Bold''and``italic''areexamplesofBravo'stypographiclooks,while``emphasis''and``quotation''areexamplesofthefunctionallooksespousedbyTioga.ThemeaningoflooksinTioga,likethemeaningofformats,isdefinedbythestyle.Loops:AlayerofsoftwareontopofInterlispthatturnsitintoanobject-orientedenvironmenttailoredforbuildingrule-basedexpertsystems.Lotus:Internaldevelopmentnameforthe1075Xeroxcopier.Lupine:ThetranslatorusedtogenerateRPCstubssothatCedarmodulescancallprocedureslocatedonremotemachines.Maggie:Atapeserver;thatis,amachineontheInternetwithtapedrivesthatitwillletarequestingmachineuse.Magic:AcronymforMultipleAnalysesoftheGeometryofIntegratedCircuits.AsystemfordealingwithVLSIdesigns:printingthem,convertingthemamongformats,examiningthemwithvariousprograms.Maintain:AprogramforupdatingGrapevineregistrationinformation.TherearetwoversionsofMaintain.One,withawidelyreviledteletype-styleuserinteface,isavailablewithinLaurel,orasaToolinTajo.Itisdocumentedinthefile[Ivy]Maintain.Press.Theother,withaniftybuttons-styleinterface,isavailableinCedar.Itisnotyetdocumented.maintenancepanel:AnareaonthechassisofaDolphinorDandelionthatsometimesdisplaysathreeorfourdigitnumber.OnDoradosrunningPilot,themaintenancepanelnumber1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgxНўО_,vНзО_,xНfО_,НzО_,vН}О_,НАО_,xН+О_,НО_,НёНўО]>vНЄО]>НAО]> НН!уxН#▌О]>Н$vО]>vН&УО]>Н' О]>Н)╛xН-KО]>Н.╛О]>vН1О]>Н1 О]>Н5▒xНўО[PvНО[PНёО[PН┼НFНеН"iН#═Н)╛Н+Н0Н1оН3бН8пН?UНEVНпОY╘Н{НН ОН#OН, Н-yН.╒Н25 Н9∙xНўОW╨vН&ОW╨НЁОW╨НЖН╞Н!⌠ xНўОUлvН│ОUлНhОUлxНYОUлН@ОUлvН╙ОUлНqОUлН"Н#дН&╡Н(`Н*©Н0NН3Н4rxНўОSчvНxОSчН─ОSчНф НН&Н+╒Н.jН3ТН7ШН9єН;Ч НA[xНCОSчНD"ОSчvНпОR7Н Н#НзН ІН$╛Н+rxН-nОR7Н.нОR7vН2VОR7Н2╧ОR7Н4xН6cОR7Н7VОR7vН:eОR7Н;ОR7 xНўОPIvНUОPIНАОPI НcНлНыН%HН+юН-╪xН1OОPIН1сОPIvН3▄ОPIН3ДОPIxНўОN[vН`ОN[НGОN[НeНуННхН ┴Н&Н)╗xН,ОN[Н,фОN[vН.вОN[Н/ДОN[Н2╣Н6mН8┐xН9╠ОN[Н:єОN[vН=╛ОN[Н>sОN[НDtНG/НпОLЄНїН║Н$НН#Н$їН*.Н,┘Н1/Н2ЮН4гН8ІН=4Н@RНAsНEЯНпОKН© НнxН ОKН≤ОKvН!CОKН!іОKН$Н& Н*└Н1┴Н3XН7XН<┐Н=м НDХНGЮНпОIeН>НЛНН"|xНўОGwНЦНоvНпОGwНJОGwН▄{НyОGwvНОGwН ╨Н"K Н)ШН,= Н2з Н9KН>OНD■НFHНпОEоН▄Н┘ НoОCTН/ОCTНцНoО@ыН/О@ыНцН"zН'іНoО>^Н/О>^НыxНўО
Н-LН/Н1┘Н7Н8ЦН:xН=■ОУО}О6ЛvНCКО6ЛНEО6ЛНпО5EН╙ННбНhН{Н!ХН%Н(сН,(Н1AН2РН6юН8|Н>╘Н@УНEsНGНпО3²Н Н╛Н dН#$xН'О3²Н(О3²vН*ЫО3²xН+ъО3²Н- О3²vН/⌠О3²Н0xО3²xН2EО3²Н3іО3²vН6╘О3²Н8О3²Н;╚Н<чН@СНCйНFМНпО1ЖxНўО0НvН4О0Н╪О0Н≈НKН qН%╨Н*·Н-hН.пН2√Н5нН7xН<xН=╔О0Н>▄О0vНAО0НA╛О0 НпО.axН/О.aНО.avН√О.aН;О.aНEНЧxН 'О.aН ьО.avxНўО,svН█О,sН∙О,sНШНіНyНҐН"юН$·Н(▐Н*b Н0ИН2╠Н7■Н<█xНB╩О,sНCўО,svНFьО,sНG}О,sxНпО*кvНCО*кН■О*кН>НН Н!єН#ОН)ЕН+√Н0l Н7ЯН;ъН?▄НFьНпО)$НjНбН цН"─Н$Ц Н+jН/Н4ВН6ВН;╨Н>≈НD4НEЯНпО'}Н~НІНaНаН![xН#О'}Н#┌О'}vН&ЪО'}Н'┐О'}Н(_Н)кН.кН0гxН3&О'}Н3ІО'}vН5щО'}xНўО%▐vН▒О%▐Н6О%▐НІН┬НН!8Н#фxН%≤О%▐Н&О%▐vН+О%▐Н+▄О%▐Н.Н1іН3Н6xН8О%▐Н8йО%▐ vНA─О%▐НB&О%▐ НпО#ГНшНН▓ Н$@Н(zxНўО!ЫvНО!ЫН■О!ЫНG НwН#7Н%tН'тН+Н/<xНўО vН/О НО Н, НoНпН!ёxН'LО Н(JО vН*нО Н+RО Н.|Н0exН3XО Н4KО vН7О Н8╗О Н=(Н?ьНB┬ НпОdН▌Н■Н<xНўОvvНўОvНhОvН⌡НН ЧН"ПН$HН)ЗН,/xН.╪ОvН/@ОvvН4+ОvН5(ОvН7tН:їН>АНAчНCbНF;НHeНпОн ННxНўОЮvНАОЮНИОЮН НoОwЧVНoОЮНеОЮН!9ОwЧН!9ОЮН"BОЮН'Н(ЖН+zОwЧ*Н+zОЮН,ёОЮН2 Н3ЩОwЧ└Н3ЩОЮН4│ОЮН:╨ОwЧЧН:╨ОЮН;╦ОЮНAНB╡НGRНпО9Н·НЄНdН",Н'iН+F Н2Н5┴Н: Н?]НFНпО▓НКНЁxНўОєvН*ОєН╨ОєНKН▄xН#WОєН$jОєvН)зОєН*^Оє Н1Н9|Н=│Н?вНB┤НGжНпОЭНіНН/НbН#пН(k Н0фН3иН9KН:юН@┘xНDрОЭНE╨ОЭvНH╡ОЭНпОUНёН`xН≥ОUН⌡ОUvНЭОUН_ОUxН╧ОUНґОUvН|ОUНЗОUН ─Н!Ш Н)ЦН+═Н.Н0┤НB╟НE≤НпОўНКНН[Н v Н&tН'ЮН-⌡xН/IОўН0<ОўvН2фОўН4'ОўН5·Н7 Н9Н;г xНўО© НІvНО©НО©НsНН!≈Н$ Н(≈Н*cxН+÷О©Н,ЁО©vН0РО©Н1ґО©xН2хО©Н3эО©vН9pО©Н9ъО©Н:AdirectoryonwhichstandardAlto(BCPL)programsandsubsystemsarestored.Onlyobjectcodefiles(extension.br)andrunnablefiles(extension.run)arestoredhere;sourcefilesanddocumentationarestoredon[Maxc]and[Maxc],respectively.[Maxc]:AdirectoryonwhichdocumentationforAltoprogramsisstored.Commonextensionsare.press(forfilesdirectlyprintablebyPressorSpruce),and.tty(plaintext).[Maxc]:AdirectoryonwhichsourceversionsofstandardAltoprogramsarestored.[Maxc]:(archaic)Adirectorycontainingfilesthatareusableastemplates(inBravo)forvariouskindsofdocuments(e.g.,memos,letters,reports).[Maxc]:AdirectorycontainingAltoprintingandgraphicsprograms.[Maxc]:AdirectorycontainingdocumentationrelatedtoprintingandgraphicsfacilitiessuchasPressfilesandfontfileformats.[Maxc]:AdirectorycontainingstandardTENEXsubsystems.MDG:AcronymforMethodologyDiscussionGroup.AseriesofseminarsordiscussionsonissuesrelatedtoprogrammingmethodologythatisheldinCSLonThursdaysat11a.m.Menlo:ADoverlocatedinISL.menu:Acollectionoftextstrings,buttons,oriconsonadisplayscreengenerallyusedtorepresentasetofpossibleactions.Mesa:APASCAL-like,stronglytyped,systemprogramminglanguagedevelopedbyCSLandSDD.MesaDevelopmentEnvironment:ThepackageofsoftwareusedbySDDtodevelopothersoftwareinMesa;combinestheTajouserinterfacewiththecompiler,binder,packager,andothersystemsoftwarerunningontopofPilot.Thename``MesaDevelopmentEnvironment''isoftenusedwhentheplanstomarketthisbodyofsoftwarerunningonDandelionsarebeingdiscussed.MesaNetExec:AMesaimplementationoftheNetExec;valuablebecauseitknowshowtoloadOthello.MetaFont:Afont-designinglanguagebuiltbyDonKnuthatStanford,andusedtogeneratefontsforusewithTEX.MetafontisavailableasMF.SavonMaxc.Microswitchkeyboard:Microswitchisacompanythatmakeskeyboards.ThestandardAltokeyboard,alsoinuseatPARConD-machines,ismadebyMicroswitch.MIG:AnacronymforMasterImageGenerator:ahigh-resolutionlaser-scanningprinter,basedonaphotographicprocess.TheMIG-1canrunupto2000bpi,whiletheslightlydifferentMIG-3runsatabout800bpi.AlsocalledthePlatemaker.Mockingbird:AmusicsystemthatrunsonaDoradowithanattachedaudiosynthesizeranditskeyboard.ThegoalofMockingbirdistorelievetheseriouscomposerofsomeoftheclericalburdenofwritingoutscoresformusicasitbeingcomposed.Formoredetails,seethe1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgvНпО_/НшН┴НИxНўО]A vНщО]AН[О]AНэН²xН#.О]AН$▌О]AН&ЙvН+█О]AН,2О]AxН.6О]AН.ГО]AvН1BО]AН1ХО]AН3ЛН9╩Н:в Н@ЧНB╙НпО[≥Н╛НeН╙НpН!╧Н$'Н'ЪН-▓Н/XН0░Н5Н6уН9CН=ЦНBШНD╦НHeНпОYР Н&xНўОXvНОXxН╔ОXН▄ОXvН╚ОXН0ОXН╦xН fОXН!BОXvН#iОXН$ОXН'3xНўОVvНfОVНРОVНOxНiОVНЬОVvН!ъОVН"XОVН$xН(╧ОVН)═ОVvН,lОVН,ФОVxНўОT(vНAОT(НIОT(НeНЎОSЎЧVНЎОT(НОT(Н┴ОSЎЧН┴ОT(Н ▒ОT(Н$ОSЎЧ Н$ОT(Н%ОT(Н(SОSЎЧЧН(SОT(Н)QОT(Н.Щ Н73Н=QН>ЫНCoНпОR─Н.Н/НнН#≤Н(PН*2Н,еН0│Н6ДН9Н;ЯН?╒НC^НFЦxНпОPыvНОPыНmОPыННеН yН#iН(vН+/Н/ЦН2▒Н6&Н9эН?ФНCТНG0НпОO2 НТ ННаН$щН'!Н)Н-5Н/cН1ЁН5 Н:МН>КНBНCІНE≤НпОM┼xНўОK°vН/ОK°НеОK°Н÷Н ╞Н$еН*iН-▄xН.ОK°Н.ЬОK°vН1╨ОK°Н2аОK°Н8щН;² НB╦НEНпОIУНrН╩Н2НP xН&ОIУН&qОIУvН'╔ОIУН(сОIУН+╩Н1ҐН4ш xН;ёОIУН;ШОIУvН=ЖОIУН?$ОIУНAїНEШНпОHMН7Н<Н Н$┬Н&СН+.xН-KОHMН-╧ОHMvН:uОHMН;ОHMxН=CОHMН=╠ОHMvНH╡ОHMНпОFіxНўОD╦vН?ОD╦НыОD╦Н!╦Н#кН'ФН1YН3ёН6йН<ЙН>cНC|НпОC НsxНJОCН╒ОCvНОCН≥ОCН жН#дН(╧Н.√xН0▓ОCН1yОCvН4FОCН5ОCxН6 ОCН6ФОCvН:!ОCН: ОCН;wxН>.ОCН>├ОCvН@ёОCНAОCНD xНўОA"vН6ОA"НбОA"Н"⌠Н$≥Н(їН,ЖН2BН3ЗН9∙Н<ўНBаНExНўО?4 vН(О?4Н║О?4НфН JН& Н,еН/╙Н2pН4╩Н8ЬН:²Н@©xНBъО?4НCрО?4vНF\О?4НGRО?4НпО=█Н≤НMНН!ВН%RН*gН.вxНўО;÷vН[О;÷НХО;÷Н ╨ Н'sН*█Н/оН2├Н7УxНўО9╟vНМО9╟Н╘О9╟Н$╙ Н+⌠Н5)Н9ЙН;хНA9НD НпО8 Н3НdxНО8 НЗО8 vНфО8 Н@О8 Н!ЄН$kН'ZН)цxНўО6vНЦО6НpО6Н A Н&ШxН,√О6Н-┼О6Н1НvН7ъО6Н8cО6xНўО4-vНО4-НО4-НЩН+О3цЧVН+О4-Н│О4- Н"▌О3цЧН"▌О4-Н#ґО4-Н)YО3цЧ*Н)YО4-Н*┐О4-Н.⌠Н0Н3юН5jН;Н<ю НCЇНEўНпО2┘НbН Нё Н'ИН*ЇН,#Н/>Н0ЛН4Н6"Н<фН>^Н@CxНўО0≈vН┴О0≈xНО0≈Н)О0≈vН-О0≈Н░О0≈НКxН≥О0≈НО0≈vН АО0≈xНўО.╘vН╩О.╘Н=О.╘ НhННеН"mН'╠Н)kН,ЙН.ФН0Н4╞Н8чН>╩НAМНC▒НпО-НЗННоНxНўО+vНsО+Н,О+НcН"яН',Н+с Н4▓Н:└НAHxНCpО+НDcО+vНFьО+НG}О+xНпО)lvНсО)lxНўО'~Нm Н⌡vН!ЧО'~Н"ЕО'~Н$кН*Н+╠Н1Н4PxН6@О'~Н7О'~vН9ҐО'~Н:,О'~Н;aН@┌НDНпО%вxН≈О%вНЬО%вvНщО%вН▒О%вНхxН AО%вН!4О%вvН#═О%вН$gО%вН&ЁН,qН/╔Н2xН8JО%вН8ЗО%вvН;РО%вН<ХО%вНCНEПНпО$/НcНТН BН"aН$НxН&©О$/Н'іО$/vН)║О$/Н+1О$/Н.!Н1ЬН6j Н? НH#НпО"┬НfНєН[НҐН!]Н#Н'ЇН*[Н-шН/√Н5Н:JxНЬН@÷НFНпОІН Н┌xН²ОІН▒ОІvНvОІxНжОІН7ОІvН"ХОІН#KОІН$TН*Н+╪Н0РxН2ЫОІН4YОІНўОг НаvН_ОгН╣Ог Н%_Н&ЭН(XН.rН1rН5э Н=╘Н@ЁxНF─ОгНGsОгvНпО Н1НЩН╚Н xН╧О Н ═О vН$О Н$цО xН&О Н'"О vН-О Н-ЕО Н/PН3Н5xНўО2vНьО2НЮО2Н=НТНCОхЧVНCО2Н≥О2Н РОхЧ└Н РО2Н!vО2Н%1ОхЧ*Н%1О2Н&[О2Н,КН.'Н7© Н@╠НEґНпО▀НчННvН"5Н%Н)оН,bН/Н1Н2яН6Н8УН<╠Н?НCИНпОЦН┌Н°Н5НН ╛Н#ЩН',Н+$xН-┐ОЦН.kОЦvН4FОЦxНўОУvНyОУНОУН$Н ЁН#∙Н&дН(чxН*ОУН+/ОУvН/#ОУН0!ОУН2RН4VН9ЕН=о НDИНGЄНпО NН║НpН_xНО NН oО N vН'О NН'─О NН(Н*$Н.┼Н0ЮН5sН;·Н=MН@вНB├НDэНпОіНкН╣Н≥Н@Н#~Н%МН*Н+ЖН-}Н1zН90Н< Н?яНD╙НG/Н%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩ^TVm$THEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY15blue-and-whitereport``Mockingbird:AComposer'sAmanuensis'',numberCSL-83-2.mode:Aspecialstatethroughwhichcertainuserinterfacesmustpassinordertoperformcertainfunctions.Forexample,inordertoinsertcharactersintoadocumentinBravo,onemusttypethe``I''key,whichinvokesthe``Insert''command.TheeffectofthiscommandistoputBravointo``insertmode'',inwhichtypingthe``I''keyhasaquitedifferenteffect(towhit,itinsertsan``I''intothedocument).Onemustthenhitanotherspecialkey,``ESC'',inordertoleave``insertmode''.Modesarelocallyviewedasgenerallyevil.modeless:Describesauserinterfacethatisfreeofmodes.Insuchaninterface,pressingaparticularkeyalwayshasessentiallythesameeffect.Laurelwasthefirstlocalsystemwithanapproximatelymodelesseditorinterface;theTiogaeditinginterfaceisverysimilar.mouse:Atypeofpointingdevicewithwhichmanypersonalcomputerscomeequipped.Theswitchesonthemousearecalled``buttons''todistinguishthemfromthe``keys''onthekeyboard.mouse-ahead:Analogoustotypeahead,exceptreferstomouseclicksratherthantokeystrokes.Canbecomeveryconfusingtonon-wizards,asthereisnoanalogofthebackspacekeyformouseclicks,thatis,nowaytocancelunwantedmouseclicks.Multibus:AnIntelstandardspecifyingthephysicalandelectricalcharacteristicsofabusbywhichvariousboardsinsmallcomputerscancommunicate.ManyusefulboardsthatplugintoaMultibusareavailable,suchasEthernetcardsanddiskcontrollercards.TheDicentraisaD-machinethatusestheMultibus.namelookup:Inthecontextofnetworkcommunications,theprocessofmappingastringofcharacterstoanetworkaddress.Also,theprotocolthatdefinesthemechanismforperformingsuchamapping.namelookupserver:Acomputerthatimplementsthenamelookupprotocol.Nebula:AtimeserverontheInternetthatisequippedwithanantennatolistentotimebroadcastsmadebyasynchronoussatellite,andhencehasexcellentlong-termreliability.ThereisadisplayshowingNebula'sopinionofthetimeinthesameroomasClover:justthethingforsettingyourdigitalwatch.Neptune:AnAltosubsystemprovidingmoresophisticatedmanipulationofthefiledirectorysystemthanisavailablewiththeExecutive.SeealsoDDS.NetExec.boot:Amini-ExecutiveusableonanAltowithoutaspinningdiskandobtainabledirectlyovertheEthernet(fromabootserver).TheNetExecmakesavailableanumberofusefulstand-aloneprograms,includingCopyDisk,Scavenger,FTP,anumberofdiagnostics,andlotsofneatgames.networkaddress:ApairofnumbersthatuniquelyidentifiesanycomputerinanInternet.nine-wireinterface:Aspecificationofhowcertainprinterstalktotheircontrollers.node:AchunkoftextinaTiogadocument:eachheadingandparagraphinadocumentfromsanode,andthenodesarehierarchicallystructured.Node-structureddocumentsareeasiertobrowse,usingthelevelscommandsinTioga.Note:youcan'thavetwonodesonthesameline.NS:AnacronymforNetworkSystems:theprotocolsforusingtheEthernetintheStarworld.NSpacketsareanalogoustoPUP's,andtheNSprotocolsincludeanalogstosuchhigher-levelprotocolsasFTP.Nucleus:AnewvirtualmemoryandfilesystembasethatisbeingbuiltforCedar,toreplaceportionsofPilot;itwillemergeinCedar5.0.Nursery:AlargeroominCSL,acrossfromtheCommons;sonamedbecauseitwastobewherenewprinterswouldbenursedtolife,andalsowherefreshblood(summerinternsandthelike)wouldbehoused.DoesthismeanthatBobTaylorthinksofgraduatestudentsasinfants?Idon'tthink1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgxНпО_, vНФО_,НkО_,Н Н'oН(Ш Н0oН99Н>exНўО]>vНзО]>НkО]>НКН Н \Н$nН(ЫН+В Н2%Н5▒Н8▐Н:AН=ЗН?╛НEНпО[≈ НЮНіН ▓Н"ZН&*Н'СН+ы Н2aН5TН6≤Н= xН>ИО[≈Н>КО[≈vНBiО[≈НC`О[≈НF'НпОYОНЬНpНРНЫН Н%7Н'╞ Н-Н4┌Н7sН;WН=(Н?ЦНF\НGЮНпОXHНpН▐Н├Н Н$Н%ЙН*Н.zН0ЬН3─Н64Н8хН:Н=╦НC}НGgНпОV║Н=Н█НжНюН#Н УН#O Н+Н.Н1dН4└Н6°Н;║Н@НBЧНGАНпОTЫН┘Н3Н╩Н6Н#≤Н(Н*rН.лН3sН5!Н;xНўОSvН╘ОSНиОSНяНАНаН#NН&Н'VН* xН+╘ОSН,ҐОSvН.нОSН/RОSН0─Н26Н5NН7% Н= НBIНCY НпОQdНЎНzНH Н",Н$ДН(╧xН.ОQdН.ЫОQdvН2нОQdН3кОQdН5рН8┴Н;╨Н?XНD+НG·НпОO╪НрН╧Н#╩ Н*^xН,ЎОO╪Н-╠ОO╪vН0╣ОO╪Н1ZОO╪Н5RН:ВННD╔НGRНпОECН*НBННтНзН"╡Н$aН(▐Н.ФН3@xНўОCUvНФОCUННОCUН0НnН Н%nН'еН- Н/╦ Н5wН>/Н?ъНAНC▌НE│НпОAґНґН>ННЄН&wН)Н2▒Н6°Н:йН?ZНB=НExНHeНпО@НхН* НMН"█Н$KН*Н-ёН0jН3g Н9ІН>ExНA,О@НB?О@vНFЙО@НGMО@НHexНпО>_vН©О>_Н-О>_Н█Н├НФxНўО+Н?йНBЮ НпО3·Н╟НлН Н $ Н%°Н(tН,▀Н/!Н4ЭН;rНBЇНFыНHeНпО1ВНzНтН ┼Н%≈Н'GН)·Н,╨Н.`Н0ІН4+Н7кН9pН>вНAoНCфНGRНпО0PН6НqН╙xНўО.bvНhО.bНpО.bН╔xН╙О.bН9О.bvН О.bНяО.bН%4Н(╡Н0цН9Н:╧Н=Н?WНEНпО,╨НЖНbНН7xН ≈О,╨Н!~О,╨vН&\О,╨Н'╪О,╨Н*RxН-О,╨Н.2О,╨vН0"О,╨xНўО*лvН·О*лНО*лxНOО*лН6О*лvН!▄О*лН"SО*лН%еН'©Н)єН,╡Н1╡Н2пН8^Н;@Н=Л НD НпО)%НxНО)%НgО)%vН>О)%Н╦О)%Н :xН!~О)%Н"/О)%Н$ЎvН(;О)%Н(╣О)%Н*KН->Н2МН7@Н=Н>[НC╒НEvНпО'} ННfxН$fО'}Н%YО'}vН*,О'}xН*ТО'}Н+яО'}vН0ЭО'}xН1дО'}Н2═О'}vН4|О'}Н5DО'}Н6YН;rН=НDVНFЫНпО%жН┴Н█xНўО#ХННvНBО#ХНоО#ХНіН_Н$Н*Н/°Н2∙Н8rН;@Н@Э НFННпО"AНШН╘xН≥О"AНО"AvНUО"AxНўО SН⌠ vН╨О SНFО SН#*Н$ЦН'ГН,nН1└Н4;Н5ИН90xНўОdvНjОdНСОdННтН┬Н3xНYОdНMОdvН"LОdН#ОdН)╟Н,щН2Н4еН;CН<НН>НD}НHeНпОҐН╗НlНьНэН < Н(г Н0@Н:∙НA⌠НCСНGЮНпОНЮН▐xНТОНWОvН═ОНўОН&≥Н(LН-Н1▓Н4OН7їН:СН=єНA║НCґНFНпОnxНўО─vНлО─НтО─Н0НФН4ОЧ#Н4О─НWО─Н ЫОЧгН ЫО─Н!юО─Н'[Н)кН/оН2Н5вxН8HО─Н9/О─vН=ЩО─Н>`О─Н?╪xНB,О─НCО─vНELО─НFIО─НпОыН'НОН,Н ─xН"ОыН"ЪОыvН$ЗОыН%RОыН&°Н)=Н+┘Н-эН3╦Н8─Н=RН>ЙНBНпО2НбxНqО2НMО2vН(О2xНўОCvНЙОCН·ОCН╣Н8Н"мН%ґН(>Н,БН0%Н3Н4╞Н8ёН<xН>xОCН?kОCvНAУОCНBЗОCНDяНпО°Н3xНЛО°НсО°vНнО°НPО°НіН RН%%Н&сН*КxНўОўvНRОўНэОўНAНГxН▓ОўН┘ОўvН IОўН!#ОўН%-Н(▒Н*НН2}Н4>Н8бН=АН?4НAщНC┴НEwНпО НсНЧНBНGН#ЦН%їН(}Н+JН.+Н2XН5ЮН9АН?╪НDcНG/НпО_НОННwН▒О_Н vО_Н"`Н$vН'qН)╚Н+ЧН/}Н2хН4$Н8єН<ПН>CНB╣НC└НF\vН%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩ█TVm$THEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY16so;course,Icouldbewrong...ThefunnywindowswereintendedtomakeitconvenienttoholddemonstrationsintheNurserywithsomeoftheaudienceontheoutside,lookingin.object-oriented:DescribesaphilosophyabouthowprogramsshouldbestructuredthatfindsitspurestexpressionintheSmalltalksystem.Anobjectisalittlepileofprivatedatatogetherwithacollectionofproceduresbywhichotherfolksareallowedtoasktheobjecttodosomething.Otherfolksmustnotplaywiththedatadirectly,butinsteadarerequiredtointeractwiththeobjectonlybycallingitsprocedures(or,inSmalltalkparlance,sendingitmessages.)Thinkaboutcomplexnumbersasatrivialexample:Anon-object-orientedprogrammerwouldprobablyrepresentacomplexnumberasarecordcontainingtworealnumbers.Anobject-orientedprogrammerwouldbetemptedtorepresentacomplexnumberasarecordcontainingpublicfieldsandprivatefields.Thevaluesofthepublicfieldswouldbeprocedures,withfieldnamessuchas:AddToMe,MyXCoord,MyYCoord,NegateMe,MyMagnitude,andthelike.Theprivatefieldsinthestandardimplementationofcomplexnumberwouldbesimplytworeals,namedXandY.Theadvantageoftheobject-orientedapproachisthatsomeoneelsecancomealonglaterandimplementanewflavorofcomplexnumberthatusespolarcoordinatesintheprivatefields,andpreviousprogramsthatdealtwithcomplexnumberswillnothavetobechanged.OIS:AnacronymforOfficeInformationSystems:anameforaconcept,atypeofproduct,and(perhaps)amarket,notaparticularorganization.OPD:AnacronymforOfficeProductsDivision,locatedmostlyinDallas.Theymakeandsell820'sandthelike;seeproducts.Orbit:AhighperformanceAlto-basedimagegeneratordesignedtomergesourcerastersintoarasteroutputstreamforaSLOTprinter(e.g.,Dover).SonamedbecauseitORsbitsintobuffers.OS:AcronymforOperatingSystem.GenerallyusedtorefertotheAltoOperatingSystem,whichisstoredinthefileSys.boot.RarelyusedlocallytorefertotheoperatingsystemofthesamenamethatrunsonIBM360/370computers.OSD:AnacronymforOfficeSystemsDivision,ofwhichSDDisapart;theydealwiththehigherendoftheofficemarket,incontrasttoOPD.Othello:Anetwork-bootablePilotutility,goodforinitializinglogicalvolumesandthelike.page(onadisk):Aunitoflength:anAltoorPilotpageis512bytes,whileanIFSpageis2048bytes.PARC:AcronymforPaloAltoResearchCenter.partition:AchunkofalargelocaldiskthatisbeingusedtoemulatethelargestsystemdiskthattheAltoOSallows.ADoradohasfivepartitions,whileaDolphinhastwo.Partitionsarenumberedstartingat1;thephrase``partition0''referstothecurrentdefaultpartition.Thecurrentpartitioninuseisdeterminedbythecontentsofsomeregistersthatbelongtothediskmicrocode.Youcanchangetheseregisterswiththe``partition.~''commandavailableintheExecutiveandintheNetExec.A(14-sector)partitionhas22,736Altopages(11.6MBtyes).IttookalittleadroitshoehorningtofittwofullpartitionsontoaDolphin'sdisk:itturnsoutthataShugart4000hasjustonetoofewcylinderstosqueezeintwofullpartitions.Sowehavetoasktheheadstoseekofftheendoftheadvertiseddisk(ontheinside,ithappens),andputonemorecylinderinthere!Ah,thejoysofhardwarehacking...PasMesa:AprogramthatmoreorlesscompilesPascalsourceintoMesasource,andhenceassistsinimportingPascalprogramsintoourenvironment;developedinCSL.pathname:Thecompletenameofafile,includingthefileserveranddirectoryorsubdirectoryonwhichitisstoredeverythingyouneedtoknowtogetthefile.Intheoldstyleofwriting(AltoandIFS),apathnameconsistsofamachinenameinsquarebracketsfollowedbyadirectorynameinanglebrackets,optionallyfollowedbyoneormoresubdirectorynamesseparatedwithrightanglebrackets,followedbythefilenameitself,asin1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgwНпО_/ННмНіНЄНFvН МО_/Н!тО_/Н#кН'тН-┼Н0БН6єН8YН<Н=p НDrНF'НпО]┬ НaНxНoО]┬Н┌О]┬vН#╔О]┬Н$╒О]┬Н&©Н*SН,Н.kН42Н68Н8≤Н=╧НBґxНўО[ vНсО[ НРО[ Н0Нv Н&╔Н*ёН-дН3ТН8▄Н: НA:НD%НGЄНпОYРН НйН┌xНКОYРН хОYРvН&(ОYРН&╛ОYРН+▓Н-НН2Н3├Н4╧Н7СН:ЄНзНAgНEґНG┬НпОVє НёНеН KН#щН&|Н)╚Н,ПН/yН2╘Н8 Н:кН?╘НB&НGЮНпОTЭНзН Н|Н╘Н"вН$ГН)`Н+O Н2kН5xН6жОTЭН7ЁОTЭvН=ОTЭН=ЕОTЭНCНH9НпОSU Н▌НМН!Н&ЮН,вН.лН0<Н4zН;~Н=QНпОQў НьН+Н##Н)FН*∙Н0?Н5░Н7dН8ЁН=( НDНFьНпОPНEН█Н"Ч Н*уН.ЬН0щН66Н7ыН=кН>ЙНDcНпОN_Н{Н╒НН НєН"шН&█Н)AН-шН2eН5:Н9eН;Н=xНA╞НE`НпОL╦НЕ НiН╘Н ЩН%fН(╪Н+╠Н2ФН:ІНB┘НпОKН;ННsН#Н&Н*╡Н.wН06Н2іН8R НBAНDНпОIiННBН>Н ╧Н#qН'Н+╒Н-:Н/ЩН2}Н5`Н;ЦН=╗Н@НпОGбНпН=НН хН#─Н& Н)╦Н-xН0÷Н3XН:>Н;iН>YНBPНDНпОFННН&Нз Н'CН)Н+▓Н0OН4}Н7UН=НC8НF'НпОDsНКНoНН!кН$@Н'├Н)5Н+%xНўОB┘vН2ОB┘Н:ОB┘Н┬Н/НoОBЧНoОB┘Н┐ОB┘Н═ОBЧ└Н═ОB┘Н $ОB┘ Н'NОBЧгН'NОB┘Н(ОB┘Н-⌠Н.©Н2│Н4аН5НН;`Н<▄Н?÷НAZНFьНпО@чНОННН▌Н Ї Н&МxНўО>ПvНО>ПНО>ПНrН-Н│О>├ЧН│О>ПН∙О>ПН фО>├ЧрН фО>ПН!≈О>ПН&▌О>├ЧН&▌О>ПН'ґО>ПН,─Н1UН5эН7═Н<БН@┌НDMНGНпО=HНBНЫНYНxНUО=HН О=HvН$_О=HxНўО;ZvН0О;ZНыО;ZН Н; Н&HН*qН0╛Н6└Н8OН<≥НAНEpНHeНпО9ЁН╟Н7НҐН xН!NО9ЁН"*О9ЁvН%©О9ЁН&├О9ЁН*fxН-жО9ЁН.ИО9ЁvН1iО9ЁН1БО9ЁН3lН5┬Н:$Н?[Н@фНDНFЇНпО8xНўО6vН┌О6Н┼О6Н~Н╞О5ЄЧН╞О6НцО6НО5ЄЧгНО6НАО6Н$°Н*ПН. Н/цН3Н4╙Н6ЧН:Н@wНE│НпО4vН.НDНДН6xН▓О4vНoО4vvН!°О4vН"АО4vН'CН*rН.ЎН0_Н3ёН5CН7∙Н=іНBНCюНFНпО2оН▐Н^НxН~НдН% xНўО0АvН┬О0АН▒О0АНкН`Н█О0wЧН█О0АН║О0АН╚О0wЧгН╚О0АН rО0АН$щО0wЧН$щО0АН%ЭО0АН*╘Н,QxН0OО0АН1+О0АvН3гО0АН4*О0АН5"Н6<Н9ЩН<ЭН?ЕНBПНE?НпО/:Н┤Н@Н═НuН uН"#Н'PxН(ЧО/:Н*О/:vН,О/:xНўО-LvН%О-LН╠О-LxНєО-LН ▀О-LvН# О-LН#яО-LН'eН*ьН-Н3ьН82Н=÷Н@VНBІxНўО+^НЙНaН≈vНpО+^НЩО+^НЦН²Н#вН%хН(ЦН*╘Н-ПН18Н2╔Н5<Н9*Н<ЮxН>яО+^Н?UО+^vНA■О+^НB[О+^НDэНFIНпО)ІxНўО'хvНtО'хН}О'хН|Н╧О'_ЧрН╧О'хН▀О'хНсО'_ЧНсО'хНшО'хН МО'_Ч Н МО'хН!ЖО'хН&уО'_ЧЧН&уО'хН'сО'хxНўО%з vНяО%зНdО%зН≥НYН┴НЖН#CН&7Н)Н*~Н.OН1▓Н3FН8└Н:ЙН?KНCлНFаНпО$3xН;О$3Н/О$3НWvНЦО$3Н┴О$3НxН²О$3Н ╠О$3vН$²О$3Н%dО$3Н'xН)АО$3Н*▒О$3vН/└О$3Н0mО$3Н4-xН5cО$3Н6wО$3vН:╞О$3Н;vО$3Н=0xН@пО$3НA╦О$3vНG;О$3НGАО$3НпО"▀НfНNНДН Н"nН&я Н-Н.ЭН2оН4{Н6ьН;÷Н@E НFЇНпО ДxНІО ДНfО ДvНkО ДНнО ДН5НгН!O Н(ЄН*лН-HН2тН4╘Н8XН=вН@бНEeНG/НпО=НЄ Н)Н-Н ўН%LН(кН.#Н13Н3┬Н;зНB0НGАНпО∙Н&НhНН╨Н Н&lwН'ОО∙Н(PО∙ xН-QО∙Н.О∙vН2ЮО∙Н3їО∙Н5LН9▒xН<║О∙Н=QО∙vН?XО∙Н@WО∙НCЄwНпОНН Н⌡Н√Н1Нs Н!гН#,Н$╛Н&щН(С Н-ФН0─Н1|Н6 Н9aН:─Н=aН?fНA╡НBўНFжНпОGНгНАННЯНН╡Н! Н%$Н&|Н(÷Н*ї Н0<Н1зН3⌠Н61Н7┴Н9wН;]Н>wН?оНBAНDНEХНHНпО÷Нз Н<Н╦НэНФН"┘Н#╩Н(ъН+0Н-UН/⌡Н2°Н6ЩН8yН╗Н@╡НCНD║НпОЬ xНўО vНЩО Н│О ННмН!WН#Н%÷Н+RН/mН3ЄxН6┐О Н7ДО vН:EО Н:иО Н>ДНA⌠НE┌НпОcН~НъНН#Н%МН(xН1└Н8xН9йОcН:ЎОcНўОuНюvНлОuНЁОuН²Н~Н!6Н"ХН$Н&фН,сxН/,ОuН/.ОuН1┘vН5─ОuН6%ОuxН80ОuН8ЮОuvН=ООuН>╙ОuН?╛НG┴НпОмНЙНLНдН#■Н&WН)юН+{Н/FН1Н3UН5аН9Н:ЗН=eН?шНCНDщНпО&xНIО&Н<О&vНrО&НО&xНCО&НгО&vН─О&НЫО&НОxН3О&НЦО&НfvН#(О&Н#цО&Н(AН*Н+WН0УН4нН6∙Н;Н@▓НFPНHeНпОНиН╟Н├Н VН&: Н,ьН2єН4гН7 Н9┘Н=@НEKНпО вНОН Н\Н!Н&аН,fН.aН0аН3*Н6ЙН:·НDocumentation>BriefingBlurb.press.StartingwithCIFSinCedar,asimpleslashmaybeusedinsteadofthevariousflavorsofbrackets,asin/Indigo/Cedar/Documentation/BriefingBlurb.press.PDfiles:APrinterDependentprintfileformat.TheformatandsemanticsofPDfilesaresimplerthanthoseofPressfiles.SoftwareexiststoturnInterPressmastersintoPDfiles,andalsotoprintPDfilesonvariousmarkingengines,includingLilac,Stinger,andthePlatemaker.Peanut:AmailprograminCedarthatfetchesyourmessagesintoastructuredTiogadocument,ratherthanstoringthemintheCypressdatabaseasdoesWalnut.Penguin:Genericnameforatypeof384bpilaser-scanprinterbuiltontheXerox5400xerographicengine,andconnectedtoanAltobymeansofanOrbitinterface.Penguinshavebettersolid-areadevelopmentthanDovers,andcanalsoprinttwo-sided.TheyarenormallydrivenwithSpruce.Phylum:AnIFSinPARC.physicalvolume:ThenameforadiskpackinPilot.PIE:AcronymforPersonalInformationEnvironment.ImplementedinSmalltalk,PIEusesadescriptionlanguagetosupporttheinteractivedevelopmentofprograms,andtosupporttheoffice-relatedtasksofdocumentpreparation,electronicmail,anddatabasemanagement.Formoreinformation,browse[Ivy].Pilot:AnoperatingsystemthatrunsonD-machines,andwasproducedinSDDforusebyStarandfutureproducts.UsingPilotinsteadoftheAltoOSgivesyoutheadvantagesofmultiprocessingandvirtualmemory.PilotisthecurrentbaseforCedar,althoughpartsofPilotwillsoonbereplacedbytheNucleus.pixel:Acontractionofthephrase``pictureelement'',referredtothetiny,usuallysquarecellsoutofwhicharasterimageisbuiltup.plaidscreen:Occurswhencertainkindsofmemorysmashesoverwritethedisplaybitmapareaorcontrolblocks.Theterm"salt&pepper"referstoadifferentpatternofsimilarorigin.Platemaker:AnothernamefortheMIG.PolyCedar:AnameforthepolymorphiclanguageintheAlgolictraditionthatisthesubjectofthereligiousmaterialintheCLRM.ApossiblefutureprojectinCSLtodesignandimplementsuchalanguage.Poplar:AninteractiveprogramminglanguagesystemimplementedinMesa,anexperimentalsysteminthedirectionofprogrammingbyrelativelyinexperiencedusers.Usefulfortextmanipulationapplications.Poseidon:AToolthatprovidesthefunctionalityofNeptuneintheTajoenvironment.Press:Afileformatusedtoencodedocumentstobetransmittedtoaprinter.Filesinthisformatareconventionallygiventhefileextension.press.Also,aprintingserverprogram,writteninBCPL,thatcanprintcurvesandrasterimagesaswellascharactersandrules.PressEdit:AsubsystemthatrecombinesPressfilesonapage-by-pagebasis;itcanalsomergeillustrationsintodocuments,althoughrequestingthisisasomewhatarcaneanddelicateoperation.primaryselection:Achunkoftextthathasbeendistinguished,usuallybymouseclicks,asanargumenttoafutureeditingoperation.ThecurrentprimaryselectionisindicatedinTiogabyasolidunderline,orbyvideoreversal.PrincOps:TheXeroxMesaProcessorPrinciplesofOperation,essentiallyadescriptionofaparticularabstractmachine.D-machinesimplementthePrincOpsarchitecturebymeansofhardwareandmicrocode,andPilotwasconstructedtorunonPrincOpsmachines.printserver:Acomputerthatprovidesprintingservices,usuallyforfilesformattedinaparticularway.Thetermalsoreferstothesoftwarethatconvertssuchfilesintoarepresentationthat1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgvНЙО_'П1НпО]НxНRО]НEО]vН$О]Н┬О]xНПО]НЦО]vН"nО]Н#hО]Н$╞Н)1Н,╚Н/мН1шН54Н:Н;шН>XНC>НGжНпО[ьН▄Н:НЙОZ0П0xНўОXBНvНZОXBНьОWыЧрНьОXBН╙ОXBНfОWыЧНfОXBН├ОXBН vН#пН&,Н+gН.1Н2·Н5GН;nН=Н?─НB`НDіНпОV⌡НН╣xН~ОV⌡НeОV⌡vНBОV⌡Н╩ОV⌡Н!+Н&ЖН*╩Н,yxН/▌ОV⌡Н0ОV⌡vН64ОV⌡Н7^ОV⌡Н;8Н> Н@╔НCШНFбНпОTТН~НФН[НIНOН"Н'┘Н,яxН2ЕОTТН3мОTТvН5ИОTТxН6еОTТН7╒ОTТvН;ОTТН;ПОTТН>їxНAОTТНAНОTТvНGиОTТxНўОSvН ОSНіОSНяНqxН0ОSН #ОSvН#BОSН#╠ОSН&"Н*пН.Н4 Н6РН8- xН>аОSН?╣ОSvНBйОSНC▒ОSНпОQ^НщНН∙Н Н!лxН$+ОQ^Н%ОQ^vН)AОQ^Н*ОQ^Н.эН0┼xН3╨ОQ^Н5ОQ^vН8ОQ^xНўОOpvН8ОOpНbОOpНdНН5НHН"BН#ЕН&dН(ц Н.МН3hН6≥Н8┴Н:сН>ъНB НпОMиНхН╞НbН!@Н#`Н&╘Н(уН-HН/1xН1QОMиН2qОMиvН56ОMиН5≥ОMиxН<ОMиН<ЧОMиvН@ХОMиНB!ОMиНE≈xНпОL" Н vНЕОL"НTОL"xН"ОL"Н#ОL"vН%·ОL"Н&#ОL"Н&ЪН)ЇН,BН/Н2w Н9⌠Н=Н?oНE@НпОJzxНКОJzНгОJzНўОH▄vН#ОH▄Н,ОH▄xНwОH▄НШОH▄vН8ОH▄Н⌡ОH▄НФxНфОH▄vxНўОF·ННvНОF·НЪОF·НОН╞Н ЛН"Н%Н(KxН)ЫОF·Н*ЮОF·vН,шОF·xНўОD╟vН╛ОD╟Н╣ОD╟НОНgОDGЧрНgОD╟Н8ОD╟Н 0ОDGЧ└Н 0ОD╟Н ЄОD╟ Н(ОDGЧГН(ОD╟Н(ЩОD╟ Н0Ь Н9іН;▐ НB5НE1НHeНпОC НАНїНUН$`Н&© Н-m Н5²Н7UН=юН@vНB$НG/НпОAb Н0Н░НMН$ҐН,x Н2╪Н61Н8ЛН>▀ wНG┬ОAbНHAОAbНпО?╨Н╛НШН╪ vxНўО=лvН╟О=лН╦О=лНН:НбН!°Н$цxН&уО=лН'ИО=лvН-оО=лН.╦О=лН1{Н43Н:_xН<О=лН<ЖО=лvН?ўО=лН@'О=лНAВНDxxНF─О=лНG\О=лvНпО<%НжНHНhН#ЇН'LН,NН.UН1Н4kН7Н:ыН=чН@▄ НGжНпО:~Н╧Н┘Н!ТН(gН+цН-CН/╦Н4≈Н7фxН:О:~Н;О:~vН=√О:~Н>┤О:~НDYНGжНпО8жННаННЬН!}Н#yxН%ьО8жН&ЛО8жvН*÷О8жxНўО6ХvН┴О6ХНО6Х НDНЪНbН"йН(& Н.iН3ґН5_Н7аН:ИН?÷НDНGНпО5AН┴Н≈НюН▀Н≤Н!Н$KxНўО3SН vНяО3SНЕО3SНqН*Н"ЄН&lН((Н-≥Н2ИН8ЪН;bН@НDоНGкНпО1╛Н┐Н╒Н{Н аН#РН%┴Н*БН.╦Н0fН1░Н75Н;ТН=ґНB2xНўО/Ў vНlО/ЎНtО/ЎНзН≥Н вxН#6О/ЎН$≈О/ЎНўО-п vН╡О-пН4О-пНИННp Н&uН,0Н-сН0(Н4зН:jН=-Н>▌Н@ЦНE│НG/НпО,(Н`Н╨НjxНлО,(Н ©О,(vН$О,(Н%iО,(Н&ЬН,<Н0bН5xН6╠О,(Н7єО,(vН9НО,(Н:]О,(Н;÷Н?ПНB╙НпО*│НН+xНўО(⌠vНJО(⌠НRО(⌠Нз Не Н%■Н+≈Н0O Н8щxН:хО(⌠Н<)О(⌠vН>О(⌠Н?'О(⌠НATНпО&ЛНlН;Н╪НёН!} Н*1Н,M Н2`Н;LН?ХНDyНFвНпО%DН7xНўО#VvН О#VxН≈О#VН▀О#VvНИО#VНXО#VНЇН!FН#іН+╙xН-cО#VН.wО#VvН2ФО#VН3IО#VН4■xН6ТО#VН7ГО#VvН:;О#VН:ЮО#V xНўО!hvНцО!hНHО!hН╙ННRНЫН#╔Н*▐Н,6Н. Н5VН6ЩН8 Н=Н@сНBzНEНпОаН НEНСН"LН$╞xН*гОаН+ ОаvН.ОаН/lОаН2МН4Н9MН=SНC4НGАxНпОvН┘ОНaОН0Н╩Н#Н"gН%Н(ЙН-zН/(Н2Н3д Н:1Н<ХxНўО, vН∙О,Н9О,НъНе xН'%О,Н( О,vН*ЯО,Н+kО,Н-ВН0Н1WН9БН>kН?зНB}НEaНпО└Н─Н÷ Н#/Н)2 Н0'Н3Н4аН62Н<ДНA┘НD┐НпОщ xНўООНш vНyООН)ООН}Н!ZН$5Н'(Н)аН-B Н6Н:РН=НA░НEлНG·НпОHНН╧НКНН"╪ Н)рН,ЁН1┘Н6дН=ОdxНўОvНvН~ОvН ОvН9Н Н% Н*чН0CН4ВН76Н:&Н@~НB.НCY НпО нН≤НzНйН║Н!─Н#9Н%╒Н+%Н-ЧН3vН6╡Н9╘Н<▄Н=© НFаН%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩ,TVm$]THEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY18canbeprocessedbyaspecificprinterhardwareinterface.SpruceandPressareexamplesofprintserverprogramsthatacceptthe.pressprintfileformat.proc:(orPROC:)Anabbreviatedformofthecommonandimportantword``procedure''.products:ThefollowingisalistofthemostcommonlyencounteredXeroxproductnumbersandtheirdistinguishingcharacteristics:600'sMemorywriters;fromsmarttypewritersupthroughterminals/printers820personalcomputerproduct860display-based,word-processingterminal1000'snewseriesofcopiersbeingadvertisedwithMarathontheme1100aDolphin,soldoutsidetorunSmalltalkandInterlisp1108aDandelion,soldoutsidetorunInterlisp1132aDorado,soldoutsidetorunSmalltalkandInterlisp2600desktopcopier31003sec/pagecopier,goodsolidblack-areadevelopment45001sec/pagecopier,2-sidedcopying54001sec/pagecopier,goodresolution57001sec/pagelaser-scanprinter650020sec/pagecopier,colorcopying70001sec/pagecopier8000'sthepartsofStarhavenumbersinthisrange8700offset-quality,1sec/page,laser-scanprinter9200offset-quality,.5sec/pagecopier9700offset-quality,.5sec/page,laser-scanprinterPSG:AcronymforPrintingSystemsGroup,apartofXerox.publicinterface:Aninterfacethatofferstoprovideservicestoallcomers.Privateinterfaces,incontrast,specifytheservicesthatvariousmodulesinasingleprogramwillsupplytoeachother.Puffin:Genericnameforatypeof384bpilaser-scancolorprinterbuiltontheXerox6500xerographicengine,andnormallydrivenbyPress.PUP:AcronymforPARCUniversalPacket.Thestructureusedtotransmitblocksofinformation(packets)ontheEthernet.Also,onesuchunitofinformation:adatagram.BobMetcalfeonceremarkedthatthisnamewaschosensinceallpriorPARCcommunicationprotocolswere``realdogs''.Seetheblue-and-whitereportentitled``Pup:AnInternetworkArchitecture'',numberCSL-79-10.PurpleLab:Anair-conditionedmachineroomonthesecondfloorofBuilding35.Quake:ADoveronthefirstfloorofBuilding35.Quantum:Brandnameofcertaindiskdrives.Quoth:ARaveninISL(asin``Quoththeraven...'').R-name:AcompletenamefromGrapevine'spointofview:R-nameshavetwoparts,aprefixandaregistry,separatedbyadotasin``Anderson.PA''.R-namesthatdesignatedistributionlistshaveprefixesthatendinanup-arrow,asin``CSL^.PA''.Raven:A300bpilaser-scanprinteronwhichthe8044productprintserverisbased,withgood1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgvНпО_,НWНDН│НxН·Н#┘Н(Н. xН4▒О_,Н5nО_,vН9)О_,Н9оО_,xН;щО_,Н<дО_,vН?█О_,Н@2О_,НAщНGжНпО]┘Н8НDНWН!&Н%`xН'юО]┘Н(О]┘vН+∙О]┘Н,\О]┘Н.ЩН1fxНўО[≈vН6О[≈Н╞О[≈НsН]НcНІ Н#,Н&⌠Н(LН*╚Н0[Н3Н9tН<Э xНўОY╘vНеОY╘Н╛ОY╘НёН╩Н-Н]Н!═Н#_Н%еН)'Н/Я Н7пН;ЬНA!НFьНпОXН НБНoОU├Н/ОU├ Н!хН%/Н(З Н0Н2Н7VНoОSН/ОSНЁН"чНoОP░Н/ОP░ Н Н*<НoОNН/ОNННщН√Н$HН( Н.║Н1╩Н8НoОK≥Н/ОK≥НYН+Н!Н%БН'▒Н*'Н0:Н2ЯНoОIН/ОIНY НvН"dН'-Н(шН+qНoОFёН/ОFёНYН╪Н ╙Н%sН'"Н)╦Н/кН2┐НoОD(Н/ОD(НQНoОAґН/ОAґНdН Н"іН&Н)j Н0 НoО?1Н/О?1НdН Н"іН'oНoО<ІН/О<ІНdН Н"іН& НoО:;Н/О:;НdН Н$_НoО7юН/О7юННпН#WН&тНoО5EН/О5EНdН НoО2йН/О2йН▐НВxН╟О2йН▄О2йvН!©О2йН"├О2йН%Н*ІН,dН/НoО0NН/О0NНЕН!Н'- Н-mНoО-сН/О-сНЕН!qН',НoО+XН/О+XНЕН!qН'┘ Н-дxНўО)jvН│О)jН┴О)jН┬НфО)ЧрНфО)jН≈О)jНО)ЧгНО)jНыО)jН$UО)Ч*Н$UО)jН%~О)jН)(Н*RН-6Н.ОxНўО'|Нл vН+О'|Н3О'|Н▒Н JН#+Н'Н(ъН-ЩН3Н4шН6чН<▓НAL НGАНпО%уНvН3НЁН"ъН%нН*ЇН0\Н2*Н3uН7│Н=1Н?ЩНD▐НF^НпО$-xНўО"?vНБО"?НО"?НXНLНҐН Н#_Н%LН(Н*© Н12Н4ЦН9╘Н=$Н?_НAРНFIНпО ≤ НPННоН%═Н)ОxН+ЙО ≤Н,рО ≤vН/О ≤xНўО╙vНrО╙Н{О╙НrНїО@ЧрНїО╙НxО╙НО@ЧНО╙Н"О╙Н$/О@ЧрН$/О╙Н%О╙Н)_Н,/Н1ДН5Н6ҐН<Н@TНB НпОН╒Н╘xН ОНПОvН )ОН!┴ОН%Н'ҐН*ОН-сН/█Н8Н9?wН@%ОН@чОНB}НGНпО[НнННIНYН▄Н#EН&Н'╣Н*┤Н.Н5НН:аН=yН@BvНBШО[НD┘О[НG/xНпОЄ vНФОЄНkОЄН Н# Н'Н)kН1іН:⌠Н?ю xНўОфНvНяОфНзОфН%Н ІН&;Н)ДН+ЙН.IН2шН67xН7ПОфН8ЦОфН=hvН>иОфxНўОьvН∙ОьxН!ОьН5ОьvН9ОьНТОьН?Н·НwН"рxН$▀ОьН%~ОьН*НўОЙvН7ОЙНОЙНZННсН"ZН%HxНўОЭvНtОЭxНОЭНЧОЭvН-ОЭН▒ОЭxНэОЭН`ОЭvН╗ОЭН!ОЭНоН }Н%~Н'щН+╗Н,┐Н-_xНўОvН(ОНўОН░НIxН!╙ОН"ЎОvН'іОН'ЪОН)Н, Н.MxН2yОН3wОvН8ОН8чОН;XН=ЧНA╦НBэНFьНпОfНВН6НSНLН tН"ГН$▓Н&>xН0ЯОfН1НОfvН6⌠ОfН7ОfН9^Н?eНFмНпО©ННBННхН vН"fН(╠Н*_Н, xНўО яvН░О яН1О яНшНe Н╨Н$`Н&{Н*²Н-Н0lxН5ёО яН6TО яН9vН=О яН=┌О яН>÷НBМНFН%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩ TVm$щTHEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY19solid-areadevelopment.UpgradedinISLto384bpiandusedasaPressprinter.registry:AconceptusedbyGrapevinetopartitionthespaceofnames.``PA''and``WBST''areexamplesofregistries.release:Aconsistentsetofversionsofallofthefilesinalargesoftwaresystem.Cedarreleasesoccurwhenevermajorenhancementsinfunctionalitybecomeavailableorwhensufficentlynumerousorimportanterrors(seeshow-stopper)havebeencorrected.releasemaster:ThepersoninchargeofcoordinatingaCedarrelease,withthehelpofspecialsoftware(theReleaseTool)basedonDFfiles.religious:Usedlocallytorefertoadebateaboutwhichpeoplehavestrongfeelings,butforwhichthereisnoeasytechnicalresolution;whendiscussingreligiousissues,positionsareadvancedbasedonbeliefratherthanonunderstanding.Forexample,thequestionofwhetherornotwindowsinauserinterfaceshouldbeallowedtooverlapandpartiallyobscureeachother,aspiecesofpaperdointherealworld,isoftenthesubjectofreligiousdebate.Moreexperienceinuserinterfacedesign,orsufficientadvancesinthecognitivepsychologyofuserinterfaces,maysomedaymakethisquestionlessreligious.Rem.cm:AfileusedbytheAltoExecutivetostorecommandstobeinterpretedafterthecurrentonehascompleted.SeeCom.cm.replay:ReferstoaBravofacilitythatpermitsrecoveryafteracrash.SeeBravoBug.ReticleGenerator:AversionoftheMIGthatprintsdirectlyonmasksforintegratedcircuits.reverseengineering:Designingsomethingbytakingmeasurementsfromanexistingsamplethatsomeoneelsedesigned.Rigging:AcomponentofCedarthatimplementsthevariousflavorsofstrings,includingRopes.RockAndRoll:AnotherRavenprinterinISL.Rockhopper:APenguinintheBayhillbuilding.RollBack:ThewaytoreturntoacleanCedarworldsavedbyacheckpoint.Rope:Animmutablestringofcharacters(aropeisa``thick''string).RopesarethestandardwaytopassstringsaroundwithinCedar;othertypesofstrings,includingREFTEXTandREFREADONLYTEXT,areavailableforplaceswhereperformanceisabigissue.RPC:AcronymforRemoteProcedureCall,atechniqueforcallingaprocedurefromonemachinetobeexecutedinanothermachineoveranetwork.Also,apackageofsoftwaresupportingRemoteProcedureCallswithinCedar.RPCisthestandardwayforCedarprogramstocommunicateoverthenetwork:Tank,Football,Alpine,andEtherphonesallcommunicatebymeansofRPC.FormoredetailsabouttheconceptofRPC,aswellasfascinatingreferencestolifeintheSouthPacific,readBruceNelson'sthesis,whichisavailableastheblue-and-whitenumberCSL-81-9.Rubicon:ThereleaseofPilotuponwhichCedariscurrentlybased.rule:Aprintingtermdescribingarectanglewhosesidesareparalleltothecoordinateaxes;usuallythinenoughinonedimensionortheothertobethoughtofasa(horizontalorvertical)line.Scavenger.boot:AnAltoprogramavailablethroughtheNetExecthatchecksfordamagedfilestructuresinaBFSandtriestorepairthem.SCG:AcronymforSoftwareConceptsGroup,apartofPARC.ThebuildersofSmalltalk.scroll:Referstoamethodofrepositioningtextonadisplayasthoughasthoughoneweremovingawindowoveralong,continuoussheetofpaper.scrollbar:Abar,usuallylocatedalongtheleftedgeofawindow,withthepropertythatleftorrightclickinginthisbarcausesscrollingtohappen(middleclickingcausesthumbing).SDD:AcronymforSystemDevelopmentDivision;thetechnical(asopposedtomarketing)portionofOSD.secondaryselections:Achunkoftextdistinguished,usuallybymouseclicks,asthesecondargument1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgxНпО_, Н vНaО_,Н<О_,Н%ЄxН'bО_,Н'ФО_,vН*/О_,Н*²О_,Н+щН.rН0ХН3÷Н6шН8┴xН9ЁО_,Н: О_,vН=gО_,Н>.О_,xНўО]>vНNО]>НЛО]>ННcxНpО]>Н ┐О]>vН&О]>Н&qО]>Н'бН-oН/ЮН3їН5qН:ЄН>┘НANНG;НпО[≈НмН├ xНўОY╗vНГОY╗Н─ОY╗ НЦН НсН$,Н%ЯН'НН)ЄН, Н/Н0уН2Н5─Н;xН@vОY╗НAiОY╗vНD┘ОY╗НE ОY╗НпОXН╟ННН(&Н)ТН2Н7NН=(Н?НBЮ НпОVZН<ННaН#WxН&$ОVZН&ЁОVZ vН-оОVZН.лОVZН2Н5p xНўОTlНmvНлОTlНЁОTlНхНhН!:Н%дН'║Н/ЎxН1ОTlН1ЪОTlvН52ОTlН5ЇОTlН:4Н=sН?ВНC6НEНпОRдНIН"Н!gН%HxН'NОRдН(bОRдН)цvН,,ОRдxНўОPж vН║ОPжНюОPжН/Н┐Н,Н wН" Н#DН'╞Н+▀Н/⌠Н4 Н7JН;rН@нНCIНE│НпОO/НNНўН╘Н╒Н ^ Н'╠Н+[ Н1гН7JН;wНA2НCzНпОM┬Н╣НюН Н╚Н!уН#Ю Н-гН0vН6KН8╞Н>CН@НERНGxНпОKЮvН)ОKЮН-ОKЮНвНЩНСН!∙Н& Н'ЗН-Н.ІН3⌡Н6NН;ўН@юНCМНGАНпОJ9НжН}НLН@НэН )Н"мН&ЧН(XН+ыН.&Н2ҐН4cН9ъН?НBЄ НпОH▓Н~НwННцН!┤ Н'┘Н-VН/Н1cН7? Н>[Н@НC НпОFЙНтН└Н8НыН%iН'Ъ xНўОDЭvНxОDЭНОDЭНrН╟НўНxН"+ОDЭН#ОDЭvН(wОDЭН(ФОDЭН*(Н-├Н4nН6Н8 Н?&НBdНDеНпОCUН|НЯ Н{xН ОCUН!ОCUvН$ЕОCUxНўОAgvН<ОAgНEОAgН√НEНoНpН!ЖН$дН)╧Н/HН2└Н3ўН8xН:ЄОAgН;їОAgvН@░ОAgxНўО?xН_ vНbО?xНОО?xНІН!oxН#оО?xН%0О?xvН'LО?xН'╩О?xН*Н.Н2ЭН5Н9Н;W НAнxНўО=┼НovН├О=┼Н╔О=┼Н!"Н'ъН)УН.=Н7NН:пН<зНAЪНFаНпО;ЦН┼НAxНўО9УvН9О9УxНфО9УНkО9УvН©О9УНzО9УxНxО9УНkО9УvН!zО9УН!ХО9УН$H Н+╡Н.Н2ыН7TН9 Н=©xНCсО9УНDяО9УvНFБО9УНGfО9УxНўО8vН║О8Н╘О8xНО8НО8vН <О8Н!О8Н$нxН&|О8Н'О8vН(дО8xНўО6 vНдО6xНQО6Н8О6vНїО6Н О6НUxН ЄО6Н!їО6vН%fО6Н&-О6xНўО4+vН-О4+НО4+ННщН▀Н╨Н!hН"▓xН&&О4+Н'О4+vН*'О4+Н+%О4+Н.Н1чН3зxН5О4+Н5╘О4+vН;nО4+xНўО2Н3Н87НюНAНFЇНпО0∙Н└Н┐НЦНіxН"ЯО0∙Н#ДО0∙vН&nО0∙Н'ЭО0∙Н+═Н/:Н0ЫН5╠Н;кН?-НCvНF3НпО.НН▓Н-Н │Н&<Н(yН,▓Н0╙ Н8ўН:Н;CН=╒xНўО-vНdО-НlО-НbН∙О,√Ч Н∙О-Н·О-НЇО,√ЧрНЇО-Н┴О-Н%;О,√ЧЧН%;О-Н&8О-Н(wН)√Н/ДН2Н6sН7▓Н>НAiНD НпО+XН┴Н┘НLНН!Н&╚Н)оН+Н1MН4ъН6Н;aН=%НB╘ НпО)╠Н.ННН ▓xН% О)╠Н%ЭО)╠vН(┤О)╠Н*KО)╠Н-зН/xН2 Н7вН:АН=QНA⌡НGЮНпО( Н]Н▒НxН%■О( Н&┬О( vН(╞О( xН)╔О( Н*┌О( vН.≥О( xН/▐О( Н0┌О( vН3YО( Н4PО( xН7"О( Н8 О( vН=ОО( Н?О( НA НпО&bН Н▓Н█НHН!4Н% Н) Н-ҐН0^Н5ІН7╠Н;їН=√Н@еНBЄ НпО$╩ НgН+Н╙НmНБН#ШН(зН, Н0Н5ЎН9ВН>Н?⌡НElНG/xНпО# vНФО#НґО#НxНўО!%vН▒О!%НyО!%НjНОxН╗О!%Н░О!%vН О!%Н жО!%Н#ёxН'╠О!%Н(єО!%vН+ЁО!%Н,О!%Н-Н2ЭxНўО7vНІО7Н/О7Н]Н░ Н!Н"*Н'СН,Н/VН1√Н6kН8Н:R НAНDэНпО░Н╟Н√Н@НГН#▒Н%QН'╛Н+GН,ЯН.чН3ЭН5╠Н7[Н8│ Н?xНA8НF│xНўО╒vН$О╒Н,О╒Н═НБН# Н)~Н.ъxН1gО╒Н2zО╒vН74О╒Н7╒О╒Н:+Н>╨НA НG%НпОШ НН©xНИОШНэОШvНОШН©ОШНяН"уН$┐Н(┘xНўОvН▄ОН∙ОН■НяОёЧгНяОН≤ОН█ОёЧЧН█ОН ┼ОН%▀ОёЧ*Н%▀ОН&╣ОН*_Н+┴Н.lН0%Н5fН8>Н=▀xН?DОН@!ОvНDСОxНўОvНюОНиОНН╠НоНоН|Н'ІН*bН,]Н-{Н2!Н3дН8lН:Н>ІНAVНD⌡НпОwxНЗОwНАОwvНвОwН▓ОwНПНН▄ Н%⌠Н)Н*уxНўО┴НvН≤О┴xН7О┴НГО┴vНО┴НО┴НпН"║Н&sН(ЕН+mН.фН0▒xН1нО┴Н2╣О┴vН6&О┴Н7О┴Н:CН<╣НBbНECНGкНпОБxН"ОБНгОБvННОБНQОБНMНШН°Н xН$KОБН$зОБvН'┘ОБН'ХОБН)ДН+▓Н0}Н5·Н:ЄxН>МОБН?gОБvНDpОБНDИОБxНўОСvНaОСНiОСНPНtО┼ЧгНtОСН;ОСНО┼ЧНОСН7ОС Н&┬О┼ЧН&┬ОСН'їОСН,жН/Н4кН6ыН<9Н=о НD╟НпО LxН┴О LН╘О LvН≥О LxНўО^НЛ vНKО^НЇО^НеН!]Н#Т Н,┴Н1Н2ЖН70Н;'Н<╣Н>ТНCeН%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩЪlTVm$╪THEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY20toafutureeditingoperation.ThecurrentsecondaryselectionisindicatedinTiogabyagrayunderline,orbyagraybackground.Semillon:AGrapevineserverinBuilding35.server:Acomputerdedicatedtoperformingsomecollectionofservicefunctionsforthecommunalgood(e.g.,aprintserver).seven-wireinterface:Yes,Virginia,hardwarepeopleusetheconceptofinterfaceaswellassoftwarefolk.Theseven-wireinterfacedescribeshowthemicroprocessorlocatedintheterminalofaD-machine(inthebaseoftheCRT,tobespecific)communicateswiththeparentcomputer.show-stopper:Abugseriousenoughtopreventfurtherprogress.Shugart:AsubsidiaryofXeroxthatmanufacturesdiskdrives.Sierra:ArecentreleaseoftheMesaDevelopmentEnvironment,baseduponTrinityPilot.signal:AmechanismforhandlingexceptionalconditionsthatariseinMesaorCedarprograms.Seecatchphrase.SIL:AcronymforSimpleILlustrator.Anillustratorprogramusedforlogicdesignanddrawingingeneral.Aweirdbutefficientuserinterface;solidperformance.SIS:AcronymforScientificInformationSystems;thenameofthatpartofEOSthatisstillapartofXerox.SLOT:AcronymforScanningLaserOutputTransducer.Smalltalk:Anintegratedprogrammingsystembasedonobject-orientedstyleandmessagepassing,inventedanddevelopedbySCG.Describedingreatdetailinarecentlyissuedbook(!).SModel:Aprogramthatstoresfilesbacktoremotefileserversfromone'slocaldisk;SModelreads``.df''filesinordertofigureoutwhatfileshavebeenchanged,andwhichoftheseshouldbestored,andwhereinthegreatwideelectronicworldtostorethem.UseofSModel(confusingasitmaybeattheoutset)istoberecommendedoveruseofeitherFTP(intheAltoworld)ortheFileTool(inCedar),sincetheversioncontrolandsystem-descriptionfeaturesof``.df''filesareveryvaluable.solid-areadevelopment:Theabilityofaprintertoproducelargeareasofblack.RequestsforlargeblackareasonprinterslikeDovers,whichdon'thavethisability,willresultinafringeofdarkgrayaroundaseaoflightgray.SophtSpheroid:Asmall,round,whiteobjectusuallyfoundondiamonds.ConsiderjoiningaXeroxsoftballteamformoreinformationonthisindelicatetopic.Spruce:AprogramthattakesPressfilesconsistingoftextandrules,convertsthemtoaformacceptablebyanOrbitinterface,andprintsthem.Aprintserver.Spy:Aprogramtoinvestigateanotherprogram'sperformancewhenrunninginCedar.Squirrel:ApersonaldatabaseprogrambasedontheCypressdatabaseinCedar.Star:AnOISproductofXerox,developedwithinSDD.Alsoreferredtobyvariousproductnumbersinthe8000's.TheprimaryprofessionalworkstationofStaristhe8010,whichusesaDandelionprocessor.Stinger:AHornetlocatedinISL,runningPress.STP:ThePilotinterfacetotheFTPfiletransferprotocol.style:AcollectionoflittleprogramsinalanguageverylikeJaMthatdefinethemeaningsofthevariouslooksandformatsofthetextinaformattedTiogadocument.Differentstylerulesexistforhowthingsshouldlookonthescreenandforhowtheyshouldlookwhenprintedonpaper(implementedbytheTSetter).subdirectory:FiledirectoriesonanIFScanbedividedintoahierarchicalcollectionofsubdirectories.Thesubdirectorynamesarelistedfromtherootofthetreedowntotheleaves,andareseparatedbythesinglecharacter``>''(seepathsubsystem:Aprogramrunningunderaspecificoperatingsystem.NormallyusedtorefertoAlto1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgvНпО_,НrН▐НіН6 Н#"Н%МН*╙Н1 Н6╒Н8Н=ХxН?┴О_,Н@}О_,vНCtО_,НD;О_,НEcНF─НпО]┘ Н]Н!ННFНU xНўО[≈vНчО[≈НkО[≈Н/Н ;xН!ИО[≈Н"эО[≈Н'avН(бО[≈xНўОY╘vНЧОY╘Н}ОY╘Н НбН!c Н(┬Н, Н24Н3ЮН8XН>IН@yНBкНпОXНBН²xНгОXНwОXНvН■ОXН ОXxНўОV Н2 vН ОVН)ОVНН"ўН(єН- Н/pН1ҐН6аxН8hОVН8кОVvН>ОVН>╘ОVН?÷НBzНDНпОTlН|НQ НН#©Н)ёН,єН/ Н8xН=3Н>чНA:НF╞НHexНпОRеvН©ОRеН8ОRеНФНFН`Н!Н#xН'CН(ЯН*БН0FН9=Н╦НCxНўОPжvНTОPжxНЮОPжН▒ОPжvН│ОPжНОPжНН$Н%╣Н*╣Н/^xНўОNХvН[ОNХНГОNХ НiН"Н!EН$Н,▓Н/─xНўОLЗvНGОLЗНтОLЗНЬН}Н6xН √ОLЗН!ВОLЗН$` Н,≥vН4ЧОLЗН5еОLЗН8ъxНфОCАН?5ОCАНA▄НBПНE┴НF╚НпОB:Н┴xНўО@LvН│О@LН┴О@LН┴НфО?ЦЧгНфО@LН█О@LН ╧О?ЦЧГН ╧О@LН!═О@LН$xО?ЦЧН$xО@LН%▀О@LН)BО?ЦЧГН)BО@LН**О@L xНўО>^ vНFО>^НOО>^Н■ Н Н%▓Н*Н-ЦxН/ЦО>^Н0÷О>^ vН96О>^Н9╨О>^Н<`Н?НDcНпО<ЇНvН-НеxН!аО<ЇН"²О<ЇvН$єО<ЇН&О<ЇН,┤Н.5Н1╗Н5sН7!Н8KН=┌НA╔xНўО:иvН÷О:иНBО:иНГНлН!дН$хН(&Н)КН.╘Н1)Н5пН9NН<МН@JНDcНпО9!Н√Н:НNН#Н ЪН"тН&ЩН) Н-Н03Н3═Н7$Н=Н?ЯНD&НFНпО7zН;НН┤Н.Н"5Н#сН&"Н)└Н,е Н2УН6пН8nН;╨Н?ЧНB╨НDcНпО5с Н▒НHНіН╡Н╚Н!LН#ЄН(CН)ЇН+nН-g Н6fН9┬Н<Н=гxНA╩О5сНB≤О5сvНEО5сНEyО5сНG/xНпО4+Н$vН^О4+Н║О4+Н╘xНNО4+Н*О4+vН#,О4+Н#іО4+xН%≥О4+Н&▄О4+vН)О4+Н)░О4+Н*╠Н.hН1Н6Н;Н>НпО2└НЭН╣Н2Н Н sН#┌xНўО0√ НЮvН О0√НПО0√НуН#Н$ўН%лН*QН+СН1@Н4⌡Н8Н9╦Н>&НCВНF(НпО.НН∙Н.НPН│xН"HО.НН#\О.НvН%шО.НН&`О.НН'XН+│Н/1Н2⌠Н5PН9ЩН<цН@╙НBtНC╧НGжНпО-GНННмНВНJН!Н$4xНўО+Y vН;О+YН╧О+YН═Н!Н$ЄН(ЎН-bН1aН3XН9ЛН?╧НDQНElНпО)╡Н╞ННTНГ Н&qН(wН+ Н1NxНўО'дvН%О'дНтО'дН└НtxН!О'дН!ШО'дvН$ИО'дН%bО'дН'Ь Н.oН0JН3#xН5ЭО'дН6─О'дvН8тО'дН9рО'дН?bНCНDэНF(НпО& Н─Н{xНlО&Н▀О&vН!О&Н└О&Н%Н'жН+бН0'Н1ЄН5xНўО$.vНэО$.НhО$.НВН╔ Н iН%uН+Ю Н3ДН7≥Н<пxН>~О$.Н?qО$.vНAШО$.xНўО"@vНfО"@НРО"@НvН Н%═Н)│Н+┬xН-ГО"@Н.зО"@vН2ЭО"@Н3цО"@Н8≤xН:FО"@Н;9О"@vН=цО"@xНўО RvН═О RН╗О RxНО RН7О RvН@О RНО RН┤НdН#Н)©xН.(О RН/О RvН2уО RН3щО RН6(Н;▌Н=`Н?─НDlНпО╚Н{Н$ННrН"EН'wН/ Н6vxН8)О╚Н9О╚vН;3О╚Н;√О╚Н< Н>ТНB█НF√НпОxНЗОН ОvН▐ОНVОxНОНўОvНВОxН└ОНўОvНKОНўОН xН╦ОН <ОvН"ОН"эОxН(ОН(ШОvН+CОxНўО'vНaО'НHО'xН9О'Н О'Н═vНOО'НҐО'НЩxН!\О'Н"9О'vН$≤О'Н%О'Н'Н, xНўО9vНgО9НУО9 Н,НХНН$0Н%ЮН'Н,уН/ФxН2⌠О9Н3NО9vН5ФО9Н6UО9Н8ЇН<РН?TНEtНG/НпО▓xНїО▓Н О▓vН<О▓НTО▓xНО▓Н┴О▓vН О▓Н!О▓Н"ФН%UН(Н)ыН+xН1xО▓Н2kО▓vН5~О▓Н6EО▓Н<ФНBСНF2НпОКННYНjН░Н"Н%AН'UН)бН.Н0мН3Н6*Н9GН=яН@ЬНD╨НпОCНжН╦Н┐Н!~xН#чОCН$рОCvН(pОCН(ИОCxНўОUvНqОUНXОUН! Н╘Н ┬Н"RН$БН'FН)Н-ъН0░Н1⌠Н8в Н>ЕН@wНпОўНвНИН \Н"чН&ЇН*LН,зН/ВН1ъН4mН7^Н;WН=4Н?бНDUНG;НпО НОНКНJН6Н%Н'ЄН*│xНўО vН√ОН!ОНўН ЦН$ДН& Н*УН1Н6fН<▒Н?лНAyНDхНFuН%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩТTVm$∙THEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY21programsthatrunundertheAltoOS,butalsousedtorefertoPDP-10programsthatrununderTENEX.Swat:AdebuggerusedprimarilyforBCPLprograms.Also,thekeyusedinconjunctionwiththe``control''or``shift''keystoinvokethisdebugger,aswellasvariousotherdebuggers.TheSwatkeyisthelowestofthethreeunmarkedkeysattherightedgeofthekeyboard.Usedasaverbtorefertotheactofstrikingthesekeysorenteringthedebugger.Swatee:Afileusedbydebuggingprograms(bothSwatandtheAlto/Mesadebugger)toholdthecoreimageoftheprogrambeingdebugged.AlsousedasascratchfilebymanyAltosubsystems.Nottobedeletedunderanycircumstances.Sys.boot:AnAltodiskfilecontainingtheexecutablerepresentationoftheAltoOperatingSystem.SysDir:TheAltofiledirectory.Roughlyspeaking,thisfilecontainsthemappingfromfilenamestostartingdisklocations.SysFont.al:AnAltoscreenfontusedbytheExecutiveand(generally)asadefaultbyotherprograms.ThesafestwaytochangeyourSysFontiswiththeDelete.~andCopy.~commandsoftheAltoExecutive.SimplyFTP'inganewfontontopofSysFontwillcauseexoticbehaviorduringtheCounterJuntawhenFTPisfinished.systemmodels:ApartoftheCedarproject,aimingatgivingprogrammershelpisdescribingthestructureoflargesystems:gettingconsistentversionsoffiles,replacingsinglemoduleswithinarunningsystem,andrecompilingandrebindingjustwhathasbeenchanged,allintherightorder.Tajo:TheuserinterfaceportionoftheMesaDevelopmentEnvironment.EachfacilityintheTajoenvironmentiscalledaTool,andTajoitselfissometimescalledtheToolsEnvironment.Tank:Ann-playervideoarcadegameinCedar.Getatankgamegoingandthenclosethetankviewerandcheckoutthewonderfuliconthatresults.tasking:ThetechniquebywhichtheprocessorofanAltoorofaD-machineissharedbetweenservicingvariousI/Odevicesandrunningtheuser'sprogram(theemulator).EachI/Odeviceisservicedbyoneormoretasks,whichrunatfixedpriorities.teledebug:DebuggingonemachinefromanotherothertheInternet.Theprefix``tele-''isusedingeneralfordoingthingsremotely.Telnet:APUP-basedprotocolusedtoestablishfull-duplex,teletype-likecommunicationwitharemotecomputer.(ThetermisborrowedfromasimilarprotocolusedontheArpanetwork.)Chatspeaksthisprotocol.Tenex:AnoperatingsystemfortheDECPDP-10computer,whichalsorunsonMAXC.TEX:AdocumentcompilerwrittenbyDonKnuthatStanford;thereareoneandahalfimplementationsofTEXatPARC:oneinSailthatrunsonMaxc,thehalfinCedar(waitingonprogressontheImager).TEXcanhandlemathematicalformulas,butdoesn'tletyouseeanythinglikewhatyouget.Thrush:TheEtherphonecontrolserver;variousLark'stalktoThrushintheprocessofsettingupacallovertheEthernet.thumbing:Atechniqueofpositioningafile(usuallytext)toanarbitrarypositionforviewingonadisplay.Thenameisintendedtosuggestthe``thumb-index''withwhichsomedictionariesareequipped,whichperformssomewhatthesamefunction:getsyoutoroughlytherightplacequickly.Thyme:Anelectrical-leveldircuitsimulator,usedforevaluatingthecorrectnessandperformanceofsmallpiecesofthedesignsofintegratedcircuits.TIC:AcronymforTechnicalInformationCenter;thefancynameforwhatismoregenerallyknownasthePARClibrary.Tioga:ThedocumenteditorinCedar,whichwasbuiltbyfolkinISL.Tiogaformattingusestheconceptsoflevel,node,look,format,andstyle;formoredetails,readTiogaDoc.tioga.1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgvНпО_,НУНжН~Н ⌠Н#xН&0О_,Н'PО_,vН(-О_,Н)О_,Н+╞Н.█Н1эН3°Н6ЪН8юН=СНDНFЫНпО]┘xНрО]┘НфО]┘vНіО]┘xНўО[≈vН}О[≈НО[≈НН4Н"(xН$]О[≈Н%PО[≈vН(█О[≈Н)TО[≈Н/kН2ИН5@Н7мН;Н<╔ НDНG/НпОYО НЬНпН`Н ▐Н"RН&АН)≈Н0 Н1оН4яН6■Н;qН?$ НFЇНпОXHН2НмН>НёНАН ÷Н#Н&▓Н-%Н0DН1БН4FН7²Н:ИН<їН?НEШНпОV║Н~Н╗НмН{НмН{НзН"Н#гН(╩Н,DН/^Н1"Н6┘Н8ДxНўОTЁvНвОTЁН`ОTЁНфНЪНВН"ґН(╪xН,nОTЁН-KОTЁvН/щОTЁН0┌ОTЁН2▒Н4МН;ьНBWНDНG/НпОSНН^НVНТН"аН&кН.pН1щН5XН7EН8ґН=┼Н@2НBlНFuНпОQd НҐН▌Н=Н.Н$Н(Н*╔ xНўОOvvН ОOvН╒ОOvНЕНВНэН= Н$НН'F Н. Н6ЯН8╒Н:ЫН>НDyxНўОM┬vН╒ОM┬Н┴ОM┬НsН├НИ Н!┼Н'Н-Н/╨Н2Н7zН9сН?┬НBХНEKНпОKАН~НhНV xНўОIС vН░ОIСН≤ОIСННeНсН"ЖН&gН(≈xН++ОIСН,ОIСvН1╗ОIСН2NОIСН4■ Н;╒Н=┘Н>ЦНCюНEПНпОHKwНОHKНяОHKН┌НіН Н!▄Н%iН(#Н,█Н-тН0sН2}Н7?Н9▐Н=цНCkНDПНFЫНпОFє Н┘НEН┬НtН!йН$!Н%ҐН'╡Н)Н-VН/vН2lН5÷Н:*Н=╣Н?≥НF}НпОDЩНTНwxНўОCН2vНaОCНВОCНЕНїxН ОCН!ОCvН$ОCН$ЦОCН)Н-╣Н/WН3┐ Н;ТН?Н@█ НG/НпОAgНzН НtН!LН%к Н,Н1HН2НН6!Н<Н?ыНEJНпО?юНОННДН▒ Н&Н(хН.ЩН1■Н4ФН7QН:ёН@_НBEНCХНF=НпО>xНўО<+vНTО<+Н<О<+Н%ННЄН!▀Н#лНўО8∙vНьО8∙НАО8∙yН2О8∙vНЯО8∙Н÷НfН!гН%xxН'-О8∙Н( О8∙vН*╙О8∙Н,О8∙Н.АН0Н33Н6ЦН:ЄН=sН@═НDНFtxНпО6НvНО6ННўО6ННюН╒НН vxН'О6НН'rО6НvН*О6НН*─О6НН,ЮxНўО5vН(О5НО5НН─Н░Н"╠Н%%Н+LН-xН/О5Н0О5vН2AО5Н2ЭО5Н4Н5ФxН7$О5Н87О5vН>'О5Н>┼О5Н?іНD НпО3YНаН©НбН#аН&╞Н,Н.╡Н2ЎН8┐xН;▓О3YН<8О3YvН@сО3YНALО3YНCНFбНпО1╠НН─НмНиН uН"9Н%лН)─Н-▌Н0$Н1ҐН5: xНўО/ц vН:О/цНZО/цНJНСН#tН&ыН+АН/~xН1зО/цН2_О/цvН6≈О/цН7ЯО/цН:гН>фНC>НD╗НGАНпО.НёНЮНаНыxНўО,.vНцО,.xНfО,.НMО,.vНHО,.НаО,.Н╧Н!>Н$░Н&UН,Н3┤Н;kНE4НHeНпО*┤НgНMН▌Н"еН$ Н*EН-⌡Н.╣Н3*Н8┬Н;ЄН=╙Н?ЫНCfxНпО(ъvН,О(ъН╠О(ъН├Н(xНўО&ЯvН^О&ЯНfО&ЯН╠НпНKН!┬Н#ХН'pН,▒Н3Н7"Н9НН= xН?О&ЯН@pО&ЯvНCSО&ЯxНўО%vНIО%НО%НгН дН%╨Н'ЬН+_Н0 Н1ЕН9 Н<ьН?nНB\НEVНFбНпО#\Н"xНкО#\Н©О#\vН О#\Н ҐО#\xН!═О#\Н"┤О#\vН%kО#\Н&лО#\Н)gН+Н-╛Н0iН3txН5iО#\Н6йО#\vН8шО#\Н9їО#\Н;ЖН>ЁxН@QО#\НADО#\vНDBО#\НD╩О#\НпО!╣НяН9Н:xН■О!╣НО!╣vН ІО!╣xН!/О!╣Н"┘vН%щО!╣Н&xО!╣Н(cН,ДН5RН;`Н=шНB■НD┼НG;НпО Н│Н,Н┴Н@xНўОvНнОН╣ОxН÷ОН┤ОvНЙОН┘ОН!√Н&▓xН+SОН,;ОvН.+ОН.┐ОН/┘Н25Н3эН8÷Н:FН<÷НAlНCНG}НпОxНЗН┘Н·xНЧОxНЕОxvНОxxНўО┼vНО┼НїО┼НЗН╞ Н$фН%ЛН(QН-xН0╔Н2OН4;Н9эН?НARНFcНHeНпОБН└НpНBНаН$▒Н&RН+.Н-║Н7FН:tН>∙НB;НпО;Н<НбНИН#чН*bН,зН0pН7Н9ЪН<оН>√НCеНF=НпО■НdxНўОіvНтОіНэОіН1Н<Н"╛ Н)"Н,gН.ў Н5PН7╧ Н>йНA▀ НпОЧН┴Н'Н?НЬНXН#+Н$Д Н+\xНўОvН┼ОН▓ОН╧НОїЧГНОНОН └ОїЧ└Н └ОН! О Н(WОїЧЧН(WОН)TОН.)Н0╟Н4▄Н8sН:вН>[Н?ННC╗НпОiНVННcНхxНўО{vНО{НО{НТН`НbxН!О{Н"О{vН$▌О{Н%jО{Н)xН,#Н/jН1fН4=xН5КО{Н6oО{vН83О{Н9⌠О{Н=r НD6НG/НпО тН╡xН╡О тНО тvН]О тxН│О тН<О тvНMО тxН pО тН сО тvН#О тxН$(О тН$√О тvН(О тН)6О тxН,4О тН,цО тvН.КО тН0ЗО тН3~Н7XНDocumentation>.TIP:Asystemforinterpretingkeyboardandmouseactionsandturningthemintosequencesofcommands.YoumaycustomizeyourTiogauserinterfacebylayeringyourownTIPtableontopofthestandardTiogaTIPtable.Tool:AfacilityavailableintheTajoenvironment,ortheprogramthatmakesthatfacilityavailable.Forexample,onespeaksofthe``FileTool'',whichcanperformfiletransfersforyou.ToolsEnvironment:FormernameforTajo.transaction:Acollectionofreadsandwritesofshareddatathatisguaranteedtobeatomic:eitherallofthewriteshappen(thetransactioncommits)ornoneofthemdo(itaborts).Furthermore,thereadswillseeconsistentdatainthateitherallofthewritesmadebysomeothertransactionwillbevisible,ornoneofthemwill.Trident:Thebrandnameofatypeofdiskdrivethatisquitecommonaroundhere.ThereareT-80's(thatis,80MByteTridentdrives)andT-300's.TridentsaremanufacturedbyCenturyDataSystems,asubsidiaryofXerox.Trinity:TheversionofPilotandotherMesasystemsoftwarebetweenRubicon(thecurrentbaseofCedar)andKlamath.TSetter:ThetypesettingprogramforTiogadocuments;convertsfoo.tiogaintofoo.press,andoptionallysendsthelattertoyourfavoriteprintserver.typeahead:Anabilitytotypecharacterstoaprogrambeforethatprogramhasaskedforthem.Usefulforwizards;essentialwhenusingslowmachines.Seealsomouse-ahead.typescript:Afileusedtoback-upinformation(usuallytext)appearinginaregionofthedisplay.Twinkle:AGatewayinBuilding35ofPARC.uncaughtsignal:Anexceptionalcondition(perhapsanerrorindication)thatnocurrentprogramotherthantheMesaorCedardebuggerhasexpressedawillingnesstodealwith.Thedebuggeriswillingtodealwithanything,ofcourse:itdealswiththeseexceptionaleventsbyhaltingtheoffendingprocessandtheninformingtheuser.InthelanguageoftheCLRM,anuncaughtsignalshouldbethoughtofasaninvocationofadynamicallyboundprocedurethatturnsoutnottohavebeenboundatall;seecatchphrase.user:Aperson(ratherthanaprogram)whoavailsherselfoftheservicesofsomeprogramorsystem.Atthemoment,theauthorisauserofTioga.Seeclient.user.cm:AfileintheAltoworldcontaininganumberoflogicallydistinctsectionsthateachdefinecertainconfigurationparameters(e.g.,thelocationofapreferredprintserverforaparticularfileformat).Programsthatinterpretsuchparametersareoftenorganizedtoreaduser.cmonlyatinstallationtime(e.g.,Bravo).user.profile:AfileinCedarthatspecifiesthedefaultvaluesofacollectionofconfigurationparameters.Eachusermaymodifythesevalueshowevershewishes.Theresultingpersonalprofileinformationisstoredinafilethatisnamed``.profile''.UserExec:ThecommandinterpreterforCedar.Versatec:AsubsidiaryofXeroxthatmakeselectrostaticprinters,aswellasthe``Expert1000''computer-aideddesignsystem,whichrunsonaDandelion.viewer:ThenameforawindowintheViewerswindowpackage.ViewerDoc.tioga:DocumentationfortheViewerswindowpackage.Youmighttrylookingforthisfileonthedirectory[Indigo]Documentation>.Viewers:AscreenmanagementandwindowpackageforCedarprovidingbuttons,menus,andwindows.ViewRec:AsoftwarepackageinCedarthatproducesconvenientuserinterfacestofairlyarbitrary1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgvНпО_,ННpН!▀Н%kН'ЖН)ГН.╩Н1жxН45О_,Н5)О_,vН8хО_,xНўО]>vНРО]>НО]>Н!ЇН#ЗН&_Н*DН/.Н1/Н3ЮН7щН:BН>ДНBюНD~НG%НпО[≈Н|НшНґxНўОY╗vН5ОY╗НпОY╗НZНїН!6Н'MН*Н.|Н3'Н5НН:шН>sНAZНGжНпОXН╪НЮНЫН%oН(юН,╣Н/дН5Н7░Н<ФН@7НCPНF'НпОVZНжНKННdНЪН"ъН%║xНўОTlvН0ОTlН╔ОTlННЇНMxН ∙ОTlН!┴ОTlvН#еОTlН$jОTl Н,Н-юН0Н5Н86НaН@DНE╒НпОM@Н²Н3НoНNНxН!лОM@Н"EОM@ yН(нОM@Н)iОM@vН-²ОM@Н.wОM@Н0Н3hН4ЧН8dН:GyН;ТОM@Н<єОM@vН?~ОM@Н?ВОM@НAНпОK≥НН▌ННM Н!└Н$iН%ВН(╔Н,qН.AН/зН2Н5ЭН9°Н;wН>КxНBjОK≥НBЦОK≥ vНпОIРН{НlННвНIН!Н$▀xНўОHvН@ОHН'ОHН(Н;ННтН!Н$/Н%ЬН(ЖН,▐Н/nН0ЙН4└Н:DН?НC)НG;НпОF\НПН6НЬНщН$пН)TН, Н1ЄН7,Н9}НB=НD6НпОD╣Н-НгНЯ Н!sН#,xНўОBгvНтОBгН╩ОBгН╡Н─xН?ОBгН&ОBгvН╚ОBгН QОBгН"ixН&ОBгН'oОBгvН)чОBгН*cОBгН.`Н3чxН9SОBгН:QОBгvН>фОBгН??ОBгНA╔НFtНпОAxН┴ОAН|ОAvНОAНОAxН╩ОAН╨ОAvНфОAxНўО?1vНїО?1Н▐О?1Нё Н╧Н#kxН%мО?1Н&юО?1vН)ХО?1Н*╞О?1Н2Н7╠xН9║О?1Н9ЫО?1vН= О?1Н=ЩО?1Н@√xНB├О?1НBчО?1vНEвО?1НFьО?1НпО=┼ НFННfН ЗН"╗Н%ДxН*НО=┼Н+·О=┼Н.?vН1╪О=┼xНўО;° vНАО;°НИО;°НOНёНmН ≤ Н' Н(ИН*.Н/ьН4BН7+Н<уН?eНCVНEўНпО9ТН@Н}НКН"dН&Н)цН,ГН3HН5чxН8╙О9ТН9ЎО9Т vН@JО9ТxНўО8 vНdО8НПО8НZН√НDН"▓ Н*Н/HН2yН8зН:┬Н;╡Н?УНAўНDxНўО6vНfО6xНСО6НО6vН≈О6НЗО6xНEО6Н8О6Н!ҐvН#╒О6Н$]О6xН%[О6Н&CО6vН)&О6xНўО4*Н╛vН@О4*НHО4*Н═ Н!КН(Н-кН/хН3H Н::Н=Н?)НDНпО2┐НўНxН╡О2┐НО2┐vН╩О2┐НvО2┐xН ЎО2┐Н!╠О2┐vН$ЪО2┐Н%фО2┐Н+GН-ШН4zН5Ц Н=Н? НBBНFЇНпО0шНЙНgНЧНЎН!иН$УН+Н,ыН2IН3╠Н7@Н:lН> НEVНпО/4НҐНKН°НлН$▒Н':Н*QН0ґН2ЧН6ІН8vН:гН@~НB)xНDyО/4НElО/4vНH╡О/4НпО-█НЎН╩Н╔Н!Н# Н(.Н)ЕН+▒Н- Н4+Н5БН7 Н>ЁНCНпО+ЕН·Н'Н²ННюН!Н$cН(©Н*WН-ExН/≤О+ЕН0>О+ЕН3MvН7"О+ЕxНўО)ВvН┬О)ВН8О)ВНвН│НкН!Н'DН*lН.YН2ЬН4уН7XН<├Н>bНBНGкНпО(PН'Н"Н┌Н HН"їН' Н(yxН)ёО(PН*^О(PvН,⌡О(PН-WО(PxН.TО(PН/HО(PvН1гО(PН3'О(PxН5ЎО(PН6cО(PНўО&avНО&aН▄О&aНИН▄xНъО&aНрО&aНБvН!√О&aН"0О&aН(CН)aН.│Н0.Н5░Н:YН?nНB0НEVНпО$╨НVНг Н$мН('Н*┘Н/╩Н1sН2°xН8єО$╨Н9TО$╨Н;СvН?ТО$╨Н@mО$╨НB0НCY НпО#НZНlН╚Н" Н(aН+Ё Н2шН5OН9Н?oНA>НDyНпО!kНЙxН┌О!kНЕО!kvНО!kНеО!kН²НбxН#О!kН$О!kvН&⌡О!kН'О!kxНўО}vНШО}НфО}НnxН[О}НNО}vН ⌡О}Н! О}Н#╗Н)`Н+ЧН0ЕН5QН7IН8╠ Н?%НAНпОж Н╙ННН"Н&хН*MН.wН3ВН6hН;√Н>jНDНпО/Н@ НйН6Н"YН$Н%1Н' Н*hН+тН0[Н5▒xНўО@vНcО@НJО@Н;Н° Н$lxН&╘О@Н'°О@vН*'О@xНўОRvН/ОRНщОR Н─Н[Н"÷Н%▐Н)ИН1▄Н7Н8КН;ЗН=йН@KНE≥НпО╚ Н╟НЪН#рН'ЮН*ШН-xН.+О╚Н/>О╚vН4<О╚xНўОҐvН]ОҐНEОҐН6НУН2Н\Н!┬Н#6xН%∙ОҐН&┬ОҐvН*ІОҐН+ЁОҐН/АxНўОоvНXОоНwОоН" Н$ОєН(·Н.| Н5xН8r Н>°Н@KНCЙН%IОЩН(▐wН)vОЩН*\ОЩ<TVm$(THEBRIEFINGBLURBGLOSSARY23programsautomatically.Viking:ADoveronthefirstfloorofBuilding35.VLSI:AcronymforVeryLargeScaleIntegrationofelectroniccircuitsonchips.VM:AcronymforVirtualMemory.Voice:AsmallbutmightyprojectinCSLtotamethetelephoneandotherwisemakefulluseofvoicecommunicationsinourpersonalinformationsystems.TheVoiceProjectrecentlyproducedtheEtherphone.Walnut:AmailsystemforCedar.WalnutusestheCypressdatabasetostoreandorganizemessages,anditcallsuponGrapevinetotransportthem.Watch:ACedarperformancemonitoringtooldisplayingcomputingactivity.WaterLily:AMesaprogramthatdoessourcecompares:comparestwotextfilesandreportsthedifferences.AvailableinAlto/Mesa,Tajo,andCedar.wedged:Describesthestateofaprogramwhenthereisnoresponsetoinputfromeitherthekeyboardorthemouse.Mayaffectthewholesystem(mysystemiswedged)orjustsomepartthereof.weeklymeeting:The(unimaginative)nameofISL'sweeklymeeting,heldonTuesdaysstartingat11:00am.SeealsoDealer.whiteboards:ApackageinCedarforarrangingandaccessinginformationgraphically.Winchester:Originally,thiswasthenameofaprojectwithinIBM.Butthenameleakedout,anditisnowusedindustry-widetorefertoaparticularrigiddisktechnology.InaWinchesterdiskdrive,theheadsandplatterscomeallhermeticallysealed;thatis,Winchesterdrivesdonotuseremovablediskpacks.window:Adisplayregion,usuallyrectangular,usedtoview(aportionof)animagethatgenerallyexceedstheboundsoftheregion.wizard:Onewhoknowsaprogrammingsysteminsideandout.Wonder:ADoveronthethirdfloorofBuilding35.world-swap:Theprocessofwritingoutthecompletestateofamachine'sprocesserandmemoryontoadiskfile,andofswappinginadifferentstate.Somedebuggersworkbymeansofworld-swaps,whichswapbetweenthedebuggerandtheprogrambeingdebugged.Notethat,themorememoryyouhave,thesloweraworld-swapwillbe.XGP:(archaic)AcronymforXeroxGraphicsPrinter.Anobsolete,CRTscanned,200bpi,continuouspaper,xerographicprinter.XM:AcronymforExtendedMemory:anoptiononAltoII'sthatallowsthememorysizetobeincreasedfromonetofourbanks.Yoda:ADoverinBuilding35.Zinfandel:AnAltomailserverthatispartoftheGrapevinedistributedtransportmechanism.1983EDITIONvНDОgwН,ОgН ОgvН!5ОgwН"ОgvН'wОgwН(^ОgvН+ТОgwН-ОgvsНG~ОgvНпО_/НЦ xНўО]AvН┴О]AxНО]AН)О]AvН-О]AНХО]AН3Н⌠НkН"гxН$─О]AН%sО]AН)ВНўО[SvНДО[SНМО[SНЛН)ОZЙЧЧН)О[SН'О[SН├ОZЙЧГН├О[SНmО[SН!qОZЙЧгН!qО[SН"8О[SН%ОZЙЧ└Н%О[SН%┴О[S Н,Н-о Н4Н8нН:тxНўОYevНЩОYeНОYeННBОXЭЧЧНBОYeН@ОYeНЙОXЭЧVНЙОYeН@ОYexНўОWwvНОWwНЄОWwНZНДН■Н#:Н$ПН()Н)ЮН-PН/╦Н6Н8жН?НBеНEXНGжНпОUпНў Н1Н!*Н$Н)о Н1єН8Н;9Н?eНDXНпОT)НПxНOОT)Н7ОT)vН ОT)xНўОR;vНдОR;Н▌ОR;НДН²xН ОR;Н! 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